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	The Calusa: "The Shell Indians"
		The Calusa (kah LOOS ah) lived on the sandy shores of the southwest coast of Florida.
		Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people.
		The Calusa were also known to sail up and down the west coast salvaging the wealth from shipwrecks.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm (579 words)

	The Calusa Indians
		The Calusas inhabited a region abundant with bears, woolly mammoths, sloths, tortoises, and saber-toothed tigers.
		The greatest abundance of Calusa artifacts is found in the remaining mounds.
		He also speculated that the Calusas had the opportunity to delve into such intricate work due to the abundance of fish, and thus less time was spent in the search for food.
	www.funandsun.com /1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html (1536 words)

	Boca Grande Area Chamber of Commerce
		The Calusa were a hunting and fishing people who perfected the art of maritime living in harmony with the environment.
		They were a politically powerful people, dominating Southwest Florida during their "golden age." Since the Calusa had no written language, the only record we have of their lifestyle and ceremonies comes from the oral history of the (much later) Seminoles, from written accounts of Spanish explorers, and from the archaeological record.
		The first contact the Calusas had with the white man came during Spanish explorations at the beginning of the 16th century.
	www.bocagrandechamber.com /history.php (1072 words)

	Facts for Kids: Calusa Indians (Calusas)
		We encourage students and teachers to visit our main Calusa website for more in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Calusa pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages.
		The Calusa tribe was destroyed by a combination of European diseases and warfare with the Spanish, English, and Creeks.
		Some Calusas were sent to Cuba as slaves by the Spanish in the 1500's, and others traveled there voluntarily during the epidemics and turmoil of the late 1600's and early 1700's.
	www.geocities.com /bigorrin/calusa_kids.htm (1034 words)

	Marco Island's History
		It is believed that at least 2,000 years before Christ, the ancestors of the fierce, warlike Calusa Indians inhabited this remote island.
		Calusas were thought to be seven feet tall sporting three-foot high ceremonial headgear thus contributing to their fierce appearance.
		One of the artifacts from the Calusas found is the famous Key Marco Cat in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington.
	www.marcoisland.org /history.htm (397 words)

	CALUSAS
		The Calusas were the first tribe officially to encounter the Europeans on the mainland of North America.
		When it came to his attention that the Calusa held Spanish captives from shipwrecked vessels and occasionally sacrificed them in religious rituals, he was determined to gain control over the natives.
		Widmer, Randolph J. The Evolution of the Calusa: A Nonagricultural Chiefdom of the Southwest Florida Coast.
	faculty.mccfl.edu /JonesJ/flbib/CALUSAS.html (0 words)

	Miami: History - Early Settlement Attempts Create Conflict, The City Becomes a Cosmopolitan Mecca
		The principal native tribe in the region that is now Miami-Dade County was the Calusa (renamed Tequesta by de Leon), whose members built villages along the Miami River.
		Spanish conquistadors, attracted by the mild climate, abundant food sources, and fresh water supply—and by tales of gold and other riches—made repeated attempts to colonize the Miami region during the early sixteenth century but were met with hostility from the Calusas.
		The few Calusas who remained were threatened by invading Creek and Seminole Indians, and in 1711 many fled to Havana, Cuba.
	www.city-data.com /us-cities/The-South/Miami-History.html (1237 words)

	Everglades Digital Library
		At first the Calusas enslaved shipwrecked Spanish, French and English, but the ships and guns of sovereign nations, of the pirates, the outlaws and the slave traders of the Florida keys, gradually diminished their numbers.
		Menéndez instructed the captain of the fort in Calusa country to look for a waterway to Lake Mayaimi by means of which communication might be established between the two coasts.
		Tequestas and Calusas began to feel the decimating effects of slave raids and European diseases.
	www.fiu.edu /~glades/reclaim/timeline/timeline2.htm (564 words)

