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	Caloric restriction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Caloric restriction or Calorie restriction (CR) is the practice of limiting dietary energy intake to improve health and retard aging.
		In 1986, Weindruch reported that restricting the calorie intake of laboratory mice proportionally increased their lifespan compared to a group of mice with a normal diet.
		The adjective "caloric" is inappropriate for the same reason that the theory of music is called "music theory," not "musical theory." A musical theory is a theory of a musical nature, not a theory of or about music.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caloric_restriction (1261 words)

	Le Magazine, December 2001 - Abstracts: I3C/Cancer & Caloric Restriction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caloric restriction started at the young adult (YA) stage and the full adult (FA) stage in mice was compared, specifically focussing on whether there would be a delay in the onset time of spontaneous hepatoma or a reduction in its frequency.
		The cumulative incidences of hepatoma in the caloric restricted groups showed a delayed and lower incidence compared with those of the non-restricted group; a parallel delay might result from a weakened activity in tumor-promotion, whereas a lower frequency, might reflect a possible reduction of target cells for hepatomata development.
		When cumulative incidences of small hepatomas were compared between the two restricted groups, restriction started at the young adult stage is assumed to have caused fewer initiation stresses, as well as to have delayed promotion, as clearly evidenced by a flatter curve of incidence with a lower total incidence.
	www.lef.org /magazine/mag2001/dec2001_abs_03.html (1531 words)

	Cr mimetic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Caloric restriction mimetics try to mimic the effects of caloric restriction.
		A CR (Caloric restriction) mimetic is a particular compound or molecule that may -- if successful -- enable organisms to derive many of the health and life-extending benefits noted in calorically restricted diets.
		If an efficacious CR mimetic is developed, it may allow an organism to feed ad libitum and (simultaneously) achieve a long lifespan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cr_mimetic (155 words)

	An intervention resembling caloric restriction prolongs life span and retards aging in yeast -- JIANG et al. 14 (14): ...
		The retrograde response and caloric restriction are two nonoverlapping pathways, which constitute a compensatory adaptation and a preventive adjustment to the dysfunction and deficits of aging, respectively.
		Rtg2 and Rtg3 are mediators of the retrograde response, and ‘Cal’ is a hypothetical mediator of the caloric restriction response.
		increase in longevity that was additive to caloric restriction.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/14/14/2135 (2084 words)

	How does caloric restriction slow down aging? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caloric restriction seems to slow down some of the destructive processes that take place in cells and tissues with aging.
		First of all, caloric restriction seems to reduce damage from chemical metabolic processes, particularly oxidative and glycation damage, thought to be leading causes of cell aging and death.
		Caloric restriction has been shown to increase the ability of aging rodents to produce glucocorticoids, which are natural steroids produced when the body is under stress.
	www.infoaging.org /b-cal-6role.html (638 words)

	Caloric restriction may add just a few years \| Betterhumans > News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Severe caloric restriction may add just a few years to a human life, according to a study by evolutionary biologists, rather than allowing people to routinely live to 125 as some have speculated.
		Caloric restriction is known to extend lifespan in every organism so far tested.
		Their mathematical model shows that people who consume the most calories have a shorter life span, and that if people severely restrict their calories over their lifetimes, their life span increases by between 3 percent and 7 percent—far less than the 20-plus years some have hoped could be achieved by drastic caloric restriction...
	www.betterhumans.com /News/4541/Default.aspx (546 words)

	BioMarker Pharmaceuticals, Inc. \| Technology \| Scientific Publications \| (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since almost nobody wants to be on calorie restriction anyway, and since it does have its safety issues and inconveniences, there is a desire on the part of many people to develop what are called calorie restriction mimetics, in other words, drugs that imitate the effects of calorie restriction.
		We are testing drugs for their calorie restriction mimetic effects and are continuing to look at the effects of different periods of caloric restriction in many tissues in both mice and monkeys, and we are also planning studies in humans.
		In fact, calorie restricted animals are not very good at procreating, so it may be that some of these effects that we're seeing seem to be counter-intuitive because we're not keeping in mind what it is they're trying to accomplish.
	www.biomarkerinc.com /html/december_2001.htm (8439 words)

	Caloric Restriction as a Mechanism Mediating Resistance to Environmental Disease
		Calorically restricted rodents have significantly longer reproductive and total life spans than their ad libitum-fed controls and exhibit a spectrum of biochemical and physiologic alterations that characterize their adaptation to reduced caloric intake.
		The effects of caloric restriction on biomarkers of mitogenesis are generally consistent with the occurrence of hypercorticism during the early but not the late stages of caloric restriction.
		For example, caloric restriction reportedly induces lipocortin 1 immunoreactive proteins in rat liver (16), inhibits carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice (168), decreases 12-lipooxygenase activity in rat liver and testes (7), delays the onset of autoimmunity in autoimmune-prone mice (169), and inhibits promotion of mouse skin papillomas by phorbol esters (170,171).
	www.herc.org /news/mcsarticles/frame.htm (9526 words)

