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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a fluid called "caloric" that flows from hotter to colder bodies.
		The "caloric theory" was superseded by the mid-19th century in favor of the theory of heat but nevertheless persisted in scientific literature until the end of the 19th century.
		In this way, the caloric theory was absorbed into the annals of physics, and evolved into modern thermodynamics, in which heat is the kinetic energy of molecules.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=caloric_theory (851 words)

	Caloric theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a fluid called "caloric" that flows from hotter to colder bodies.
		The "caloric theory" was abandoned by the mid-19th century in favor of the theory of heat.
		According to this theory, the quantity of this substance is constant throughout the universe, and it flows from warmer to colder bodies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caloric_theory (801 words)

	Caloric theory Summary
		In the history of science, the caloric theory is a theory that heat consists of a fluid called "caloric" that flows from hotter to colder bodies.
		The "caloric theory" was abandoned by the mid-19th century in favor of the theory of heat.
		The introdution of the Caloric theory was also influenced by the experiments of Joseph Black related to the thermal properties of materials.
	www.bookrags.com /Caloric_theory (1223 words)

	Atom - MSN Encarta
		Dalton used the caloric theory to propose that each molecule of a gas is surrounded by caloric, which exerts a repulsive force on other molecules.
		Dalton’s theory proposed that a gaseous compound, formed by combining equal numbers of atoms of two elements, should have the same number of molecules as the atoms in one of the original elements.
		The new theory of heat, called the kinetic theory, said that the atoms or molecules of a substance move faster, or gain kinetic energy, as heat energy is added to the substance.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567432_9/Atom.html (2133 words)

	Caloric theory - Definition, explanation
		The Caloric theory of heat is an early theory of thermodynamics, developed mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries, which claims that changes in temperature are due to the transfer of was an invisible, weightless fluid called "caloric".
		The theory originally hinged on two key assumptions: 1) "heat was a 'self-repulsive' (or 'elastic,' or 'expansive') substance, while it was attracted to ordinary matter," and 2) "temperature was the density of caloric" (Chang, 2003).
		In this way, the Caloric theory disintegrated into the annals of physics, to be replaced by modern thermodynamics, in which heat is the kinetic energy of molecules.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ca/caloric_theory.php (513 words)

	[No title]
		Contrary to his argument, the historical record of the caloric theory reveals that beliefs about the properties of material caloric, rejected by subsequent theories, were indeed central to the successes of the caloric theory.
		The preserved elements of Carnot's theory, such as the anticipation of the second law of thermodynamics, were just those parts that were unrelated to the tenets of the caloric theory.
		Laplace's central premises were that the caloric fluid was made up of point-like particles of caloric, and that the caloric particles, most of which were contained within molecules of matter, repelled each other with a force that was a function of distance only.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00001059/00/Chang.doc (4272 words)

	Early Theories of Gases
		The kinetic theory was not widely accepted in the 18th century; most scientists preferred the Newtonian repulsion theory, which was compatible with the idea that heat is a fluid, "caloric," rather than the energy of atomic motion.
		Caloric was sometimes thought to be composed of particles that repel each other and are attracted to the atoms of ordinary matter.
		The caloric theory could also explain phenomena such as the latent heat of phase transitions (solid to liquid or liquid to gas) and the heat absorbed or released in chemical reactions, by postulating that some caloric is "bound" to the individual atoms or compounds.
	www.math.umd.edu /~lvrmr/History/EarlyTheories.html (822 words)

	The Caloric Theory of Heat and Carnot's Principle
		The caloric theory is seen to be perfectly consistent with Carnot's principle and with the mechanical theory for all reversible processes.
		Caloric is the natural measure of a quantity of heat in accordance with Carnot's equation, if we adopt the gas-scale of temperature.
		Conduction of caloric is closely associated with the electrons, and the science of heat would gain, like the science of electricity, by attaching a more material conception to the true measure of a quantity of heat, as distinguished from a quantity of thermal energy.
	stacks.iop.org /1478-7814/23/153 (1572 words)

	CiteULike: Caloric restriction, metabolic rate, and entropy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		We integrate the stability-longevity hypothesis with a molecular model of metabolic activity (quantum metabolism), and an entropic theory of evolutionary change (directionality theory), to propose a proximate mechanism and an evolutionary rationale for aging.
		The mechanistic features of the new theory of aging are invoked to predict that caloric restriction extends life span by increasing metabolic stability.
		The evolutionary model is exploited to predict that the large increases in life span under caloric restriction observed in rats, a species with early sexual maturity, narrow reproductive span and large litter size, and hence low entropy, will not hold for primates.
	www.citeulike.org /user/ladygoat/article/104277 (469 words)

