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Topic: Calorific Value of Coal

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	Energy value of coal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coal consists primarily of carbon, but this is usually mixed with various impurities, including water and mineral matter such as sand and clay.
		The calorific value Q of coal is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen.
		where C is the mass percent of carbon in the coal, H is the mass percent of hydrogen in the coal, and S is the mass percent of sulfur in the coal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_value_of_coal (387 words)

	petrolpump.co.in : energy sources, Coal, Anthracite coal, Bituminous coal, Lignite coal, Sub-bituminous coal, Coke, ...
		Coal is formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time.
		Bituminous coal is a dense coal, usually fl, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke.
		Sub-bituminous coal is a coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and are used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation.
	www.petrolpump.co.in /energy-sources/coal.htm (1720 words)

	#1 Site For Learning Chemistry
		Coal : Coal is one of the important fossil fuels that we can obtain from deep within the earth’s surface.
		Coal is formed by thousands and millions of years of decomposition of plants that got buried deep inside the earth due to various natural phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
		Coal tar : Coal tar is a mixture of as many as two hundred carbon compounds.
	home.att.net /~cat6a/fuels-III.htm (397 words)

	Coal privatisation -- a must
		Specific coal consumption for power generation is lower, because of the improved heat-rate, on account of the use of boilers using improved technology, or the average calorific value of domestic coal is higher than that assumed by the Power Ministry projections.
		In addition, if a substantial part of the coal demand for the power sector is met by imports, the total quantitative requirement of coal would also come down, because of the higher calorific value of imported coal vis-a-vis domestic coal.
		The power sector's coal demand is expected to increase from 215 million tonnes (mt) in 1996-97 to 350 mt and 500 mt. in the terminal years of Ninth and Tenth Plans, respectively, that is, a jump of 135 mt and 150 mt, against an increase of 78 mt during the Eighth Plan period.
	www.thehindubusinessline.com /2000/06/26/stories/042675ju.htm (1233 words)

	Anthropogenic Emissions from energy activities in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Values of the elements C,H, and O, are calculated on a dry ash-free coal basis.
		The Calorific value of Ohio coal is almost twice to that of Chandrapur coal.
		Assuming 30% thermal conversion efficiency in converting thermal energy from coal to the electrical energy, coal used for generating a unit of electricity is (Kg/KWH) 0.77 for Indian coal and 0.36 for Ohio coal.
	www.osc.edu /research/pcrm/emissions/coal.shtml (669 words)

	[No title]
		The calorific value of a fuel is defined as the heat released by the fuel when it is completely burned at standard pressure (1 bar) and reference temperature (298 K).
		Calorific values for solid and liquid fuels are normally given per unit mass, whereas gaseous fuels are normally given per unit volume.
		A sample of coal is burned in pure oxygen in a furnace at 1350°C. The carbon and hydrogen in the coal are oxidised completely to carbon dioxide and water.
	eyrie.shef.ac.uk /eee/labprac.html (7594 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : Centre to locate new power plants along coast — To use blended coal as feedstock
		SHORTAGE of coal has forced the Centre to rethink its thermal generation strategy in favour of locating future coal-fired projects near the coastline and using a blend of imported and domestic coal as feedstock.
		Coal import opportunities are being explored in South Africa, Indonesia, Australia and China, where the coal quality is better with gross calorific value generally around 5,300-6,000 kilo calories/kg, while the calorific value of domestic coal is only around 3,000 kcal/kg, officials said.
		Besides the higher calorific value, the blended coal is superior due to its lower ash content as compared to domestic fuel, officials said.
	www.thehindubusinessline.com /2005/08/04/stories/2005080400600700.htm (577 words)

	Assessing the Coal Resources
		Previous assessments of the coal resources of the United States, which were completed as early as 1909, clearly indicated that the total coal resources of the Nation are large and that utilization at the current rate will not soon deplete them.
		Coal is an energy producing commodity that is essential to the economic well-being of the world.
		Approximately 40 percent of the Nation's coal is produced in the six States (Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky) that lie in the northern and central Appalachian basin (fig.
	energy.usgs.gov /factsheets/nca/nca.html (2977 words)

	Coal firms eye imports for blending to beat clean coal norms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Coal India's coal at the same location was almost 20 per cent cheaper at Rs 1,900 a tonnes, but the calorific value of that coal was also 45 per cent lower at 3,600 giga kilo calories per kg.
		Along the coasts, the landed cost of coal was also nearly 19 per cent lower than that of coal available at home, tempting both power and cement plants to import their fuel.
		Indonesian steam coal is selling at roughly $30 a tonne cif (cost in freight) and $32 a tone cif, which is $12 a tonne to $14 a tonne drop over the past two years.
	www.expressindia.com /fe/daily/20000529/fco29084.html (801 words)

	Coal - Metwiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lignite - also referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation.
		Sub-bituminous coal - whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and are used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation.
		Bituminous coal - a dense coal, usually fl, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke.
	www.metwiki.com /index.php?title=Coal (183 words)

