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	Pope Callixtus III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Calixtus III (December 31, 1378–August 6, 1458), né Alfons de Borja, was born near Xàtiva, València, today Spain but then Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon, and was Pope from April 8, 1455 to his death.
		He was raised to the papal chair in 1455 as Calixtus III at a very advanced age as a compromise candidate.
		Calixtus III's papal bull of June 29, 1456, which called for public prayer for the success of the crusade, makes no mention of the comet, and by August 6, when the Turkish siege was broken, the comet had not been visible for several weeks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III (349 words)

	[No title]
		Soter was buried in the cemetery of Calixtus.
		Urban was buried in the Cemetery of Calixtus.
		Miltiades was buried in the Cemetery of Calixtus.
	www.ewtn.com /library/CHRIST/POPES.TXT (22289 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Calixtus III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		CALIXTUS III [Calixtus III] Callixtus III, or Callistus III, 1378-1458, pope (1455-58), a Spaniard (b.
		Calixtus was elected soon after the fall of Constantinople, and he promptly proclaimed a crusade against the Turks.
		Calixtus' reign was embittered by a quarrel with Alfonso, who expected returns, notably the march of Ancona, for his friendship.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/Calixtus3.asp (330 words)

	Calixtus And The Syncretists
		Calixtus, through natural breadth and kindliness of temper, and also by reason of his extensive intercourse, in his travels, with men of different communions, had become imbued with large charity toward theological differences.
		Upon a third class the efforts of Calixtus wrought with beneficent effect, inclining them to a rational liberality in the treatment of theological opponents, to a due weighing of the ethical side of Christianity, and to a departure from the methods and spirit of an ultra dogmatism.
		The union project of Calixtus, so far as it was related to the Roman Catholic Church, received, during the latter part of the seventeenth century, considerable attention from Molanus, a leading disciple of the Helmstedt theologian in Hannover.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /sheldon/calixtus_syncretists.html (1058 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Callistus III
		It was by order of Callistus III that the bells were rung at midday to remind the faithful that they should pray for the welfare of the crusaders.
		In Germany, Frederick III, through hatred of Ladislaus of Hungary, was unwilling to join a movement from which Hungary was certain to derive an immediate advantage, while the bishops and electors were opposed to the collection of the papal tax imposed in favour of the crusaders.
		Callistus III summoned (1457) another assembly of the princes of Europe to devise measures against the inroads of Mohammed.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03187a.htm (1515 words)

	New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II: Basilica - Chambers \| Christian Classics Ethereal ...
		He made conciliatory overtures to the new pontiff, offering to submit the controversy to a council called by Calixtus, and approved an agreement with the papal representatives by which, in return for the revocation of his excommunication, he surrendered his claims to the right of investiture.
		They counseled Henry to acknowledge Calixtus and the canonically elected bishops, undertaking in return to arrange a peace with the Church, and proposing the convocation of a general council, in which they promised to defend the honor of the Empire.
		Calixtus appointed Lambert of Ostia and two other cardinals to conduct the negotiations, which began at Worms in Sept., 1122.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc02.calixtus.html (1514 words)

	CALIXTUS III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The careers of Calixtus III and of his successor Pius II prove that if a large part of Eastern Europe went under the Turkish domination the fault was not the popes.
		Calixtus pleaded, urged, threatened the monarchs of Europe--in vain.
		Calixtus III died still full of plans for the future on August 6, 1458.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp207.htm (448 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Calixtus III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Calixtus III CALIXTUS III [Calixtus III] Callixtus III, or Callistus III, 1378-1458, pope (1455-58), a Spaniard (b.
		When Alfonso de Borja, cardinal-archbishop of Valencia, was pope as Calixtus III (1455-58), several relatives followed him to Rome.
		His succession was challenged by Pope Calixtus III, but Pope Pius II made peace with him.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/02167.html (432 words)

	Late Middle Ages - Pope Calixtus III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Calixtus takes his place among the Renaissance popes not so much for his patronage of the arts as for his notorious nepotism.
		In truth, his nepotism was on a modest scale, but the Roman families were long used to receive such perquisites for themselves and they were furious to see them going to foreigners.
		In truth, though, Calixtus was not pope long enough to do either much harm or much good.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/papacy/calixtusiii.html (243 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Book 6 Chapter 06
		The next pontiff, the Spaniard, Calixtus III., 1455-1458, had two chief concerns, the dislodgment of the Turks from Constantinople and the advancement of the fortunes of the Borgia family, to which he belonged.
		Calixtus' death was the signal for the flight of the Spanish lobbyists, whose houses were looted by the indignant Romans.
		Like Honorius III., Calixtus might have died of a broken heart over his failure to arouse Europe to the effort of a crusade, if it had not been for this consuming concern for the fortunes and schemes of his relatives.
	www.godrules.net /library/history/history6ch06.htm (11756 words)

