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Topic: Calorific value

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	#1 Site For Learning Chemistry
		Thus the calorific value of charcoal is 33kJ/g.
		The method by which calorific value of substances is measured is called a calorimeter.
		The fuel whose calorific value is to be measured, is first weighed.
	home.att.net /~cat6a/fuels-VII.htm (676 words)

	Computation, lower, calorific, value, GVC, NCV, gas, fuel, fuels
		The calorific value of a fuel is the quantity of heat produced by its combustion, at constant pressure and under the conditions known as " normal " of temperature and pressure (i.e.
		The calorific value of natural gas is expressed in kWh per cubic meter.
		The higher calorific value or Gross calorific value (GCV) which supposes that the water of combustion is entirely condensed.
	www.thermexcel.com /english/ressourc/fuelgas.htm (667 words)

	WK11426- Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
		The mean value for the heat of combustion from duplicate runs using 0.7 g and 1.3 g sample masses, respectively, should be within 56 J/g or 24 Btu / lb of the accepted heat of combustion value.
		The residence of the values within expected limits is accepted as evidence that the precision of measurement remains in control.
		If the values are still outside the control limits in the repeat analysis, the laboratory is required to find and eliminate the source(s) of the problem and repeat the analysis of that batch of samples until control limits are met, before final data are reported.
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/WORKITEMS/WK11426.htm (2225 words)

	Ecoprofile methodology (cont'd) - A7. Fuels and energy
		Calorific value is defined as the heat energy evolved by the combustion of unit quantity of fuel.
		It is therefore equal to the gross calorific value less the sensible heat and latent heat of vaporization of water.
		The gross calorific value therefore represents the maximum energy that can be derived from a fuel and is therefore a measure of the total energy that must be extracted from the earth.
	www.cefic.org /sector/shared/ecoprofile/appendix/a04.htm (364 words)

	Heating value - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heating value (or calorific value) is used to define the amount of heat released during the combustion of a fuel or food.
		Heating value is commonly determined by use of a bomb calorimeter.
		The quantity known as lower heating value (or net calorific value) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water in the by-product from the higher heating value results.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heating_value (320 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: [[pp. 28181-28195]] Acid Rain Program; Continuous Emission Monitoring Rule Revisions
		Determine the heat content or gross calorific value for at least one sample each month that the gaseous fuel is combusted using the procedures in section 5.5 of appendix F to this part.
		Each hourly value of the total sulfur content in the gas or blend (in gr/100 scf) shall be converted to a ``fuel sulfur-to-heating value ratio,'' by dividing the total sulfur content by the gross calorific value of the fuel (in Btu/100 scf) and then multiplying by a conversion factor of 10\6\ Btu/mmBtu.
		GCV=Gross calorific value of the gaseous fuel, Btu/scf.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/1998/May/Day-21/a11749d.htm (10398 words)

	Annex III - Measuring cooking fuel economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The calorific value of solid fuels is normally measured using a bomb calorimeter (Bialy, 1979b).
		Calorific value is also affected by whether the fuel burns at constant pressure or constant volume.
		There is a small difference between the calorific value of hard and soft wood; the value for soft wood is approximately 5% greater because of its higher tar and resin content (Arola, 1978).
	www.fao.org /docrep/Q1085e/q1085e0b.htm (7764 words)

	Calorific Value of Coal - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Gross calorific value assumes all vapour produced during the combustion process is fully condensed.
		The calorific value of coal varies considerably depending on the ash, moisture content and the type of coal while calorific value of fuel oils are much more consistent.
		Values of the elements C,H, and O, are calculated on a dry ash-free coal basis.
	www.factbug.org.cob-web.org:8888 /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=530217 (866 words)

	Thermodynamics Boilers
		The rest of the heating value is lost in the exhaust gases or is lost by conduction radiation and convection on the external surfaces of the boiler system..
		The boiler efficiency is based on the calorific value of the fuel used and the enthalpy change from water to steam.
		Calorific Value of fuels..Table of calorific value of fuels
	www.roymech.co.uk /Related/Thermos/Thermos_Boilers.html (1359 words)

	Thermo Scientific - Calorific Value Measurement of Flare Gas
		The Flo-Cal Calorimeter is used to provide a high- speed calorific value measurement of flare gas, thereby, providing a key component of the information necessary for automatic control of auxiliary fuel addition.
		Selection of full-scale value is governed by the expected maximum calorific value of the gas being flared.
		The calorific value of the methane auxiliary gas is set as instrument zero.
	www.thermo.com /com/cda/products/product_application_details/1,1063,11214,00.html (669 words)