	[No title]
		Similarly, caloric as a strain in the medium or as an immaterial wave would not bind to the material molecules of gas, and, as a result, Laplace would not be able to explain volume expansion of gases by heat and his famous equation would not be possible to construct.
		Slater’s theory of oxidative phosphorylation, which was proposed and accepted in the 1950’s, postulated that a high-energy intermediate compound transfers energy from the oxidation of fuel substances (e.g., sugars and fatty acids) to the reaction that leads to forming ATP molecules in mitochondria.
		Scientists build theories from simpler, preexisting constituents that are derived from empirical data and established theories to provide an account or a unified description of an extended segment of the world.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00001886/01/Psillos-psa-A_Critique_of_Localized_Realism.doc (4951 words)

	caloric (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The immediate predecessor of thermodynamics was the caloric theory of heat that flourished from the eighteenth until well into the nineteenth century.
		When caloric entered a substance and enveloped its particles, it was supposed to cause the substance to swell because of the repulsion between the caloric particles.
		Various experiments beginning late in the eighteenth century and culminating with those of James Joule, together with the theoretical interpretations of Clausius and Kelvin overthrew the caloric theory in favor of the interconvertibility and conservation of energy in the middle of the nineteenth century.
	www.nd.edu /~emarsha1/phys452/homepage/history/caloric.html (310 words)

	HOS: Mechanical Theory of Heat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Mechanistic theory achieved a number of triumphs in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, outside the areas in which Newton had written.
		The caloric theory, which seemed to be substantiated by the work of Prevost, and was strongly backed by such men as Berthollet, lived on for another half century until Maxwell settled it once and for all.
		in which the mechanical theory of heat was dismissed as "vague and unsatisfactory," while the view that "heat or caloric is a material agent of a peculiar nature" was described as the theory most generally accepted among men of science.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/heat.html (3964 words)

	Digging Deeper
		Caloric theory explains this behavior by arguing that heat is going into a latent or hidden and invisible form.
		If caloric theory were valid, and they thought it to be so at the time, then one would expect that since concentration of the caloric fluid has dropped, temperature, which is a measure of it should also drop.
		Contradiction between caloric theory and these results were considered to cast one of the most serious blows to the concept of heat as a caloric.
	www.csulb.edu /~rtoossi/PhysicsBook/book/Chap17-Heat&Temperature/Exercises/solved.htm (1266 words)

	History and outlook of statistical physics :: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Bernoulli was, however, about a century ahead of his time with his kinetic theory of gases.
		In the caloric theory heat was a substance called "caloric".
		Caloric was considered to be a uid composed of particles which repel each other.
	statisticfunction.net /history/index.html (579 words)

	WHAT SHOULD WE EXPECT... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As a theory, it was far more successful than the caloric theory, which postulated a subtly compressible fluid as increasing in volume when a things temperature increases.
		The theory was explanatorily problematic, especially when it had to address this problem: if heat from rubbing is to be explained by release of caloric in the spaces between the atoms, it should run out after a while.
		Theories range themselves on a spectrum of how little or how much of the macro theory comes to be modified as a result of increasing explanatory reach of the micro theory.
	philosophy.ucsd.edu /EPL/expect.html (6954 words)

	[No title]
		The classical thermodynamics, a phenomenological theory the foundations of which were basically laid down at the second half of the 19th century by Joule, Rankine, Clausius and Kelvin, pretends the most general description of thermal processes in real systems without making use of their molecular (atomic) structure.
		Caloric as a physical quantity corresponding to the common term heat can be introduced without a priori knowledge of entropy using the Carnot’s principle which is a generalization of experience with optimizing the motive power gain of heat engines.
		Moreover, as the First Law in caloric theory is in contrast to classical thermodynamics exactly identical with the general Law of Conservation of Energy, its explicit formulation is thus somewhat redundant.
	www.fzu.cz /~sestak/yyy/caloric.doc (5939 words)

	Atomic Theory
		It is a tribute to the strength of caloric theory that it enabled the French scientist Sadi Carnot to arrive at his great discoveries in thermodynamics.
		Nevertheless, the rise of ether theories to explain the transmission of light and electromagnetic forces through apparently empty space postponed for many decades the general reacceptance of the concept of atoms.
		These attempts to describe the basic constituents of matter in the familiar language of fluid mechanics were at least atomic theories in contrast to the anti-atomistic movement at the end of the 19th century in Germany under the influence of Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/atomic_theory.html (946 words)

