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	Calmodulin
		Calmodulin is a Ca -binding protein that is a key component of the Ca second-messenger system and is involved in the regulation of many biochemical and physiological processes.
		Calmodulin is a small, acidic protein approximately 148 amino acids long and, as such, is a favorite for testing protein simulation software.
		Calmodulin belongs to one of the two main groups of calcium-binding proteins, called EF hand proteins.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ca/Calmodulin.html (126 words)

	RFLP mapping of the calmodulin gene of Neurospora crassa
		Calmodulin cDNA was amplified by shuttle PCR (30 cycles of incubation at 94oC for 30 sec and at 68 oC for 5 min) with ExTaq polymerase (Takara, Shiga, Japan).
		Genomic DNA encoding calmodulin was isolated by dot-blot hybridization of genomic DNA with part of the calmodulin cDNA probe by a sib-selection procedure.
		RFLP of the calmodulin gene in the Mauriceville-1c-A strain (M), the Oak Ridge-derived parent multicent-2a strain (O), and in 38 progeny.
	www.fgsc.net /fgn43/sadakan.html (732 words)

	Calmodulin Target Database
		Calmodulin is an intracellular calcium receptor found ubiquitously in eukaryotes.
		The crystal structure of Ca -loaded calmodulin exhibits a dumbbell shape (Babu et al., 1985, Babu et al., 1988).
		However, it was later found that part of the central linker region of Ca -bound calmodulin is flexible in solution (Barbato et al, 1992).
	calcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca /ctdb/ctdb/home.html (450 words)

	Calmodulin - Protein's grip like a baseball bunter's
		Calmodulin is a vital biochemical player in life forms that range from fungi to humans.
		Calmodulin is known to grab hold of the valve on the compartment that opens to release the burst of ions and closes again when the compartment is being filled.
		This valve, known as the ryanodine receptor, or RYR1, is almost 35 times larger than calmodulin, and the team from Rice and UT-Houston used a combination of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine the precise structure or shape of calmodulin that binds to the receptor in the presence of calcium.
	www.chemlin.net /news/2006/oct2006/calmodulin.htm (752 words)

	[No title]
		Calmodulin is the primary calcium-dependent signal transducer and regulator of a wide variety of essential cellular functions.
		The structure of calcium-calmodulin bound to the peptide corresponding to the calmodulin-binding domain of brain calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha was determined to 2 angstrom resolution.
		Calcium-saturated calmodulin (CaM) directly activates CaM-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI) by binding to a region in the C-terminal regulatory sequence of the enzyme to relieve autoinhibition.
	www.math.princeton.edu /~kris/ariel/papers/calmodulin.txt (2275 words)

	Calmodulin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Calmodulin can bind to calmodulin-dependent-protein kinase II-alpha (upper left, PDB code=1cm1); it can bind to myosine light chain (lower left, 2bbm); it can bind to edema factor toxin from the anthrax bacteria (right, 1k93) more details...
		Calmodulin is a small, acidic protein approximately 148 amino acids long (16706 Dalton) and, as such, is a favorite for testing protein simulation software.
		It is highly conserved across all eukaryotes, and its expression is essential for biological cells to progress through mitosis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calmodulin (289 words)

	Calmodulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Deletion of the calmodulin gene is a lethal mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Aspergillus nidulans.
		Expression of calmodulin antisense RNA in mouse C127 cells causes a transient arrest at G1 and metaphase.
		One encouraging result is that yeast cells relying on vertebrate calmodulin as their only source of calmodulin survive and grow well, even if the amount of vertebrate calmodulin is equivalent to the normal steady state levels of yeast calmodulin.
	faculty.washington.edu /tdavis/Cmd1p.html (1922 words)

	Calmodulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Calmodulin is a small Ca -binding protein which acts as a sensor of Ca levels in the cells.
		A ribbon diagram indicating secondary structure of calmodulin with Ca -binding regions indicated in orange.
		Calmodulin contains four Ca -binding motifs called EF-hands which consist of two perpendicularly oriented alpha helices connected by a Ca -binding loop of 12 highly conserved residues.
	www.stanford.edu /~magg/ass1/calmodulin.html (336 words)

	Calmodulin: Genetic Music
		Calmodulin, which mediates many calcium-driven metabolic reactions, is found in all eukaryotes and its sequence is remarkably conserved.
		Moreover the calmodulin sequence is itself a variant of the calcium-binding protein muscle troponin C. In calmodulin, each of the calcium-binding sites is flanked by or partly embedded in two long helices, with the Ca++ ion held between an aspartate (D) and glutamate (E) residue 12 units apart.
		Although the helical sequences of each reiteration of the theme are not as strongly similar as they are in spidroin, the shaping of the phrases in the music is, as the sequence shifts from hydrophobic to hydrophilic residues.
	www.whozoo.org /mac/Music/Calmod.htm (170 words)