	Welcome To Palm Tree Living.com....
		Calusa Indians were thought to have inhabited the island in peace from 300 AD until 1513 when it's believed Ponce De Leon landed on the west side of Pine Island.
		The Spanish not only fought the Calusas but introduced diseases they had no immunity to, wiping them our by the 1700's.
		An important archeological dig is located in Pineland, a small community on northwest Pine Island, thought to have been the center of the Calusas' civilization.
	www.palmtreeliving.com /PI_History.htm (856 words)

	Sanibel Properties including Captiva vacation homes and Sanibel waterfront homes.
		Dating back as far as 2500 years, the Calusa Indian tribe was the first to inhabit the island known today as Sanibel.
		In rebellion, the Calusas burnt the village and fled.
		Overcome by yellow fever, tuberculosis and measles, the Calusa Indian Tribe died out by the end of the 1700's.
	www.mikemcmurray.com /history.asp (476 words)

	Everglades - Calusa Artifacts: Remnants of a Vanished Culture
		As a consequence of the abundant natural resources, the Calusa had the opportunity to develop a much greater social and political complexity and a larger population density than is typical of hunters and gatherers.
		Many of the islands where Calusa remnants are found were actually built by them from oyster and whelk shells, some of which may have been discarded after eating the contents and some of which were brought to those sites specifically for building purposes.
		Calusa shell mounds, scattered from the northwest corner of Everglades National Park and along the coast to the north, stand as monuments to their silenced culture.
	www.nps.gov /ever/current/artifact.htm (988 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Calusa, sometimes spelled Caloosa or Calosa, were a Native American group that lived on the coast and along the inner waterways of Florida's southwest coast.
		Calusa influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimis around Lake Mayaimi (now Lake Okeechobee), and the Tequestas and Jaegas on the southeast coast of the peninsula.
		Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida.
	www.maxpedia.org /cgi-bin/mp/m.pl?la=en&sw=Calusa (330 words)

	Afrikagrupperna
		CALUSA startade som en studentorganisation 1983, inriktad på utbildningsrelaterade projekt.
		CALUSA förespråkar biodynamisk odling och uppmuntrar till alternativa jordbruksmetoder för hållbar utveckling.
		CALUSA deltar i diskussioner på olika nivåer kring landreformer och jobbar för att öka människors medvetenhet om sina rättigheter, roller och ansvar.
	www.afrikagrupperna.se /cgi-bin/afrika.cgi?d=s&w=1323 (634 words)

	Calusa Fest offers glimpse of how Florida's Native Americans thrived \| naplesnews.com \| Naples Daily News
		He also learned about how the Calusas, Native Americans local to the area until 500 years ago, used shells as hammers and cabbage palms to make everything from roofs to clothing to jewelry.
		But Saturday's event sought to show visitors the real life activities and behavior of the Calusas: how they created and maintained their society, which lasted more than 4,000 years.
		The Calusas' protein-heavy diet is believed to have led to their stature, said Tim England, museum specialist.
	www.colliercitizen.com /news/2004/mar/28/ndn_calusa_fest_offers_glimpse_of_how_florida__039 (728 words)

	Biscayne National Park: History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Tequestas settled on the southeastern coast while the Calusas established approximately 30 villages south and west in the Everglades.
		The Tequestas and Calusas established permanent villages at the mouths of rivers, on offshore islands and on hammocks (elevated stands of tropical forest).
		According to an early historian who told Ponce de León's story, the Calusas "fought from the morning until the night without hurt to the Spaniards, because the arrows did not reach, whilst for the crossbows and artillery shots they dared not draw near, and in the end the Indians retired."
	www.americanparknetwork.com /parkinfo/content.asp?catid=85&contenttypeid=13 (1446 words)

	The Sanibel Report, Part One (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Calusas believed themselves to be part of the earth and lived within the supportive capabilities of their natural environment.
		In low-lying areas, the Calusas elevated their structures with piles of shells for protection against high storm water as well as from enemies.
		The maximum population of the island was approximately 200 Calusas living in 35 huts.
	www.worldpolicy.org /globalrights/environment/report (3216 words)