	Coins Of The Medieval Papal State
		III), who believes that, in the eighth century, the popes received from the emperors the attributes of "Præfectus Urbis".
		There are no coins of Stephen III or of Paul I, who reigned when the Duchy of Rome was already independent of the Eastern Empire; the first true papal coins are those of Adrian I, from whose time until the reign of John XIV (984) the popes coined money at Rome.
		The ducat was coined in the papal mint from the year 1432; it was a coin of Venetian origin that circulated with the florin, which, in 1531, was succeeded by the scudo, a piece of French origin that remained the monetary unit of the Pontifical States.
	medievalcoins.ancients.info /Papal_State.htm (1927 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Schaff, 1910 edition with power search.
		The next pontiff, the Spaniard, Calixtus III., 1455–1458, had two chief concerns, the dislodgment of the Turks from Constantinople and the advancement of the fortunes of the Borgia family, to which he belonged.
		Calixtus opened his pontificate by vowing "to Almighty God and the Holy Trinity, by wars, maledictions, interdicts, excommunications and in all other ways to punish the Turks."733 Legates were despatched to kindle the zeal of princes throughout Europe.
		As in the reign of Calixtus III., so now Spaniards flocked to Rome, and the Milanese ambassador wrote that ten papacies would not have been able to satisfy their greed for official recognition.
	www.bible.ca /history/philip-schaff/6_ch06.htm (18526 words)

	Pope Alexander III
		Alexander III, given name Orlando Bandinelli, Roman Catholic Pope from 1159 to 1181, was a Siennese, and as a teacher of canon law in Bologna composed the Stroma or Summa Magistri Rolandi, one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum Gratiani.
		This antipope, and his successors Paschal III (1164-68) and Calixtus III (1168-78), had the imperial support; but after the defeat of Legnano, Barbarossa finally (in the peace of Venice, 1177) recognized Alexander as pope.
		Besides checkmating Barbarossa, he had humbled King Henry II of England in the affair of Thomas Becket, he had confirmed the right of Alphonso I of Portugal to the crown, and even as a fugitive had enjoyed the favor and protection of Louis VII of France.
	www.nndb.com /people/261/000094976 (353 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Schaff, 1910 edition with power search.
		(III.) of Saxony, 1125–1137, to whom both parties appealed, decided for Innocent, led him and St. Bernard to Rome by armed force, and received in turn from the pope the imperial crown, June 4, 1133.
		Calixtus, the anti-pope, was remanded to an abbey, while his cardinals were reduced to the positions they had occupied before their appointment to the curia.
		The new archbishop was summoned by Pope Alexander III.
	www.bible.ca /history/philip-schaff/5_ch04.htm (15730 words)

	Pope Alexander III - Wikipedia
		On the 7th of September 1159 he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV, a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV.
		This antipope, and his successors Paschal III (1164-1168) and Calixtus III (1168-1178), had the imperial support; but after the defeat of Legnano, Barbarossa finally (in the peace of Venice, 1177) recognized Alexander as pope.
		On the 12th of March 1178 Alexander returned to Rome, which he had been compelled to leave twice, namely, from 1162 until the 23rd of November 1165, and again in 1167.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_III (396 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Popes Through the Ages
		Decius is reported to have said that he would prefer to have a rival emperor rather than a bishop in Rome.
		SIXTUS II The author of the "Liber Pontificalis" calls St. Sixtus a Greek and a philosopher, but modern scholars think that Pope Sixtus is confused with another Sixtus, a Pythagorean philosopher.
		Not only did he redecorate St. Mary Major but he obtained from Emperor Valentinian III a golden image adorned with jewels on which the twelve apostles were represented.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=5823 (16170 words)

	Pope Gregory III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Saint Gregory III pope (731 - 741) a Syrian by birth succeeded Gregory II in March 731.
		His pontificate like of his predecessor was disturbed by the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire in which he vainly invoked the of Charles Martel.
		Gregory immediately appealed to the Emperor Leo III to moderate his position on the controversy.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pope_Gregory_III (473 words)

	Alexander III - LoveToKnow 1911
		Nevertheless, soon after the close of the synod the Roman republic forced Alexander to leave the city, which he never re-entered; and on the 29th of September 1.
		By the judicious use of money, however, Alexander got him into his power, so that he was deposed in January 1180.
		The most elaborate biography is H. Reuter, Geschichte Alexanders III.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Alexander_III (396 words)

	Pope Innocent VIII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Calixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI
		There were two of these prelates present—Rodrigo Borgia, nephew of Calixtus III, and della Rovere, nephew of Sixtus IV.
		They both meant to be Pope some day, but knew that their time had not yet come; and thought that in the meanwhile it would be expedient to secure a pontiff of their own choice.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-innocent-viii.htm (963 words)

	See for the following version of
		While Calixtus was unduly elated at the death of his royal enemy and thought that now everything was going to be easy for him, he himself fell ill and being weakened by extreme old age died within forty days.
		The story so far: Pope Calixtus III (Alfonso Borgia) is dead in Rome, and all the cardinals in the immediate area are reacting to the news.
		Pope Calixtus III did not care for King Alfonso, and so at his death Pope Calixtus claimed that Sicily was Rome's to dispense with.
	home.planet.nl /~golds067/conclaaf_blog.htm (4950 words)