	Identification of the Binding and Inhibition Sites in the Calmodulin Molecule for Ophiobolin A by Site-Directed ...
		Calmodulin is a small, acidic, Ca -binding protein and is the major Ca receptor in eukaryotic cells.
		in vivo inhibition of calmodulin by ophiobolin A. The cytotoxicity
		and 143 of the calmodulin molecule as single-addition (R86K and
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/118/3/965 (4494 words)

	Calcium Binding Proteins: Calmodulin
		Calmodulin is a rather ubiquitous calcium-sensing protein belonging to a class of loop-helix-loop cation binding proteins of similar structure and function.
		For instance, the structural flexibility of the central alpha-helical tether is believed to be an essential element in the calcium-dependent recognition of target-peptides.
		We studied the reorientation of the two major domains of calmodulin and the flexibility of the tether.
	www.ks.uiuc.edu /Research/cell_motility/calmodulin (528 words)

	Platelet Calmodulin Levels in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS): A Predictor of Curve Progression and Severity?
		Calmodulin is a calcium binding receptor protein which mediates muscle contractility (actin and myosin) in the platelet.
		Calmodulin levels were generally higher in patents with curves > 30° compared to those with curve < 30°.
		It appears that increasing platelet calmodulin levels correlate closely with curve progression and severity and that both treatment (brace or surgery) and skeletal maturity correlate with decreasing calmodulin levels.
	www.spineuniverse.com /print.php/article999.html (440 words)

	A Low-Affinity Ca2+-Dependent Association of Calmodulin With the Rab3A Effector Domain Inversely Correlates With ...
		Rab3A and calmodulin are colocalized on insulin secretory granules and interact in vivo in a manner that inversely correlated with nutrient-regulated insulin exocytosis.
		The effect of calmodulin on GEF activity toward Rab3A GTPase activity of Rab3A was measured in vitro as either GDP dissociation (B) or GTP association (C), as described previously.
		to calmodulin was equivalent to a previously estimated EC for CaMK-2 activation by calmodulin (34).
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/50/9/2029 (6503 words)

	Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein Sequences Determining Differential Inhibition by Calmodulin and S-100 Proteins -- Onions ...
		Lyophilized recombinant calmodulin was resuspended at a concentration of 1 mg/ml in 10 m
		Binding of proteins to dansylated calmodulin was monitored by spectrofluorimetry using a Shimadzu RF5000 spectrofluorimeter.
		Dansylated calmodulin undergoes a change in emitted fluorescence upon binding to a target (36).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/38/23930 (5199 words)

	Calmodulin Binding Peptide Affinity Purification System
		When calcium is removed from the environment, calmodulin undergoes a conformational change that results in the release of its ligand.
		As figure 2 shows, the CBP-JNK fusion protein was present in high abundance in the input crude lysate, is depleted in the calmodulin affinity resin flowthrough fraction and is eluted to near homogeneity in the EGTA elusion fraction.
		The CBP tag binds calmodulin with high affinity, yet binding and elusion conditions are very gentle.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/Molbio/calmod/calmodulin.html (1800 words)

	Calmodulin Regulates Transglutaminase 2 Cross-Linking of Huntingtin -- Zainelli et al. 24 (8): 1954 -- Journal of ...
		Colocalization of each epitope was examined by fluorescence microscopy, and control slides were produced in which both primary antibodies were omitted (each separately as well as both combined) from the assay to ensure that the secondary antibodies did not cross-react in a nonspecific manner.
		nuclei colabel with the calmodulin antibody, whereas 100% of
		Calmodulin protein was also directly loaded in the first lane of the gels as a positive control.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/8/1954 (4492 words)

	Functional Interactions between the p35 Subunit of the Arp2/3 Complex and Calmodulin in Yeast -- Schaerer-Brodbeck and ...
		Calmodulin is a major calcium sensor conserved from yeast to human.
		Sensitivity of arc35-1 expressing various calmodulin mutant proteins to latrunculin A. (A) An arc35-1 strain (RH3429) without plasmid (a, b) or overexpressing Cmd1p from pCMD1 (c, d) was preincubated for 3 h, stained with rhodamine-phalloidin, and visualized with epifluorescence.
		Geli, M.I., Wesp, A., and Riezman, H. Distinct functions of calmodulin are required for the uptake step of receptor-mediated endocytosis in yeast: the type I myosin Myo5p is one of the calmodulin targets.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/1113 (7267 words)

	Early Expression of the Calmodulin Gene, Which Precedes Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe grisea, Is Inhibited by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Calmodulin gene expression in a few conidia had to be measured in order to determine at what stage of sequential gene expression
		Attachment to the surface is necessary for the early expression of the calmodulin gene and appressorium formation.
		Calmodulin is required for cell cycle progression during G1 and mitosis.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/181/11/3571 (5134 words)