	Processing Coal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Coal from the Muja Mine is delivered as-mined to Verve Energy at the adjacent Muja Power Station.
		This can be justified if the market value of the coal is significantly improved, or if the recovery of the resource can be improved by cleaning contaminated coal which would otherwise be wasted.
		The finer coal is seperated in a spirals circuit.
	www.griffincoal.com.au /Processing.html (822 words)

	Introduction to Heta UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Coal is a dense hard fuel with a high calorific value needing a fair amount of air for combustion, and produces a lot of ash and sometimes clinker.
		Wood on the other hand is about half the density of coal and has around half the calorific value of coal by dry weight.
		The Scanline and Vision and View stoves are predominately woodburners in that they are tested and approved in Denmark and Germany for use with wood but are perfectly good at burning a mix of fuels.
	www.woodstoves.co.uk /intro_to_hetauk.htm (289 words)

	index
		Boreholes drilled into the coal seam are measured for: thickness of coal (metres), energy content or `calorific value' of coal (Megajoules per tonne); ash content (%) and sulphur content (%).
		The values have been disguised by a factor but are otherwise unaltered.
		Values within a stope are traditionally estimated using the sample values from the face.
	www.kriging.com /datasets (953 words)

	Appendix F to Part 75 -- Conversion Procedures
		The procedures of section 5.5.3 of this appendix shall not be used to determine heat input from a coal unit that is required to comply with the provisions of this part for monitoring, recording, and reporting NO X mass emissions under a State or federal NO X mass emission reduction program.
		On-line coal analysis may also be used if the on-line analytical instrument has been demonstrated to be equivalent to the applicable ASTM methods under §§75.23 and 75.66.
		If a monthly fuel sampling value for gross calorific value is not available, substitute the maximum gross calorific value measured from the previous 3 monthly samples.
	www.setonresourcecenter.com /CFR/40CFR/P75_074.HTM (5426 words)

	Mining Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Life of coal seams with current mining - 50 years.
		Output - up to 3600 tonnes of coal per hour and up to 2500 cubic metres of overburden per hour.
		To maintain stability within the mine, high quality artesian water at 32°C is pumped from underlying aquifers at an average of 270 litres/second, and is used to supplement water supply to the power station.
	www.loyyangpower.com.au /mining-facts.html (233 words)

	Instructions for Vickers boiler efficiency rule.
		One source gives the cost of coal in 1833 in London (with an interesting breakdown of the components of cost) as 17s 9d, well within the range of values on the rule.
		For example, calorific values higher than the maximum on the scale were not unknown.
		The calorific value of coal in the Pennsylvania Railroad
	home.clara.net /sliderules/collection/inst-vickers.htm (934 words)

	Project 5011: In-Situ and Off-Belt Bulk Analysis for Calorific Value and Partial Elemental Composition
		To expand on the capabilities of the spectrometric neutron-gamma technique for predicting, in-situ, the slagging of coal, density, calorific value and chemical constituents of the coal ash such as Si, Al and Fe.
		The aim of this research was to extend the capabilities of this technique for the determination in boreholes of the slagging index of the coals, their chemical contents of Si and Al and their density.
		The work carried out under this grant demonstrates that the neutron-gamma technique is capable of predicting the deformation temperatures for coals for which a correlation exists between deformation temperature and the percentage of Al, Si and Fe present in coal.
	www.acarp.com.au /Completed/Open_Cut/briefs/oc/5011brief.html (776 words)

	:: COAL :: related - ( tar salicylic acid sulfur shampoo pitch anthracite ...
		coals to Newcastle something brought or sent to a place where it is already plentiful.
		coal tar a thick fl oily liquid distilled from
		coal and used as a source of benzene.
	www.spell-dictionary.com /db/COAL (154 words)

	Statute: APPENDIX F TO PART 75 -- CONVERSION PROCEDURES
		3.3.5 F, F[c] = a factor representing a ratio of the volume of dry flue gases generated to the caloric value of the fuel combusted (F), and a factor representing a ratio of the volume of CO[2] generated to the calorific value of the fuel combusted (F[c]), respectively.
		3.3.6.3 For affected units that combust a combination of fossil (coal, oil and gas) and nonfossil (e.g., bark, wood, residue, or refuse) fuels, the F or Fc value is subject to the Administrator's approval.
		On-line coal analysis may also be used if the on-line analytical instrument has been demonstrated to be equivalent to the applicable ASTM methods under §§ 75.23 and 75.66.
	www.arb.ca.gov /bluebook/bb05/40cfr/40cfrpart75appf.htm (4339 words)

	From ash to dust: Report on coal in cold storage
		The washing will also enhance the calorific value of the coal and thereby the load factor of the plant up to its intended 500 MW capacity, as the other impurities such as silica will also be removed in the process.
		Due to the presence of these impurities the calorific value of the coal is also reduced, finally hitting the plant load factor, which has been reduced from 500 MW to 250-300 MW.
		It is very important to wash the non-coking coal before use, as the impurities are not only harmful to the environment and human health, but also bad for the plant health and life.
	www.expressindia.com /ie/daily/19970508/12850723.html (619 words)

