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Topic: Californium

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	Californium - MSN Encarta
		Californium is one of the transuranium elements in the actinide series of the periodic table (see Periodic Law).
		The isotope of californium with a mass number of 245 was first produced in 1950 at the University of California laboratories in Berkeley by the American chemists Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg.
		The heavier californium isotopes are produced by neutron bombardment of berkelium-249, which increases the number of protons in the nucleus.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563189/Californium.html (277 words)

	californium – FREE californium Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Californium is a member of the actinide series of chemical elements, found in Group 3 of the periodic table.
		Eighteen isotopes of californium are known, with half-lives ranging from about 40 sec for californium-239 to about 900 years for californium-251, the most stable isotope.
		Californium was first produced in 1950 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, and Kenneth Street, Jr., in a cyclotron at the Univ. of California at Berkeley by bombarding curium-242 with alpha particles, resulting in californium-245 (half-life 45 min).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-calif-ium.html (931 words)

	californium
		Californium, the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombarding microgram quantities of 242Cf with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron.
		Because californium is a very efficient source of neutrons, many new uses are expected for it.
		It has been suggested that californium may be produced in certain stellar explosions, called supernovae, for the radioactive decay of 254Cf (55-day half-life) agrees with the characteristics of the light curves of such explosions observed through telescopes.
	www.speclab.com /elements/californium.htm (313 words)

	Californium (Cf) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Californium is a radioactive metal which is a memeber of the actinide group of the periodi table.
		Californium, the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombarding microgram quantities of 242Cm with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron.
		Californium can be encountered outside nuclear facilities and research laboratories because it is used in mineral prospetting and for medical diagnosis and treatment.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Cf-en.htm (627 words)

	Search Results
		Californium is a member of the actinide series of chemical elements, f...
		Eighteen isotopes of californium are known, with half-lives ranging from about 40 sec for californium-239 to about 900 years for californium-2...
		Californium 252 is produced in nuclear reactors and used to provide neutrons...
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchresults.aspx?q=Californium (1013 words)

	Californium: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries.
		Pertaining to californium's nuclear fuel cycle, it is important to make sure that the curium concentration in MOX nuclear fuel is kept low, as neutron irradiation of curium will convert some of it to californium.
		The californium will then cause the used fuel to be more difficult to handle as the californium is a strong neutron emitter (through spontaneous fission).
		Californium was first synthesized at the University of California, Berkeley by researchers Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1950.
	www.chemie.de /lexikon/e/Californium (763 words)

	Visual Elements: Californium
		Californium was discovered by S.G. Thompson, K. Street, A. Ghiorso and G.T.Seaborg in 1950 in California, USA.
		Californium did not exist in weighable amounts until ten years after its discovery.
		Californium is attacked by oxygen, steam and acids, but not by alkalis.
	www.rsc.org /chemsoc/visualelements/pages/data/californium_data.html (76 words)

	Californium: Chemical Elements
		Californium is a transuranium element, or "beyond uranium" on the periodic table.
		Californium was discovered in 1950 by a research team at the University of California at Berkeley.
		Californium was first prepared in a particle accelerator, or an "atom smasher." A particle accelerator accelerates subatomic particles or atoms to very high speeds.
	www.enotes.com /chemical-elements/californium (177 words)

	Element Californium, Cf
		The member of actinide or actinoid group of chemical elements - Californium had been discovered in February of 1950 by Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg at the Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California.
		Californium isotope was obtained by bombardment of micrograms of curium with alpha-particles (helium ions).
		Since this element is the chemical homolog of dysprosium, a rare earth element the name of which is translated from Greek as "hard to get at", and the element 98 was also hard to get at a century later in California.
	cf-californium.info (115 words)

	Californium
		Cm) was bombarded with accelerated helium ions in a cyclotron, to produce approximately 5,000 atoms of a californium isotope of mass 245 and a half-life of 44 minutes.
		Californium has eighteen isotopes, all of which are radioactive.
		Californium neutron sources are used to image low density materials (especially hydrogenous materials).
	www.chemistryexplained.com /Bo-Ce/Californium.html (313 words)