	WHAT SHOULD WE EXPECT FROM A THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS? - Patricia S. Churchland - Athenaeum Library of Philosophy
		As a theory, it was far more successful than the caloric theory, which postulated a subtly compressible fluid as increasing in volume when a things temperature increases.
		The theory was explanatorily problematic, especially when it had to address this problem: if heat from rubbing is to be explained by release of caloric in the spaces between the atoms, it should run out after a while.
		Theories range themselves on a spectrum of how little or how much of the macro theory comes to be modified as a result of increasing explanatory reach of the micro theory.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /churchland_p01.htm (7564 words)

	Fourier and the theory of heat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the eighteenth century, the most influential theory of what heat was and how it worked was a partially quantified theory of heat substance, called "caloric." Siméon-Denis Poisson, Antoine Lavoisier, and others of the Laplacian school developed precise experimental methods for measuring the amount of caloric a given substance contained.
		By 1800, alternatives to the caloric hypothesis appeared and, in 1811, Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) published a mathematical theory of heat conduction that was entirely independent of the caloric hypothesis.
		Fourier's first step was to avoid speculation about "caloric." In this way, Fourier set the study of the theory of heat in the tradition of rational mechanics, basing it on differential equations that characterized the transmission of heat, equations that were independent of all physical hypotheses.
	www.victorianweb.org /science/fourier.html (462 words)

	UCL > STS > Dr Hasok Chang > HPSC B218 > Virtual Nicholson2 > Ashbee-Scrancher
		The nature of the caloric's combination with the ice is such that it combines, or buries itself in the material, to exist as hidden or latent caloric.
		In addition it is caloric's self-repulsive nature (which is evident from its tendency to spread throughout a medium) that causes the mild expansion of materials upon its absorption in sensible state, and the vast increase in volume when it chemically combines with a liquid to form a gas.
		We hope that we have demonstrated the superiority of the caloric theory, and also the dangers of not abiding by the correct scientific method, through ignorance of current scientific theory (Lavoisier's version of the caloric theory), poor inductive method by disregard for important empirical facts, and speculation leading to erroneous conclusions.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /sts/chang/nicholson/Ashbee-Scrancher.htm (1843 words)

	ARSC 010 Lecture09
		In the caloric theory heat is composed of particles which have zero mass and which repel each other, but which are attracted by the atoms of ordinary matter.
		When it is attached to atoms of ordinary matter caloric is not apparent to the senses and is referred to as "latent heat".
		Although these experiments cast some doubt on the caloric theory, it still gave the best explanation of conservation of heat when substances at different temperatures are mixed together.
	www.marquette.edu /classes/day/arsc010_f98/Ken/lecf09.htm (1063 words)

	WHAT IS A THEORY? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Thus we have Newton's theory of gravity and the motion of planets, Einstein's theory of relativity, the germ theory of disease, the cell theory of organisms, plate tectonics (theory of the motion of land masses), the valence theory of chemical compounds, and theories of evolution in biology, geology, and astronomy.
		Yes, a scientific theory can be wrong, as shown by experiment or observation, since one of its hypotheses might be wrong or the reasoning might be flawed or new data might come along that disagree with it.
		This has happened, for example, in physics with the caloric theory of heat and the theory of the luminiferous ether, and in chemistry with the phlogiston theory of combustion.
	www.nebscience.org /theory.html (505 words)

	MythHome: Count Rumford's Experiments and Caloric Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Because caloric theory explained better more facts than early kinetic theory of molecules, (pp 110, Goldstiens) "Conflicts between opposing scientific theories [can only be ] resolved if the opponents can agree on a single experiment whose outcome will be accepted as decisive.
		Which theory particular scientists will adopt [if they do] will depend on which facts they think are important and which they think can be ignored, or of little consequence, obviously a highly subjective judgment.
		Caloric theory explained how heat could travel thru a vacuum, motion of atoms as heat could not.
	www.mythome.org /CountRumford.html (256 words)

	No. 1165: Count Rumford
		Caloric was the last of the old Aristotelian essences -- earth, air, water, and fire.
		Rumford's results flew in the face of the caloric theory.
		Count Rumford had, indeed, been instrumental in driving caloric off the stage, and setting a foundation for the first law of thermodynamics.
	www.uh.edu /admin/engines/epi1165.htm (515 words)

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