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Topic: Calutron

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	Iraq's nuclear hide-and-seek \| thebulletin.org
		A small number of these calutrons were used after the war to purify stable isotopes for medical purposes and scientific research, but the technology was abandoned for making weapons material because it was extremely slow and costly and required enormous quantities of electrical energy.
		Calutrons are not very efficient; about 90 percent of the uranium introduced into the unit does not enter the collectors but ends up on the inside of the machine.
		A calutron consists essentially of an intense source of uranium ions, a way to accelerate the ions to high energy within a vacuum system, and a way to collect the uranium 235 and uranium 238 ions after they have moved in separate arcs between the poles of a very large electromagnet.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=sep91albright (6738 words)

	charge preparatopm material
		The recovery of hafnium consists of washing the calutron components in nitric acid, precipitating hafnium hydroxide with ammonia, removing copper by electrolysis from the nitric acid solution, reprecipitating hafnium hydroxide with ammonia, precipitating impurities from hydrochloric acid with hydrogen sulfide, extracting iron with diethyl ether, and finally precipitating with ammonium hydroxide.
		Washing the calutron components and sanding the carbon parts serves to recover Ir which is in the elemental form.
		The remainder is recovered by washing calutron components and by igniting graphite salvage.
	www.apace-science.com /colutron/charge/charge.htm (11860 words)

	Ernest O. Lawrence - Patents - 1950 through 1956
		The patent relates to a calutron comprising a plurality of ion sources arranged to transmit a corresponding plurality of ion beams in an evacuated tank space so disposed in a substantially regular pattern in the tank and arranged to transmit a corresponding plurality of substantially regularly disposed ion beams within the evacuated tank space.
		A calutron transmitter having an ion source at high positive potential with respect to the calutron tank is modified to minimize the high voltage current drain to reduce wear and erosion of the electrodes.
		Heretofore, during focusing of a calutron ion beam on the viewing face of a receiver, a suitable door mounted on the receiver is closed in order to avoid contaminating the pocket or pockets of the receiver.
	www.osti.gov /accomplishments/lawrencepat1.html (1426 words)

	Chapter XI. Electomagnetic Separation Of Uranium Isotopes \| Atomic Energy for Military Purposes (The Smyth Report) \| ...
		The calutron depends on the fact that singly charged ions moving in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to their direction of ion are bent into circular paths of radius proportional to their momenta.
		The calutron mass separator consists of an ion source from which a beam of uranium ions is drawn by an electric field, an accelerating system in which the ions are accelerated to high velocities, a magnetic field in which the ions travel in semicircles of radia, depending on ion mass, and a receiving system.
		Since the calutron separation method was one of batch operations in a large number of largely independent units, it was possible to introduce important improvements even after plant operation had begun.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Docs/SmythReport/smyth_xi.shtml (5151 words)

	Ernest O. Lawrence - Patents - 1957 through 1960
		This patent relates to improvements in electric discharge devices of the calutron type for separation of the isotopes of an element from the freely occurring composition.
		The invention is a calutron system comprising a closed series of alternated tanks and electromagnets having a mid-yoke connecting intermediate positions of the series, dividing the series into two portions, and thereby providing a closed magnetic path through either of the portions.
		Isotope separating devices known as calutrons are discussed, and a calutron having a number of transmitter units arranged to transmit a corresponding plurality of ion beams to a plurality of receiver units to increase the degree of efficiency in the use of the available evacuated tank space is presented.
	www.osti.gov /accomplishments/lawrencepat2.html (1206 words)

	Calutron Revisited - Physics Today November 2005
		In his article "The Uranium Bomb, the Calutron, and the Space-Charge Problem" (PHYSICS TODAY, May 2005, page 45), William Parkins emphasizes the use of electrons generated by ionization of residual gas by a positive ion beam to neutralize space charge in the beam.
		Development and use of the calutron during and since World War II is a fascinating chapter in the history of physics.
		Although the unexpected beneficial process in the calutron was crucial for the practicality of electromagnetic separation of isotopes, one wonders if such processes are as rare as Parkins declares.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-58/iss-11/p13.html (1095 words)

	Iraq: News the front page missed \| thebulletin.org
		At the Tarmiya calutron facility, Iraq began test-operating eight calutrons for producing low-enriched uranium in February 1990, and it eventually produced about 500 grams averaging 4 percent enrichment, with a high of about 10 percent.
		Each calutron dedicated to producing low-enriched uranium had four ion sources, with a design beam current of about 145 milliamps of useful uranium ions at the source.
		A U.S. official said the 12-kilogram estimate was based on the assumption that beam currents in the low-enrichment calutrons would have reached the 145 milliamps for which they were designed-a total of 580 milliamps per machine-and that 55 percent of the calutrons would have been operating fully at any given time.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=oct91albright (1745 words)