	Glossary: Eastern Europe
		The Polish and Hungarian armies under Wladyslaw III and Janos Hunyadi were crushed at the Battle of Varna in 1444 by the Ottoman Turks under Murad II.
		Although Calixtus III was unsuccessful in this endeavour, he did revise Joan of Arc's trial, finding her innocent and his pontificate was relatively well administered.
		The war was resumed at the insistence of the papacy and Wladyslaw III was killed in battle at Varna in November, 1444.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/glossary/eastgloss.html (2245 words)

	[No title]
		SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, or St. John of Capistran, the theologian and preacher, with the Turks threatening southern Europe in 1455: "In September the preaching of the crusade began, with Pope Calixtus III sending cardinals for that purpose to France, Germany and Poland.
		The Pope's countryman Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples took the cross November 1 and agreed to supply 15 galleys for the crusading fleet.
		On June 29, the feast of St. Peter and Paul, Pope Calixtus III called on all archbishops, bishops, and abbots in Christendom for prayer, fasting and penance for deliverance from the Turks, who three days later had fully invested the city of Belgrade.
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/CAPISTR.TXT (850 words)

	A History of the General Councils - AD 325 through AD 1870 - Mgr. Philip Hughes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pope Alexander III, who summoned the eleventh General Council, is an instance in point, for in the history of the Church, by his effect, he stands out as one of the six or seven greatest popes of all, one whose laws and creative institutional work still influence the life of the Church.
		The schism lasted eighteen years nearly, "Victor IV" being followed by "Pascal III" (who, to make still more evident the sacredness of the emperor's cause, canonised Charlemagne for him in 1167) and he by "Calixtus III." For only two of these years was Alexander III able to live in Rome.
		As Alexander III now rewrote it the law has lasted until this present day.[6] Nor were there ever again disputed elections of the type of 1130 and 1159.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/CDHN/coun12.html (3184 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Alexander III
		Alexander’s papal election led some cardinals to elect an anti-pope, Victor IV who was supported by Germany and some Lombards.
		The schism continued through anti-popes Paschal III and Calixtus III until 1178.
		In 1162, Alexander was forced into exile in France by Emperor Frederick I. In his long struggle with the emperor, the pope was aided by the Lombard League, which named the town of Alessandria for him.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0170.htm (154 words)

	AllRefer.com - Calixtus III (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Calixtus III (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		Calixtus III&sp;Callixtus III, or Callistus III, 1378–1458, pope (1455–58), a Spaniard (b.
		JAtiva) named Alonso de Borja or, in Italian, Alfonso Borgia; successor of Nicholas V. He acted as arbitrator between his friend Alfonso V of AragOn and the papacy, and for this he was made a cardinal (1444).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Calixtus3.html (282 words)

	Pope Calixtus III: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Pope Calixtus III: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		AT the conclave which assembled in 1455 to elect a successor to Nicholas V only fifteen cardinals were present, six of whom were lay cardinals and anything but serious-minded or God-fearing.
		Calixtus III was therefore elected, and the Borgias descended upon the Church of Rome, across whose history they were to leave such a sinister trail of blood-stained magnificence.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-calixtus-iii.htm (499 words)

	I271 I - Online Information article about I271 I
		part of which is devoted to Innocent III.; E. Gerland, Geschichte des lateinischen Kaiserreiches von Konstantinopel (Homburg, 1905) ; R. Davidsohn, Philipp II.
		The publication of the registers of Nicholas III.
		iii., 1883), published by the French School at Rome.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /I27_INV/I271_I.html (1985 words)

	Late Middle Ages - Pope Alexander VI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		But Calixtus packed him off for a year of law school and then made him a cardinal, and that was that.
		From 1457, at the age of twenty-six, Rodrigo was Vice-Chancellor of the Curia.
		Coming on the heels of the rampant nepotism of Innocent VIII and of Calixtus III, the papacy was rapidly becoming just another worldly court, focused on court politics and family ambitions.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/papacy/alexandervi.html (751 words)

	CALIXTUS II - Online Information article about CALIXTUS II
		CALIXTUS II - Online Information article about CALIXTUS II English
		Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
		short reign Calixtus strengthened the authority of the papacy in See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CAL_CAR/CALIXTUS_II.html (493 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.11.08
		What is perhaps being lost in translation is the sense that Calixtus is at the mercy of his own hatred.
		The overwhelming odium which Calixtus harbored in his soul for Alfonso did not perish with the death of his enemy, but lived on (continuavit), unabated and redirected at his enemy's son.
		It is reported by AS that Alfonso had "paid his debt to nature" and "died in sanctity", whereas nothing at all is said about the condition of Calixtus' soul at his death.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-11-08.html (2459 words)

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