	Effects of caloric restriction on gene expression along the epididymis of the Brown Norway rat during aging. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The goal of this study was to assess the effects of caloric restriction on aging-related changes in gene expression in the BN rat epididymis using cDNA microarrays.
		Caloric restriction attenuated or reversed age-related gene expression changes throughout the epididymis.
		In all regions of the epididymal epithelium, caloric restriction had a dramatic effect on the age-related decreased expression of genes associated with protein synthesis and mitochondrial function.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_12742532.html (225 words)

	Caloric Restriction Does not Slow Aging in Humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		What is needed is a false prediction from a postulated anti-aging effect of caloric restriction that could then be used in turn to falsify that hypothesis.
		If caloric restriction retards the rate of aging and extends maximum life span in humans one must expect that a lower BMI would be significantly associated with reduced mortality in aged humans.
		If such an significant association is not found then caloric intake is not operative in modifying the rate of aging in humans and life spans beyond 120 will not be possible by reducing caloric intake.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=9197 (498 words)

	The latest research on caloric restriction and the brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Research has shown that caloric restriction helps protect the brain from neurodegeneration, or deterioration, due to aging or age-related diseases.
		This is due to dietary restriction's boosting of factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, that enhance the ability of the brain to produce new neurons from stem cells and resist damage.
		(52) Caloric restriction seems to also reduce age-related deterioration of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus through complex mechanisms that are not yet entirely understood.
	www.infoaging.org /b-cal-19-r-brain.html (331 words)

	Nutrition Today: Caloric restriction and experimental tumorigenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Using this diet he showed that caloric restriction reduced the incidence of induced or spontaneous tumors in several strains of mice.
		To study effects of progressive caloric restriction, groups of rats were given a mammary carcinogen and were calorically restricted by 10, 20, 30 or 40%.
		Ross and Bras[14] found that drastic caloric restriction (60+%) for only 7 weeks after weaning did not influence the life span of rats but reduced the incidence of spontaneous tumors by 38%.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0841/is_n1_v28/ai_13746614 (1281 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science -- Live and let diet
		Caloric restriction may be simple to describe, but how it works turns out to be awfully hard to explain.
		Since Walford's work, caloric restriction studies have been conducted – and are being conducted – on a wide variety of organisms, from yeast and spiders to fish and dogs.
		More profoundly, writes Richard Weindruch, a geriatric researcher at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, caloric restriction appears to consistently increase not just the average life span of a subject population, but also the maximum life span or lifetime of the longest-surviving members of a group or species.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/science/20041124-9999-lz1c24cr.html (2629 words)

	Eat Less Live More
		Effects of caloric restriction or augmentation in adult rats: longevity and lesion biomarkers of aging.
		Caloric restriction prevents age-related deficits in LTP and in NMDA receptor expression.
		Influences of aging and caloric restriction on the transcriptional profile of skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys.
	iangoddard.net /cr.htm (2854 words)

	CALORIC RESTRICTION WITH ADEQUATE NUTRITION TOPIC INDEX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Is there a Late Life benefit with Caloric Restriction
		For about 2-and-a-half years I was a frequent contributer to the CR SOCIETY (Caloric Restriction Society) Mailing List.
		Many of my writings on the subject of CRAN are archived there, so you might want to browse my own writings as well as those of others practicing (or interested in) Caloric Restriction (with Adequate Nutrition, usually).
	www.benbest.com /calories/calories.html (150 words)

	The effect of caloric restriction on glycation and glycoxidation in skin collagen of nonhuman primates. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Restricted monkeys (n = 11, n = 30, respectively) were maintained at 70% of caloric intake of controls (n = 25, n = 32, respectively).
		Caloric restriction did not significantly decrease the pentosidine or carboxymethyl-lysine rates in either species of monkeys.
		These results suggest that caloric restriction, when maintained long-term in nonhuman primates, tends to decrease glycation, but not glycoxidation.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_12807921.html (211 words)

	Alzforum: Forum Discussions: Caloric Restriction: Eat Less, Live Longer!
		Caloric restriction increases neurotrophic factor levels and attenuates neurochemical and behavioral deficits in a primate model of Parkinson's disease.
		Caloric restriction attenuates beta-amyloid neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
		Thus, the risk of AD may be reduced by caloric restriction because it is generally associated with a better balance of nutritional factors and is, thus, less likely to adversely affect the trace mineral composition of the body and brain.
	www.alzforum.org /res/for/journal/mattson2 (3103 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 3, d125-135, January 15, 1998]
		Thus, caloric restriction altered the expression of IL-2 by increasing the transcription of the IL-2 gene.
		This was the first evidence that caloric restriction could alter the expression of a gene that plays a central role in cellular and humoral immune responses.
		Figure 1 shows the effect of caloric restriction on hsp70 expression by hyperthermia and the induction of IL-2 expression by Con A. The induction of IL-2 mRNA levels was significantly higher in T cells isolated from old rats fed a caloric restricted diet than in old rats fed ad libitum.
	www.bioscience.org /1998/v3/d/pahlavan/3.htm (1084 words)