	Colutron ion source charge preparation data base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This material is purchased from a commercial source and supplied to the calutron from a style SE container located outside the calutron unit.
		Calutron source, receiver, and liner are washed with nitric acid, and the solution is filtered.
		The latter method is preferred at ORNL since it permits use of scrap tantalum calutron filaments and because of the simplicity of preparations.
	www.colutron.com /products/chargeprep.html (14380 words)

	CALUTRONS - Access to Energy Newsletter Archive
		The other primitive method of enriching uranium is the calutron, a method abandoned by the Manhattan Project in 1944 in favor of diffusion.
		The reason why only one target is shown is that it is not really a figure of a calutron, but of a "mass spectrograph" which separates isotopes by mass for research purposes.
		The type shown was invented in 1932 by Bainbridge, and the wartime calutron was modeled after it.
	www.accesstoenergy.com /view/atearchive/s76a5666.htm (411 words)

	Report of Survey of Oak Ridge Isotope Enrichment (Calutron) Facility Building 9204-3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The calutrons themselves are large vacuum chambers surrounded by the magnets used for electromagnetic separation of elemental isotopes.
		There are 32 calutrons of which 8 used for plutonium processing are enclosed behind a large vertical wall at one end of the building.
		The calutrons and other systems for their operation, or for the facility itself (demineralized water, DC power, IandC, vacuum, etc.) are shut down.
	web.em.doe.gov /deact/fstcal.html (3341 words)

	BAS: Iraq's Nuclear Hide-and-Seek - Sept. 1991
		Lawrence invented the calutron electromagnetic isotope separator at the University of California in the early 1940s.
		A calutron consists essentially of an intense source of uranium ions, a way to accelerate the ions to high energy within a vacuum system, and a way to collect the uranium 235 and uranium 238 ions after they have moved in separate areas between the poles of a very large electromagnet.
		A calutron electromagnet has two circular poles, separated by a gap 30-60 centimeters wide in which the vacuum chamber is inserted.
	www.iraqwatch.org /perspectives/bas-iraq-hide-seek-9-91.htm (6783 words)

	Calutron - Swords to Plowshares story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The main feature of the calutrons at Y-12 during the Manhattan Project was their use to separate uranium-235 from the more abundant uranium-238 found in natural uranium.
		The Y-12 calutrons (with their 13,700 tons of silver) were dismantled and removed from eight of the nine major buildings at Y-12.
		Parkins goes on to say, “The development and use of the calutron to produce enriched uranium for the first atomic bomb that was exploded in warfare, and then to produce the full spectrum of separated isotopes for uses in peacetime, is the greatest example of beating swords into plowshares in the history of human kind.
	smithdray.angeltowns.net /or/calutronsplowshares.htm (747 words)

	LBL News Magazine, Fall 1981, Episode: The Calutron
		Lawrence's optimistic conclusion: by the fall of 1942 ten "calutrons" (as he called the electromagnetic separator), each with a 100 milliampere source and all operating within the 184-inch field, would produce four grams of enriched uranium a day.
		Among results obtained with the 184-inch magnet was a design superior to it for large-scale calutrons, the so-called "XA." The prototype of the magnets to be installed at Oak Ridge, XA was a rectangular, three-coil magnet giving a horizontal field in which the calutron tanks could stand side-by-side.
		The "C" shaped alpha calutron tank, together with its emitters and collectors on the lower-edge door, was removed in a special "drydock" from the magnet for recovery of uranium-235.
	imglib.lbl.gov /LBNL_Res_Revs/RR_online/81F/81fepi2.html (1602 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Get Saddam any excuse will do
		A calutron is essentially a modified cyclotron –; a metal vacuum chamber about six feet in diameter inserted between poles of electro-magnets, which are also about six feet in diameter.
		So, after about a month of operation, a calutron is usually shut down, disassembled and the 90 percent that didn't make it to collectors is chemically recovered.
		Calutrons were terribly messy, inefficient and expensive to build and operate and very energy intensive.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25608 (847 words)

	CNS - Iraqi Nuclear Abstracts: 1991
		The buried discs are believed to be from the same calutrons that a UN inspection team was blocked from examining on 6/28/91 at the Fallujah military base.
		The facilities include a pilot calutron plant at Tuwaitha, a large-scale calutron facility at Tarmiyah, another large-scale calutron facility at Al Sharqat, and a smaller calutron facility, which is located next to the large-scale facility at Tarmiyah.
		The smaller calutron facility is located in Building 245 and consists of 40 MWs of power, a large control room, and room for about 20 calutrons.
	cns.miis.edu /research/iraq/iraqnu91.htm (7819 words)