	Burning Bagasse
		One way of estimating the the dollar value of bagasse when used as a fuel is to compare its calorific value by weight, to that of the calorific value and price of a barrel of #6 fuel oil.
		The reader should note that the fiber content of the bagasse sample is the dominant term that determines the calorific value of bagasse, and the moisture content will decrease the calorific value of the bagasse, irrespective of the magnitude of the other three terms.
		Second, divide the calorific value of one short tonne of bagasse by 5,825,400 to obtain the equivalent number of barrels of #6 oil per short tonne of bagasse.
	energyconcepts.tripod.com /energyconcepts/bagasse.htm (4135 words)

	EPICENTRE Named Data Types
		Its value must be positive and less than +10**38, and it should have a minumum of 6 significant figures.
		Its value should be less than +1075 and greater than -1075 and should have a minimum of fourteen significant figures.
		The value may be used within supplemental data types as an implied relationship to instances in the data store.
	www.august.com /epicentre/types/index.html (5969 words)

	Energy value of coal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The energy value of coal, or the fuel content, is the amount of potential energy in coal that can be converted into actual heating ability.
		While chemistry provides methods of calculating the heating value of a certain amount of a substance, there is a difference between this theoretical value and its application to real coal.
		The calorific value Q of coal is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_value_of_coal (395 words)

	Calorific Measurements
		The presence of moisture in peat fuel lowers its effective heating value since a portion of the heat of combustion is utilized in evaporating the contained moisture, and the heat of the steam formed passes off with the flue gases unused.
		It is highly desirable, therefore, that the moisture content, except for certain purposes, be kept as low as possible when consistent with economy.
		The calorific value of 1 pound of absolutely dry peat is taken as.
	www.spillsorb.com /calorific27.htm (270 words)

	The Gas (Alternative Method of Charge) Regulations 1990
		A is the number of cubic metres of gas supplied to the customer during the relevant charge period, and B is the relevant calorific value of the gas supplied to the customer during such period.
		(c) the values applied in calculating each area average calorific value shown, and, in respect of each value so applied, the date to which the value relates and whether it was determined in accordance with measurement directions or deemed to be determined in accordance with regulation 6 or regulation 7 above.
		Provision is made for circumstances when the actual calorific values of the supply to a particular area cannot be measured accurately at a particular measurement place, either because of an interruption in the flow of gas, or for other reasons, such as a defect in measuring equipment.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si1990/Uksi_19901634_en_1.htm (1867 words)

	UNIFIED BIOENERGY TERMINOLOGY - UBET
		The actual net calorific value of biomass containing a known percentage of water can be calculated from the net calorific value of the absolute dry biomass, which is available from the literature.
		It presents the values for density (necessary when only the biofuel volume is given) and the calorific value for typical moisture.
		However, taking into account the substantial variations in calorific value and volume with moisture, it is advisable to express the values of biofuels in a dry and ash-free basis, especially for accounting in energy balances.
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/j4504e/j4504e08.htm (1436 words)

	No. 2/1924: GAS CHARGES: DROGHEDA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If the declared calorific value is less than 350 British thermal units the minimum permissible pressure at which the gas may be supplied shall be that specified in the Schedule to this Order.
		Where the declared calorific value is below 350 British thermal units, and not below 300 British thermal units, the minimum permissible pressure shall be two and a half inches.
		Where the declared calorific value is below 300 British Thermal units the minimum permissible pressure shall be such pressure (not being less than three inches) as shall be prescribed by authorisation of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce.
	www.irishstatutebook.ie /ZZSI2Y1924A.html (667 words)

	Determination of calorific value of sludge
		It reads as follws "The calorific value of fully dried sludge (> 90%DS) is roughly equivalent to that of brown coal, at approximately 11.000 KJ/Kg.
		It reads as follws "The calorific value of fully dried sludge (> 90% DS) is roughly equivalent to that of brown coal, at approximately 11.000 KJ/Kg.
		In my internet search for calorific value tests for sludge, I came across what seems to be Europen standards specific to solid biofuels "CEN/TS 14918:2004" but could not get access to more information as for the way it is conducted.
	www.wef.org /TechnicalDiscussions/Topic2384-10-1.aspx (900 words)