	Caloric Restriction
		For example, caloric restriction improves the lagging performance of aged rodents on learning, memory and coordination tasks.
		To add to this, preliminary work also shows that compared with unrestricted eaters, rats on a restricted diet produce a significantly greater number of new cells in a brain area that is important for memory.
		This work and other studies in animals suggest that caloric restriction may be able to protect the brain from some aspects of brain disease.
	www.sfn.org /content/Publications/BrainBriefings/caloricrestriction.html (849 words)

	Crumb Trail: Caloric Restriction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A new study, Why dietary restriction substantially increases longevity in animal models but won't in humans, may dampen the enthusiasm for being super thin.
		Their mathematical model shows that people who consume the most calories have a shorter life span, and that if people severely restrict their calories over their lifetimes, their life span increases by between 3 percent and 7 percent -- far less than the 20-plus years some have hoped could be achieved by drastic caloric restriction.
		"When you restrict the caloric intake of rodents, the first thing they do is shut off their reproductive system," said Phelan, citing a finding from his dissertation.
	www.crumbtrail.org /mt/archives/001354.html (425 words)

	Caloric Restriction Research: Moving From Lab Animals To Humans
		Caloric Restriction Won't Dramatically Extend Life Span In Humans: UCLA Research (August 30, 2005) -- Severely restricting calories over decades may add a few years to a human life span, but will not enable humans to live to 125 and beyond, as many have speculated.
		Caloric restriction retards diseases and aging among lab rodents, and is now being tested in nonhuman primates with the goal to eventually identify and test agents that may mimic critical actions of CR.
		The distinction between "pure" caloric intake-reducing interventions and alternative weight-loss interventions relates to an issue of practical and mechanistic importance: whether changes in exercise and body composition produce similar changes as those found in dietary restriction.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/07/020710081137.htm (907 words)

	Scientific American: Caloric Restriction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The widespread observation that caloric restriction will increase longevity must be tempered with the recognition that it has progressively less effect the later in life it is begun,
		A few people have subjected themselves to a calorically restricted diet, which, in order to be effective, must approach levels that most people would find intolerable.
		The fact that so few people have attempted caloric restriction since the phenomenon was discovered more than 60 years ago suggests that for most people, quality of life seems to be preferred over quantity of life.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00049BFB-3D03-1CE5-93F6809EC5880000 (267 words)

	MEDICAL BIOLOGY: CALORIC RESTRICTION AND BREAST CANCER
		One marker of caloric restriction is anorexia nervosa, an illness that occurs generally during adolescence or early adulthood and is characterized by very low caloric intake, low body mass index (BMI), and amenorrhea.
		Most studies of caloric restriction in mammals have involved laboratory rodents subjected to a long-term 25 to 50 percent reduction in caloric intake without essential nutrient deficiency, and the result in these rodents is a delayed onset of age-associated pathological and physiological changes and an extension of maximum lifespan.
		The authors report that the use of high-density *oligonucleotide arrays representing 6347 genes (5 to 10 percent of the mouse genome) revealed that aging resulted in a differential gene expression pattern indicative of a marked stress response and lower expression of metabolic and biosynthetic genes.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sb040917-6.htm (1566 words)

	Caloric restriction: More evidence
		Reliably, this so-called "caloric restriction" gives the average lab rat extra months to play mah jong with cronies.
		Caloric restriction may work, but the monkeys are skinny, slightly cold, and kinda hungry (although they are no more willing to "work" for food -- by unlatching a glass door blocking a food cache -- than control animals).
		The goal of caloric restriction research is not to promote a diet that few people would tolerate, but to understand why restricting calories works, and then find drugs that give the benefits -- without the constant hunger.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/110cal_restrict (811 words)

	Caloric Restriction in Monkeys May Extend Life and Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A second recent study from the NIA has shown caloric restriction slows the age-related decrease in amounts of a naturally-occurring steroid hormone, DHEA.
		It is demonstrated here for the first time that caloric restriction can lead to changes in HDLs and other lipid profiles that may be associated with health benefits for both those animals that are lean as well as those that are heavier.
		In this study, monkeys whose calorie intake was restricted by 30 percent showed a slower decline in DHEAS (dehydroepi-androsterone sulfate) and DHEA (the unsulfated form) levels than those observed in control monkeys.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/3BC7E.htm (731 words)

	RedNova News - Science - Long Life: ; Caloric Restriction Might Play a Role (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cut a mouse's caloric intake by 30 percent of what it would eat given unlimited access to food, and the mouse lives 30 percent longer.
		Restrict the diet so the mouse consumes 40 percent fewer calories and the animal lives 40 percent longer, and so on.
		Researchers are betting that by learning how caloric restriction works, they can develop a drug that has been only a dream to many people - one that has all the benefits of caloric restriction without the need to diet.
	www.rednova.com /news/display?id=77900 (1399 words)

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