	Fortnightly Club of Redlands
		CALUTRON technology was in the possession of China and Russia.
		CALUTRON which was about to be put to use was first placed on these rails and then pushed into the space between the poles of the magnet.
		CALUTRONS, as had been in use with the 184-inch magnet, but to develop a new configuration for the magnet which would require less space and less material and therefore be more suitable for multiple installations.
	www.redlandsfortnightly.org /papers/Tillitt04.htm (6511 words)

	[No title]
		The main effort, however, soon became directed towards the develop- ment of the calutron, the objective being a high separation factor and a large current in the positive ion beam.
		The calutron depends on the fact that singly charged ions moving in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to their direction of tion are bent into circular paths of radius proportional to their momenta.
		Research and development work on the calutron were carried out principally at the Radiation Laboratory of the Uni- versity of California, under the direction of Lawrence.
	rhizome.org /artbase/22194/HiroshimaProject/Collected/smyth11 (5164 words)

	ORNL’s calutrons wrap up historic half-century of isotopes
		As a war-time technology, the calutrons are ending their run looking and working pretty much the same as they began.
		The calutrons, which made enriched uranium for the first atomic weapon and later produced stable isotopes for a world still discovering ways to use them, will likely not run again.
		Meanwhile, the calutrons have been placed in a “cold standby” status, which would allow for a restart, although prospects for that are very remote.
	www.ornl.gov /reporter/no1/calutron.htm (754 words)

	U.S. Is Building Up a Picture of Vast Iraqi Atom Program
		Calutrons are devices used to enrich uranium to make it suitable for use in weapons.
		American analysts had discounted the possibility that Iraq was using calutrons because they were judged inefficient and slow when the United States employed them in the 1940's to produce the cores of the first atom bombs.
		Most experts had concluded that Iraq was seeking to enrich its uranium through the use of delicate, fast-spinning centrifuges that separate the heavier and lighter isotopes of uranium gas.
	www.iraqwatch.org /wmd/vastatomic.htm (1217 words)

	Tarmiya - Iraq Special Weapons Facilities
		Baghdad was operating approximately 25 calutron units; 20 at Tarmiya where uranium was enriched to 35%, and 5 at Tuwaitha where enrichment levels of approximately 95% were achieved.
		The Tarmiyah large-scale calutron facility was located in Building 33, which was over 100 meters long, which had the capability to support about 100 calutron units.
		Tarmiyah is also the location of a calutron facility, which would have served as a second-stage "topping off" plant, taking enriched uranium from the first-stage large-scale calutron facilities, and enriching it to weapons-grade.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/iraq/tarmiya.htm (853 words)

	American Data Aided Iraq Arms Program
		The Iraqi physicists focused on the calutron, a device for separating out fissionable uranium for reactor fuel -- or bombs -- by using electromagnetic isotope separation, an American technique of the 1940s that later bombmakers disdained.
		Key to the exercise were 164 patents relating to the calutron, noted in references in the literature.
		They soon accumulated all the patents, including equipment designs down to minute details, and Iraqi teams built their own calutrons, dubbed "Baghdadtrons," at Tarmiya, north of Baghdad.
	www.prisonplanet.com /121303americandata.html (889 words)

	Iraq's calutrons: 1991 - 2001
		With hindsight, we can interpret this initiative of Dr. Jafar as an attempt to establish a scientific link with Oak Ridge, the laboratory where the World War II calutron plant was built, and where a couple of wartime calutrons were still in daily operation, despite the fact that they were nearly forty years old.
		The circumstances and significance of the 1979 discovery at CERN, the European center for nuclear research in Geneva, of Iraq's definite interest in calutron technology, is discussed in detail, together with the problem of publishing independent opinions on the nuclear proliferation implications of particle accelerator and fusion technologies.
		The "failure" of Western intelligence in detecting Iraq's gigantic calutron program is questioned, and the relation of this "failure" to the justification of past and possible future coercive counter-proliferation actions is investigated.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Iraq/Calutron.html (5462 words)

	Y-12 Beta-3 Racetracks \| Manhattan Project Signature Facilities \| History of the Atomic Age \| atomicarchive.com
		The calutrons sent a stream of charged particles through the magnetic field, deflecting the atoms of the lighter isotope more than those of the heavier isotope.
		Containing 96 calutron tanks, each Alpha track was 122 feet long, 77 feet wide, and 15 feet high.
		As copper was badly needed for the war effort, the Manhattan Engineer District borrowed as a substitute almost 15,000 tons of silver bullion from the United States treasury to fabricate into strips and wind on to coils.
	www.atomicarchive.com /History/sites/Y_12.shtml (340 words)

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