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Topic: Caliphate of Cordoba

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	History of Cordoba, Spain
		When the Umayyad Caliphs were deposed in Damascus in 750, the dynasty relocated to Córdoba, ruling an emirate there until 929.
		When Abd-ar-rahman III submitted a rival claim to the title of Caliph, then held by the Abbasids in Baghdad, he assumed the title Caliph of Cordoba and transformed his kingdom from an emirate or sultanate into a caliphate.
		The 10th century Caliphate of Córdoba was the largest, culturally the most sophisticated polity in all Europe.
	www.sacred-destinations.com /spain/cordoba-history.htm (609 words)

	[Islam-Online- Art & Entertainment]
		Cordoba, a city with a remarkable history associated with the heyday of Muslim presence in Andalusia, has a treasured place in the hearts of Muslims around the world.
		Cordoba developed into a cosmopolitan city as the Umayyad, whose state in the east fell to the Abbasids, came to establish a new state in Andalusia at the hands of Abdul Rahman Al-Dakhil, alias Sakr Quraish (hawk of Quraish).
		Cordoba reached its golden age in the era of Abdul Rahman Al-Nasser, the first Umayyad Caliph in Andalusia, when the city was made the official capital.
	www.islamonline.net /iol-english/dowalia/art-2000-may-11/art4.asp (1189 words)

	caliphate - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		This later became the caliphate of Córdoba, or the Western caliphate, and persisted until 1031.
		A third competing contemporaneous caliphate was established by the Fatimids in Africa, Syria, and Egypt (909-1171).
		He was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924 the caliphate was abolished by Kemal Atatürk.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-caliphat.html (582 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Caliphate
		caliphate CALIPHATE [caliphate], the rulership of Islam; caliph, the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state.
		Fatimid FATIMID [Fatimid] or Fatimite, dynasty claiming to hold the caliphate on the basis of descent from Fatima, a daughter of Muhammad the Prophet.
		The debate over his right to the caliphate caused a major split in Islam into Sunni and Shiite branches, and he is regarded by the Shiites as the first Imam, or leader: Shiite derives from the phrase shi-at Ali [Ar.=the party of Ali].
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Caliphate (646 words)

	caliphate. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The caliph had temporal and spiritual authority but was not permitted prophetic power; this was reserved for Muhammad.
		A third competing contemporaneous caliphate was established by the Fatimids in Africa, Syria, and Egypt (909–1171).
		He was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924 the caliphate was abolished by Ataturk.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/caliphat.html (379 words)

	The Caliphate
		The Caliphate is not a theocracy since its legislation is not restricted to religious and moral codes that neglect the problems of society.
		The Caliph and his government believe in Islam and their motivation for strictly adhering to the letter of the law is their belief in accountability for all their actions when they die.
		The aspiration of restoring the Caliphate is not a minority view held by extremists and terrorists as all Muslims believe in the idea of a Caliphate or Imamate as Shia refer to it although both are synonymous.
	www.caliphate.co.uk /comment/whatiscaliphate.htm (3694 words)

	Cordoba
		When Abd-ar-rahman III submitted a rival claim to the title of Caliph, then held by the Abbasids in Baghdad, he assumed the title of Caliph of Córdoba and transformed his kingdom from an emirate or sultanate into a caliphate.
		The 10th century Caliphate of Córdoba was the largest, culturally the most sophisticated polity in all Europe.
		While they were heirs to the wealth of the Caliphate, their instability and endemic hostilities among themselves made them vulnerable to attacks from the Christian north.
	www.m2homebuilders.eu /contents/en-us/d15.html (601 words)

	Spain - Historic Center of Córdoba
		Cordoba's period of greatest glory began in the 8th century after the Moorish conquest, when some 300 mosques and innumerable palaces and public buildings were built to rival the splendours of Constantinople, Damascus and Baghdad.
		In 929 Abd-ar-Rahman III established the caliphate of Córdoba, and the city reached a peak of prosperity, rivaling Damascus and Baghdad in its brilliance and intellectual activity.
		Moses Maimonides [Rabbi Mose ben Maimon] 1134-1204, was born in Cordoba, and recognized as "Ramba".
	worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk /frame-SpainCordoba.htm (723 words)

	Caliph of Córdoba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Caliph of Córdoba (خليفة قرظبة) ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031.
		All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756.
		The Caliph's rule is known as the splendor of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, although it was practically finished in 1010, with the fitna (or civil war) which started between descendants of the last legitimate Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister (or hayib) Almanzor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caliphate_of_Cordoba (777 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cordoba, former capital of the Roman province of Betica, and later the seat of a Visigothic dukedom, was conquered by Mugit al-Rumi in November of that same year (Arjona 1980: 61), and essentially became a military colony dependent on Damascus (Jaén 1935: 52).
		Cordoba’s growing international prestige brought a stream of diplomatic visitors who were received with the appropriate pomp and ceremony at Medinat al-Zahra’, all designed to impress visitors and increase the caliph’s prestige, particularly amongst his vassals.
		(The splendour of the Cordobese Omeyas: from Damascus to Cordoba).
	perso.wanadoo.es /neil/Caliph.htm (13205 words)

	History of Cordoba
		Cordoba is steeped in over 2,000 years of history – the Romans, the Visigoths, the Jews, the Moors and then the Spanish all left their distinct imprint on Cordoba, making it one of the most mesmerizing and interesting cities in Spain.
		Cordoba reached the height of its glory under the rule of the Moors, who wrested Cordoba from the hands of the Romans in 711.
		Cordoba was proclaimed an emirate under the rule of the Damascus caliphate.
	www.whatcordoba.com /history-cordoba.html (589 words)