	One more acquittal
		AIADMK general secretary Jayalalithaa, cleared in the coal import case, is well on her way to returning as Chief Minister.
		He referred to the attempt to reduce the minimum specification on calorific value for coal, and alleged that in "retrospect it appears that this was sought to be done to help two Indonesian sources who were otherwise getting eliminated" (Frontline, September 24, 1993).
		The prosecution witnesses had corroborated the fact that there was a shortage of coal and that the supply by Coal India Limited was irregular.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/fline/fl1901/19010290.htm (1719 words)

	Parr - Selection Guide: Oxy. Bomb Calorimeters & Access. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bomb calorimetry - a procedure which determines the heat of combustion or calorific value of materials which are burned as fuels - is a fundamental test of great significance to anyone concerned with:
		BS 1016-105:1992, Methods for Analysis and Testing of Coal and Coke, Part 5, Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke.
		DIN 51 900, Determination of Calorific Values and Calculation of Heat Values with the Bomb Calorimeter Procedure with Isothermal Jacket.
	www.parrinst.com /default.cfm?page_id=205 (1163 words)

	Welcome to Maharashtra Electricity Board
		The formula for each plant is a function of actual coal / gas cost, actual calorific value of coal / gas, actual oil cost and actual calorific value of oil.
		It is not possible to establish a direct correlation between changes in any indices (coal price, gas price, etc.) and variable cost of power purchase from NTPC.
		This is because variation in variable cost of power purchase is also dependent on the variations in calorific value of coal/oil/gas, and variations in the actual generation from each plant, neither of which can be reflected in any publicly available index.
	www.msebindia.com /fca/petition7.shtm (419 words)

	Calorific Value (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Units of volume and pressure in gas industry, calorific value, gas and liquified oil, useful output, etc.
		Calorific value of solid fuels, fuel oil and natural gas...
		D5865-04 Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke...
	www.calorificvalue.info (201 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #5434428 - Calculation of calorific value of coal/char from its ultimate analysis
		Calculation of calorific value of coal/char from its ultimate analysis
		Coal testing conference; 16 Feb 1982; Lexington, KY, USA
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5434428 (120 words)

	Free Calorific Value Links & Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Burning liquid fuel;: A practical treatise on the perfect combustion of oils and tars, giving analyses, calorific values and heating temperatures of various...
		The calorific value of certain coals as determined by the Mahler calorimeter
		Tyres have a high calorific value, similar to coal, and used in combination they produce a very efficient burn.
	www.weightlosswatcher.info /weight/calorific-value.php (1014 words)

	CIWM - New treatment plant for Dumfries and Galloway
		Dumfries and Galloway Council Convener, Andrew Campbell, cut the first turf to mark the start of building work on an Ecodeco plant at Locharmoss, Dumfries. The plant, a first for Scotland, will be operational in 2007 in partnership with Shanks Group and will process up to 60,000 tonnes of waste a year.
		Waste from Nithsdale, Stewartry, Annandale and Eskdale will be dried and shredded to become fuel, with the same calorific value as coal, which will then be sold on by Shanks.
		Andrew Campbell explained that the plant is a vital part of the Council's waste management PFI project and will enable Dumfries and Galloway to achieve some of the highest landfill diversion and recycling targets in the UK.
	www.iwm.co.uk /pma/1882 (128 words)

	Calculation of global carbon dioxide emissions: Review of emission factors and a new approach taking fuel quality into ...
		In particular, conversions from gross calorific value to net calorific value were examined.
		A new method for determining CEFs as a function of calorific value (for coal, peat, and natural gas) and specific gravity (for crude oil) is presented that permits CEFs to be calculated for specific fuel qualities.
		A review of proportions of fossil fuels that remain unoxidized owing to incomplete combustion or inclusion in petrochemical products, etc., (stored carbon) shows that these figures need to be updated and checked for their applicability on a global scale, since they are mostly based on U.S. data.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000GB001261.shtml (313 words)

	WK5174- Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
		Revision of D5865-04 Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
		To provide more information to the user so that the calorific value can be reported on various basis.
		adiabatic calorimeter; bomb calorimeters; calorific value; calirometer; coal; coke; isoperibol bomb calorimeter; 73.040
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/WORKITEMS/WK5174.htm (57 words)

	SRM Limited
		Profuel is a solid fuel for cement kilns manufactured from selected materials that are either uneconomic or not possible to recycle and that would otherwise go to landfill sites for disposal.
		Profuel has a similar calorific value to coal, the fuel traditionaly used in cement kilns, and is completely consumed by the very high temperatures involved.
		This type of fuel is burned in cement plants in the UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium and Scandanavia.
	www.srm-ltd.com /pages/profuel.html (585 words)

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