	Calmodulin-Binding Peptide PEP-19 Modulates Activation of Calmodulin Kinase II In Situ -- Johanson et al. 20 (8): 2860 ...
		Calmodulin is a widespread and abundant transducer of calcium signaling in cells.
		Calmodulin and the proteins that were associated with it were immunoprecipitated as described in Materials and Methods.
		Slemmon JR, Morgan JI, Fullerton SM, Danho W, Hilbush BS, Wengenack TM (1996) Camstatins are peptide antagonists of calmodulin based upon a conserved structural motif in PEP-19, neurogranin and neuromodulin.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/8/2860 (4936 words)

	Calcium- and Calcineurin-Independent Roles for Calmodulin in Cryptococcus neoformans Morphogenesis and High-Temperature ...
		functions of calmodulin are essential for cell viability (21).
		-bound calmodulin functions via the activation of calcineurin, and Ca -free calmodulin functions via targets that remain to be determined, which may include Myo2.
		Isolation of the yeast calmodulin gene: calmodulin is an essential protein.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/4/6/1079 (5411 words)

	Phosphorylation of calmodulin: Functional implications -- Benaim and Villalobo 269 (15): 3619 -- FEBS Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Calmodulin (CaM) is phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo by
		The protein-tyrosine kinases and protein-serine/threonine kinases known to phosphorylate calmodulin are shown in a cartoon representing a cell.
		Laurino, J.P., Colca, J.R., Pearson, J.D., DeWald, D.B. and McDonald, J.M. (1988) The in vitro phosphorylation of calmodulin by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase.
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/269/15/3619 (7164 words)

	In vitro motility of AtKCBP, a calmodulin-binding kinesin protein of Arabidopsis -- Song et al. 94 (1): 322 -- ...
		Calmodulin has been known for many years to bind to the heavy chains of the unconventional myosins and is thought to regulate
		The function of AtKCBP is not known, nor is the relationship of its function to the ability to bind calmodulin.
		AtKCBP was originally isolated as a protein that binds calmodulin in the presence of calcium.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/1/322 (5247 words)

	Presence of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases PDE1A, Existing as a Stable Complex with Calmodulin, and PDE3A in ...
		of the anti-calmodulin antibody for calmodulin and the doublet
		Wasco WM, Orr GA. Function of calmodulin in mammalian sperm: presence of a calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase associated with demembranated rat caudal epididymal sperm.
		Distribution of calmodulin and calmodulin-binding proteins in membranes from bovine epididymal spermatozoa.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/67/2/423 (5362 words)

	Calmodulin antibodies and Antigen from RDI Divison of Fitzgerald Industries Intl
		Antigen: thyroglobulin conjugated purified peptide corresponding to the CARBOXY terminal amino acids 128-148 of bovine brain calmodulin.
		Specificity: Highly specific for intact vertebrate calmodulin by RIA; reacts with unmodified and phosphorylated or glycated calmodulin; reacts with calcium free and calcium saturated calmodulin; reacts with plant calmodulin, all vertebrate calmodulins are identical, DOES NOT react with structurally similar troponin, parvalbumin or bovine brain S100 or beta
		Highly active, specificactivity is 60KU/mg where 1 unit is equal to the amount of calmodulin activity promoting 50% maximal activation of phosphodiesterase in a standard calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase assay, inhibited by EDTA and EGTA,
	www.researchd.com /miscabs/calmod.htm (564 words)

	Ca2+/calmodulin is critical for brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant growth : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		/calmodulin is critical for brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant growth
		Molecular genetic analysis using site-directed and deletion mutants revealed that loss of calmodulin binding completely abolished the function of DWF1 in planta, whereas partial loss of calmodulin binding resulted in a partial dwarf phenotype in complementation studies.
		Furthermore, we observed that DWF1 orthologues from other plants have a similar Ca /calmodulin-binding domain, implying that Ca /calmodulin regulation of DWF1 and its homologues is common in plants.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v437/n7059/abs/nature03973.html (356 words)

	Distribution and Localization of Calmodulin-Binding Proteins in Bull Spermatozoa -- Leclerc and Goupil 62 (6): 1875 -- ...
		Calmodulin, a calmodulin acceptor protein, and calcimedins: unique antibody localizations in hamster sperm.
		Distribution of calmodulin and calmodulin binding proteins in membranes from bovine epididymal spermatozoa.
		I-calmodulin overlay on blots quenched with Tween 20 or bovine serum albumin and poly(ethylene oxide).
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/62/6/1875 (4617 words)

	Membrane-bound calmodulin in Xenopus laevis oocytes as a novel binding site for melatonin -- Romero et al. 12 (13): ...
		López-Girona, A., Bachs, O., and Agell, N. (1995) Calmodulin is involved in the induction of DNA polymerases alpha and delta activities in normal rat kidney cells activated to proliferate.
		Antón-Tay, F., Martínez, I., Tovar, R., and Benítez-King, G. (1998) Modulation of the subcellular distribution of calmodulin by melatonin in MDCK cells.
		Means, A. R., and Dedman, J. (1980) Calmodulin in endocrine cells and its multiple roles in hormone action.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/12/13/1401 (3754 words)

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