	Everglades National Park -- History
		The Tequestas settled on the southeastern coast, and the Calusas established approximately 30 villages south and west of the Everglades.
		The Tequestas and Calusas established permanent villages at the mouths of rivers, on offshore islands, and on hammocks - elevated stands of tropical forest.
		The Calusas at Manataca had heard word of Spanish cruelty from indigenous traders who traveled throughout the area in great seagoing canoes.
	www.americanparknetwork.com /parkinfo/ev/history/index.html (1255 words)

	Pasco: Chasco pageant is way beyond tweaking
		A controversy arose about eight years ago, when American Indians (which many prefer to be called because anyone born in America is a native American) and their supporters said the pageant is racist, condescending, historically inaccurate and insulting to their culture and to their sacred symbols.
		Historians say the Calusas -- who, incidentally, didn't live north of Tampa Bay -- were a "highly civilized, complex and powerful culture" with a "complex political system (and) centralized government." Hundreds of years ago, they built a canal system and massive earthworks and created elaborate and beautiful art.
		As for religious conversion, the Calusas are widely known for remaining true to their gods to the end.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/02/08/Pasco/Chasco_pageant_is_way.shtml (902 words)

	Feature
		The Native American presence in the Keys is traced first to the Vescaynos and Matecumbeses and later, the Calusas and Seminoles.
		When the Calusa Indians came, they shared the Keys with the Spaniards who returned to the Keys to salvage their treasure galleons that had run aground on the reefs.
		Eventually most of the Calusas fell prey to Spanish slavers and victim to the diseases of the New World.
	www.see-floridakeys.com /features/feature.php3?page=features&pID=117 (556 words)

	The Calusa Indians
		Guests are treated to views of Calusa Indian canals and fish traps.
		The Calusas were sometimes up to four inches taller than most Europeans.
		From Caloosahatchee to Calusa, my knowledge of Southwestern Florida's earliest settlers has vastly increased.
	www.abfla.com /1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html (1536 words)

	Pine Island Villa : The History
		It is the kingdom of the mighty Calusa (or Caloosa) Indian Nation that inhabited this island for a thousand years before the Egyptians built the Great Pyramids.
		The Spanish brought diseases to the mighty Calusas, who died out within 200 years, leaving behind only their artifacts and shell mounds which can still be seen today.
		By the mid 1700s the Calusa Empire had vanished and Pine Island was inhabited by Spanish fishermen who left in the early 1840s when Florida became part of the United States and a few early American settlers arrived.
	www.pineislandvilla.com /the_history.htm (625 words)

	Hotel Escalante Naples Florida historical information
		His story begins in 1564, in Spain, when his father's distinguished naval career came to halt when a cholera outbreak claimed the lives of his wife and two young daughters, leaving the distraught Juan Fontaneda to raise his nine-year-old son, Escalante, alone.
		Escalante was found by Juan Carlos, King of the Calusas, who made him his personal slave.
		Escalante Fontaneda lived with the Calusas until he was 28, when he returned to Spain.
	www.hotelescalante.com /history.htm (343 words)

	Sun Herald - 09/24/05
		Ripley Bullen, an archaeologist and expert on the the two tribes says, "It is evident that the division between the Timucua and Calusa territories occurred along the middle of Charlotte Harbor." The Calusas were to the south and the Timucuas to the north.
		William Marquardt, who is with the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida, is recognized as a leading authority on the native Americans of Florida, especially the Calusas.
		What we do know about the Timucuas and the Calusas who lived on this very land so long ago is that they were great fishing cultures.
	www.sun-herald.com /NewsArchive2/092405/ew10.htm?date=092405&story=ew10.htm (523 words)