	Calorific values of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels 3.11.4
		By custom the basic calorific value for solid and liquid fuels is the gross calorific value at constant volume and for gaseous fuels it is the gross calorific value at constant pressure.
		The values given are approximate because many of the substances listed are not well defined.
		The calorific values of pure substances can be calculated from information in Section 3.10.
	www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk /chemistry/3_11/3_11_4.html (172 words)

	KARACHI: SSGC rejects plea for compensation -DAWN - Local; January 22, 2002
		The SSGC officials that Dawn spoke to shrugged off blame for lower heating value of natural gas, arguing that under the terms and conditions stipulated in the contract the SSGC was not supposed to provide natural gas of a certain heating value, also referred to as calorific value in technical parlance.
		According to an SSGC presentation report, the calorific value of the Zamzama gas field is 808 British Thermal Units, and that of the Sui gas field is 984 British Thermal Units.
		Analysts argued that during the period the SSGC had supplied natural gas of lower heating value to its consumers, it had made a lot of money because it purchased natural gas from exploration and production companies in terms of its calorific value and not in terms of its volume.
	www.dawn.com /2002/01/22/local6.htm (474 words)

	Calorific value (RG) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		According to the methods of statistical combustion calculation, the combustion of solid fuels, fuel oil and natural gas can be characterized by knowledge of the nature of the effluent flue gases.
		The basis for statistical combustion calculation is the empirical dependence of the flue gas properties on the calorific value (also known as heat of combustion) of the fuel and the measured CO content.
		Then the mass, volume, and density of flue gas and combustion air are calculated as a function of calorific value of the fuel, and temperature and CO content of the flue gas.
	www.lv-soft.com.cob-web.org:8888 /software/fachbereiche/verbrennung/calorificvalue.rg..htm (125 words)

	Ingenieur-Büro Dr. Friedrich Haase, Optimisation of a Mixing Controller for Natural Gas
		But at the northerly entrance several gas qualities have to be mixed to give the required calorific value.
		When the value for a component is extraordinarily high, this simply means, they want to use as much of that component as possible.
		Another complication is the quite large delay of accurately measured calorific values.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/friedrich_Haase/fha_opti.htm (869 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: [[pp. 28613-28662]] Acid Rain Program; Continuous Emission Monitoring Rule Revisions
		(vi) For flow monitors, the equation used to linearize the flow monitor and the numerical values of the polynomial coefficients or K factor(s) of that equation.
		The certification shall state that: (i) The monitoring data submitted were recorded in accordance with the applicable requirements of this part, including the quality assurance procedures and specifications; and (ii) With regard to a unit with add-on emission controls and for all hours where data are substituted in accordance with Sec.
		The owner or operator then shall use that sampled value for all hours of combustion during the first day of unit operation, continuing until the date and hour of the next sample.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/1999/May/Day-26/a8939b.htm (9627 words)

	The Gas (Calculation of Thermal Energy) Regulations 1996
		A is the number of cubic metres in the converted volume of gas conveyed to the take off point during the period and B is the declared calorific value of the gas.
		(2) Where a public gas transporter makes or adopts a declaration of calorific value in respect of the area delineated in a notice given under paragraph (1) above, he shall do so at such times and in such manner as the Director may direct.
		(3) A public gas transporter shall publish as soon as practicable any declaration of calorific value made or adopted by him, or any revocation of such a declaration, in such newspapers as are calculated to ensure that the declaration or revocation is circulated throughout the area to which the declaration relates.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si1996/Uksi_19960439_en_4.htm (249 words)

	Anthropogenic Emissions from Energy Activities in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Calorific value of Ohio coal is almost twice to that of Chandrapur coal.
		The coal properties including calorific values differ depending upon the colliery.
		The calorific value of the Indian coal (~15 MJ/kg) is less than the normal range of 21 to 33 MJ/Kg (gross).
	www.osc.edu /research/pcrm/emissions/coal.shtml (658 words)

	Technical Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The calorific value of gas varies from source to source.
		Currently calorific value adjustment systems have been adopted in order to supply Natural Gas with constant calorific value.
		This paper presents a practical process to adjust the calorific value of Natural Gas (NG) without blending rich gas or injecting nitrogen.
	www.ou.edu /wctc/techreports/018.html (312 words)

	WIGGEN HAUSER - A World of High Tech Scientific Products
		The system is used to measure the calorific value of both solids and liquids.
		Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke by Isoperibol Calorimeters
		Determining the gross calorific value of solid and liquid fuels using the isoperibol or static-jacket calorimeter, and calculation of net CV May 2003
	www.wiggenhauser.biz /scientific/eng/Products/calorimeter.htm (198 words)

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