	Californium Summary and Analysis
		Californium Symbol Cf Atomic Number 98 Atomic Mass 251.0796 Family Actinide Transuranium Element Pronunciation cal-uh-FOR-nee-um Overview Californium is a transuranium element, or "beyond uranium " on the periodic table.
		Californium is a transuranium elements, one of the elements found beyond uranium in Row 7 of the periodic table.
		Californium (pronounced /ˌkælɪˈfɔrniəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Cf and atomic number 98.
	www.bookrags.com /Californium (236 words)

	Californium
		Californium, a trans-uranic element, was first discovered by Glenn Seaborg and collaborators at the University of California, Berkeley.
		Cf- 245 was first produced in 1950 by bombarding curium-242 with alpha particles (helium nuclei) accelerated in a cyclotron.
		The heavier californium isotopes are produced by neutron bombardment of berkelium-249.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/pertab/cf.html (98 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Californium
		Californium (IPA: /ˌkalifɔː(r)niəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cf and atomic number 98.
		Pertaining to californium's nuclear fuel cycle, it is important to make sure that the curium concentration in MOX nuclear fuel is kept low, as neutron irradiation of curium will convert some of it to californium.
		Californium was first synthesized at the University of California, Berkeley by researchers Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Californium (766 words)

	Californium (Element)
		Californium is the sixth transuranium element and was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghiorso, and Seaborg in 1950.
		Californium should be handled with care because it is a radioactive rare earth metal named after the state of California and the University of California.
		It has been suggested that Californium is produced in certain stellar explosions, such as a supernova, but is questionable.
	www.tamuk.edu /chemistry/WebElements/californium_element.htm (61 words)

	californium@Everything2.com
		Californium is an artificially produced, radioactive, silvery metal named after the state of California and the University of California (USA).
		Californium is a member of the actinide series of chemical elements and is found in group IIIb of the periodic table.
		There are 18 known isotopes of californium with half-lives running from 40 seconds to 900 years.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node=Californium (358 words)

	Cf - Californium
		(State and University of California) Californium, the sixth transuranium element to bediscovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombardingmicrogram quantities of 242Cm with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron.Californium (III) is the only ion stable in aqueous solutions, all attempts to reduce oroxidize californium (III) having failed.
		Because californium is a very efficientsource of neutrons, many new uses are expected for it.
		It has been suggested that californium may be produced in certain stellarexplosions, called supernovae, for the radioactive decay of 254Cf (55-day half-life)agrees with the characteristics of the light curves of such explosions observed throughtelescopes.
	www.physlink.com /Reference/ChemicalElements/californium.cfm (246 words)

	californium. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Californium is a member of the actinide series of chemical elements, found in group IIIb of the periodic table.
		Eighteen isotopes of californium are known, with half-lives ranging from about 40 sec for californium-239 to about 900 years for californium-251, the most stable isotope.
		Californium was first produced in 1950 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, and Kenneth Street, Jr., in a cyclotron at the Univ. of California at Berkeley by bombarding curium-242 with alpha particles, resulting in californium-245 (half-life 45 min).
	www.bartelby.com /65/ca/calif-ium.html (246 words)

	Californium
		Californium was discovered in January of 1950 by Stanley G. Thomas, Kenneth Street, Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg.
		Californium exists in solid form but is is manmade and doesn't occur in nature.
		(That's billions of dollars per pound!) Californium is used for neutron moisture gages, well-logging (which is the determination of water and oil-bearing layers), and as a portable neutron source for the discovery of metals, such as gold or silver.
	www.geocities.com /~chemfun/table/elem98.html (209 words)

	American Elements: Californium Supplier & Technical Information
		Californium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element.
		The californium atom has a radius of 186.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.
		As to californium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is - µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is -.
	www.americanelements.com /cf.html (515 words)

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