	Early Duck Key History
		Fontaneda, the son of an Inca noblewoman and Peruvian Spaniard, was being sent to Spain for schooling when he was shipwrecked in 1549 near present day Islamorada in the Florida Keys.
		He was held captive and lived with the Calusas from age thirteen until he was ransomed at age thirty.
		Further research and translations of early texts by another historian indicates that the Calusa traded in Cardinals to be used as pets by sailors in Havana.
	www.duckkeyonline.com /duck_key_history/early_history.htm (1285 words)

	cubaencuentro.com/Sociedad/Noticias :: Buscan en Cuba descendientes de una tribu de Florida
		Unos 270 calusas habrían llegado a la Isla hace tres siglos huyendo de otras tribus indígenas y de los colonizadores ingleses.
		Luego de dominar territorios del sur de Norteamérica durante 6.000 años, unos 270 calusas se refugiaron en La Habana hace tres siglos, extenuados por los embates de otras tribus indígenas que pretendían esclavizarlos en alianza con colonizadores ingleses o canjearlos por armas, bebidas, ropas y herramientas.
		Los calusas descendían de los primeros pobladores asiáticos de Norteamérica durante la Edad de Hielo, que llegaron al sur de Florida por lo menos hace 11.500 años, y tenían una cultura basada en la captura de peces y mariscos.
	arch1.cubaencuentro.com /sociedad/noticias/20040628/1950895553740771aac47e46845543f8.html (360 words)

	Bonita Springs tourist information
		These earliest residents were stewards of the land and fierce warriors (Calusa means "the fierce people").
		But the 16th century brought the Spanish, Ponce de Leon among them, and the Calusas’ way of life was forever changed.
		By the mid-18th century, through a combination of war, disease and dissemination, the Calusa were gone.
	www.webtourist.net /usa/florida/bonitasprings/tourist-information.phtml (375 words)

	Key West, Florida (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first inhabitants of the Florida Keys are said to have been the Seminole and Calusa Indians.
		As the legend goes, the more territorial Seminoles pursued the peaceful Calusas from Key to Key, forcing them to make a last stand on the southernmost island.
		The battle was so violent that the surviving Calusas fled in their canoes to Havana.
	www.twcox.com /keywest.htm (819 words)

	Sanibel History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dating back 2500 years, the Calusa Indians were the first to inhabit the island known today as Sanibel.
		In rebellion, the Calusas burnt the village and fled the island, and only after Aviles returned to Spain in the late 1600's did the Calusas return.
		Overcome by yellow fever, tuberculosis and measles, the Calusa Indians were completely wiped out by the end of the 1700's.
	home.comcast.net /~richard.bockenek/sanibel/history.html (441 words)

	Facts of the Everglades
		The Tequestas nestled on the southeastern coast, and the Calusas established approximately 30 villages south and west of the Everglades.
		The Tequestas and Calusas established villages at the mouths of rivers, on offshore islands, and on hammocks.
		The Calusas at Manataca had heard word of Spanish cruelty from traders who traveled throughout the area in great seagoing canoes.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0214223/facts.html (1487 words)

	Longboat Key Historical Society (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Indians were really the first tourists and they came here to vacation and enjoy the beaches and bays and the bountiful harvests of seafood and small game.
		The Calusa (also spelled Caloosa) and Timucan (or Timucua) Indians (found mainly north of Tampa) had been living with nature on the mainland east of Longboat Key for thousands of years.
		The Calusas, who centered in Ft. Myers, were the predominant tribe in this area until about 1711.
	www.longboatkeyhistory.org /thefirsttourists.shtm (250 words)

	Calusa Language and the Calusa Indian Tribe (Caloosa)
		Calusa is an extinct Amerindian language of Florida.
		Although the Calusa tribe was once extremely powerful (defeating the Spanish on numerous occasions) and technologically advanced (building canals and artificial islands), they were devastated by European diseases and the tribe essentially disbanded in the early 18th century.
		Most of the survivors joined the Seminole tribe or went to Cuba, and their language was never written down before it vanished.
	www.native-languages.org /calusa.htm (186 words)

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