	CORDOBA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cordoba, the first part of Andalusia that we visited, can be reached from Madrid on an excellent high speed train service, the AVE.
		By the 10th century, with the establishment of the caliphate of Cordoba, it was one of the leading cities in Europe and the Mediterranean.
		In the 12th century, Muslim rule began to disintegrate and in 1236 Cordoba was captured by Ferdinand III and made part of Catholic Spain.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /~tconelly/Spain/mezquita.htm (535 words)

	caliphate — FactMonster.com
		A third competing contemporaneous caliphate was established by the
		He was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924 the caliphate was abolished by Kemal
		Caliph - Caliph or Calif. A title given to the successors of Mahomet.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0809901.html (318 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royalty and Religion - The Caliphate, Fatimids, Aga Khan
		From the founding of the city of Baghdad in A.D. 762 to the end of the ninth century, the rule of the Abbasid dynasty was the zenith of Islamic conquest and influence.
		The Crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate by Al-Tabari, translated by George Saliba.
		Harun al-Rashid, the caliph portrayed in The Thousand and One Nights, was the son of a Yemenite slave who cleared his path to power.
	www.royalty.nu /history/religion/Caliphate.html (837 words)

	Early Medieval Period, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		In 756, Abd al-Rahman revived the defeated Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba ushering in a period of great cultural, artistic, scientific, and intellectual advancements marked by unprecedented tolerance among Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
		807 A rebellion in Toledo was quelled by Amrus Ibn Yusuf, the governor appointed by Caliph al Hakam.
		The Sunni Abbasid caliphate lapsed into decline and ended for good in 1258 when Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/early_medieval_periods.htm (3884 words)

	History of Cordoba Spain by Infocordoba
		Cordoba was greatly shaped by its long Roman presence (Corduba Colonia Patricia was capital of the province Hispania Ulterior Baetica) and later Moslem occupation (Qurtuba became capital of the powerful Ummayad Caliphate).
		Caesar re-takes Cordoba, destroying it and causing 22,000 casualties.
		The Historical Context of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba
	www.infocordoba.com /spain/andalusia/cordoba/cordoba_history.htm (1002 words)

	Accommodation offers in Cordoba, Spain. Cordoba hotels. Online booking, instant confirmation
		Settled in the most thriving and lively region of Spain, Andalusia, Cordoba is a modern city with numerous sights of great historical importance.
		Founded in ancient Roman times by Claudius Marcellus, it was the capital of the Caliphate of CĂłrdoba which governed almost all the Iberian peninsula.
		From these times derives its most visited landmark, Mezquita, which is one of the greatest examples of islamic art in Europe and was the second largest mosque in the world.
	lodging.uk.com /en/spain/cordoba (173 words)

	Pakistan Link - Letter & Opinion
		The period from mid-eighth century to 1013, marking the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, is often characterized as the Golden Age of Al-Andalus.
		The Caliphate tattering and already in a decrepit state, finally ceased to exist at the beginning of the eleventh century.
		Following the collapse of the Caliphate, many talented people, artists, poets, scholars, and craftsmen, started to move to the newly established taifa kingdoms, a pattern similar to that witnessed in India after the disintegration of the Mogul power at Delhi.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Letters/2004/Aug04/20/05.html (1301 words)

	The Art of the Umayyad Period in Spain (711–1031) \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan ...
		On July 19, 711, an army of Arabs and Berbers unified under the aegis of the Islamic Umayyad caliphate landed on the Iberian Peninsula.
		Under the Umayyad caliphate (929–1031), Córdoba became perhaps the greatest intellectual center of Europe, with celebrated libraries and schools.
		i caliphate in North Africa in 909 and occupied Egypt in 969.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/sumay/hd_sumay.htm (654 words)

	Car hire Cordoba - Instant quote for Cordoba car hire from Firstcarhire.
		Situated deep in Andalusian Autonomous Region, Cordoba is a compendium of history and modernity.
		Such splendour is palpable in the intellectual wealth of this centre of wisdom and knowledge, that has seen the birth of figures like Seneca, Averroes and Maimonides.
		Thus you have your car hire in Cordoba for sure and you avoid troubles on arrival by not finding the hire car that suits your needs.
	www.firstcarhire.com /country-guide/spain/cordoba (352 words)

	Cycling holidays in Spain. Biking vacation in Andalusia, self guided cycle tour
		This biking vacation in Andalucia is available as a self guided cycle tour which we have graded as a level 2-3 cycling tour.
		This really is a cycling adventure through Andalusiaâs past and culture, a journey of discovery that evokes the natural beauty and cultural heritage of the Route of the Caliphate, that ancient Muslim route which joins the cities of Cordova and Granada, which are two of the most emblematic cities of ancient al-Andalus.
		Cordova, home to the ruling Caliphs, to philosophers, astronomers, mathematicians and doctors who illuminated the Middle Ages with knowledge, centuries ahead of the European Renaissance.
	www.hookedoncycling.co.uk /Spain/Caliphate/caliphate.html (1202 words)

	Cordoba. Tourist Information - VIRTOURIST.COM
		Cordoba is one of the most interesting cities in Andaluisa (South of Spain).
		During the Arab domination (711-1263) Cordoba was the artistic and cultural center of the "Al-Andalus" empire, and was the capital of the western Caliphate.
		If you come with me, I’ll show some of Cordoba’s more interesting sights...
	www.virtourist.com /europe/cordoba (85 words)

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