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	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Mooers, Calvin
		Calvin Mooers was the founder and research director of Zator, plus founder, president, and research director of Rockford Research Institute.
		Mooers wanted to explore the use of digital processes and mathematics to enforce some control on the flood of technical reports that were pouring out of the government laboratories.
		Mooers developed the TRAC language in 1959 and founded the Rockford Research Institute (a nonprofit corporation), and he and Solomonoff were free to pursue their grant-funded research.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=1&DicID=16615&RefType=Encyclopedia (604 words)

	Charlotte Mooers; helped users navigate early e-mail systems - The Boston Globe
		Mooers, a retired Cambridge science writer who was considered an expert on two of the earliest e-mail systems in the 1970s, died at the Courtyard Nursing Care Center in Medford on March 17 from complications of dementia.
		Mooers worked as a technical writer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and for her husband's firm, the now defunct Rockford Research in Cambridge, which performed some of the earliest studies on artificial intelligence and computer science.
		Mooers took time off to bring up her two daughters in the 1960s and returned to work as a technical writer with Bolt, Beranek and Newman of Cambridge, the firm that played a major role in developing the first computer network and e-mail system, a precursor to today's Internet.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/obituaries/articles/2005/04/18/charlotte_mooers_helped_users_navigate_early_e_mail_systems?mode=PF (665 words)

	Calvin
		Calvin, Louisiana Calvin is a village located in 2000 census, the village had a total population of 236.
		Calvin, Oklahoma Calvin is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 279.
		Calvin Township, Michigan Calvin Township is a township located in 2000 census, the township had a total population of 2...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/calvin.html (343 words)

	Calvin N. Mooers, pioneer in information science and early computing. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Calvin N. Mooers' involvement with computers and information science began in 1945 and continued until his death in 1994.
		A Tribute to Calvin N. Mooers by Eugene Garfield.
		Mooers was an early advocate of the use of intellectual property law, including copyright and patents, to protect computer programming languages.
	tracfoundation.org /mooers/mooers.htm (197 words)

	Mooers' Law: In and Out of Context
		Mooers to compose his "contradictory principle": the Information Community of today (and yesterday as well, according to Mooers) assumes that users want information and would acquire it if it were easy enough to obtain; he reflects that, sadly, this may not always be the case (1959a, p.1).
		Mooers’ 1st Law: In an environment in which it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information in hand than for him not to have it, an IR system will tend not to be used.
		Mooers’ 3rd Law: In an environment in which the trouble of having information versus that of not having it are fairly evenly balanced, system design and performance tend to be the deciding factors in whether or not an IR system will be used.
	spot.colorado.edu /~norcirc/Mooers.html (1520 words)

	Mooers' Law (lwolf - 10 November 2002)
		Mooers’ Law, as it is now popularly perceived among what might be termed the "Information Community", focuses upon the effort that the user of a retrieval system must put forth in order to acquire the desired information.
		Mooers’ 1st Law: In an environment in which it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information in hand than for him not to have it, an IR system will tend not to be used.
		Mooers’ 3rd Law: In an environment in which the trouble of having information versus that of not having it are fairly evenly balanced, system design and performance tend to be the deciding factors in whether or not an IR system will be used.
	www.thepoint.net /~lwolf/infoeco/mooers_law.htm (631 words)

	Calvin N. Mooers
		Calvin N. Mooers, a pioneer information science and early computing, was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota, graduating summa cum laude from the University of Minnesota in mathematics in 1941.
		Calvin began his career in 1941 as a physicist at the Navy Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) in Washington, DC during the war effort.
		Calvin died at age 75 on December 1, 1994 of a heart attack in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/mooers_calvin.htm (196 words)

	Letter to the Editor: Calvin Mooers and the patent system
		Two colleagues and I are working on a book concerning Calvin Mooers and the new IR review of Jaffe and Lerner on the broken patent system was interesting.
		Mooers' patent attorney was the firm of Roberts, Cushman and Groves.
		It took infinite patience by Mooers over a 24-year period in addition to who knows how many patent clerks trying to understand the two failed and one successful patent application before that patent was granted.
	informationr.net /ir/12-3/letter.html (636 words)

	Biographies -- Calvin Mooers
		The Charles Babbage Institute Calvin Mooers was born on October 24, 1919 and died on December 1,1994, of a heart attack.
		Calvin Mooers was born on October 24, 1919 and died on December 1,1994, of a heart attack.
		Mooers became interested in mathematics from his involvement with amateur radio and through the encouragement of Viola Marti, his high school mathematics teacher.
	www.priorartdatabase.com /IPCOM/000129897 (517 words)

	Dead Germans: Calvin Mooers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Produced Mooers' Law: “An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it,” 1959
		Mooers’ frustration with the proliferation of non-standardized dialects, interfaces, and documentation led to his advocacy of intellectual rights for software development, an unpopular stance at the time.
		The Award of Merit called Mooers “ a prophet in the 1950’s describing the future importance of what is now called computer networks and distributive processing, and daring to predict that machine could simulate thought processes in retrieving computerized information.
	web.utk.edu /~alawren5/mooers.html (377 words)

	Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science: Mooers' law or why some retrieval systems are used and others ...
		MOOERS' Law: An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it.
		Charlotte Mooers, Calvin's wife and the daughter of ASIS founder Watson Davis, is one of the scheduled participants.
		The following article by Calvin Mooers, originally presented in 1959, is published here as a prelude to that session, a reminder of Calvin's sense of humor and as a tribute to the man who mentored and befriended many ASIS members.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3633/is_199610/ai_n8749122 (1205 words)

	1946 Stop Order Tags
		Calvin Mooers was from the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, who were considering building their own machine (see Lecture 44).
		Mooers admits that matrix multiplication, despite the large instruction sequence, is not a convincing demonstration of his idea.
		Mooers admits that the code in fact leaves the transpose of the correct answer in Z! Also there is no removal of the stop-order tags set in section (4).
	www.computer50.org /mark1/moore.school/stop.html (2855 words)

	trac (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		TRAC (for T ext R eckoning A nd C ompiling) is a computer language developed in the early 1960s by Calvin Mooers (1919-1994).
		Mooers copyrighted and/or trademarked the name TRAC in an effort to maintain his control over the definition of the language, an unusual and pioneering action at the time.
		At one point, he brought a intellectual-property-infringement suit against DEC, alleging that a contract to deliver a mini-computer with a TRAC interpreter violated his rights.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /TRAC.html (399 words)

	Calvin Mooers Laws : SEO Book.com
		The concept sure highlights the need for writing to the audience the way they speak and think.
		Calvin Northrup Moores background - learn more about the man who coined the term Information Retrieval
		Please respond with a comment using the below form.
	www.seobook.com /archives/001258.shtml (324 words)

	Zephaniah Grimshaw: Calvin Lamb's Webpage
		Calvin Lamb has conducted a lot of research on his Grimshaw family ancestors.
		Most of the homepage information on Calvin's website, as well as his webpage on Zephaniah Grimshaw, are summarized on this webpage.
		I believe it was Mooers, Clinton County that he came to in 1815.
	www.grimshaworigin.org /Webpages2/CalvinLamb.htm (1962 words)

	(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Mooers coined the terms "information retrieval" (1950) and "descriptors." He promulgated "Mooers' Law" on the use of information.
		Calvin Northrup Mooers, born in Minneapolis in 1919, completed his undergraduate degree in mathematics at the University of Minnesota before joining the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) in 1941.
		Mooers, together with Ray J. Solomonoff, completed numerous studies in information theory, information retrieval, and artificial intelligence under the aegis of Zator Company and Rockford Research Institute, a private research institute that Mooers founded.
	www.asis.org /Features/Pioneers/mooers.htm (750 words)

	Calvin Mooers - Result for Calvin Mooers - Meaning of Calvin Mooers - Definition of Calvin Mooers - Dictionary of ...
		Calvin Mooers - Result for Calvin Mooers - Meaning of Calvin Mooers - Definition of Calvin Mooers - Dictionary of Meaning - www.mauspfeil.net
		'''Calvin Northrup Mooers''' ( 1919 - 1994), was an United States American computer scientist who originated the expression-oriented text-processing language TRAC programming language TRAC, and attempted to control its development by enforcement of his trademark on the name "TRAC".
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Calvin Mooers.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Calvin_Mooers.html (141 words)

	Charles Babbage Institute: RESEARCH PROGRAM> Current research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This technique, used widely in the middle of the century by libraries, was often referred to generically as “shingling.” Despite the best efforts of Taine, or perhaps because of them, NLM began investigating the possibility of a new system for cataloging and printing the Index Medicus with digital computers.
		In the 1950s Calvin Mooers, Mortimer Taube, Cyril Cleverdon, Eugene Garfield, and H.P. Luhn all advocated the development of digitized bibliographic tools and began laying a theoretical framework for them.
		Mooers in particular drew the attention of NLM staff.
	special.lib.umn.edu /cbi/shp/entries/medlars.html (821 words)

	Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: TRAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		TRAC T64 was developed between 1959-1964 by Calvin N. Mooers.
		His goal was to develop a language that could be operated interactively from the keyboard of a "reactive typewriter." Growing out of his earlier work on information retrieval systems, Mooers originally envisioned TRAC as a tool that could be used by librarians and others in their everyday work.
		It was used until 1984, when Mooers redefined the language in its current version.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=439452 (215 words)

	The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Mooers fears of corruption of the language (after the fashion of Fortran dialects) led to his enforcing the language's integrity through trademarks (a tactic that had already failed Yngve with COMIT).
		Mooers, Calvin N. Mooers, Calvin N. "TRAC: A Procedure- Describing Language for the Reactive Typewriter"
		Mooers, C. Mooers, C. N., "How Some Fundamental Problems Are Treated in the Design of the TRAC Language"
	hopl.murdoch.edu.au /showlanguage.prx?exp=276 (6131 words)

	CHF - CHRONOLOGY OF CHEM INFO SCIENCE - STORED AND RETRIEVED ELECTROMECHANICALLY
		Calvin Mooers develops concept of Zatocoding, using "descriptors" and random coding on mechanically sorted edge-notched cards.
		At Johns Hopkins University's Welch Medical Library, Eugene Garfield develops machine methods for compiling Current List of Medical Literature (later merged with Index Medicus) and applies the IBM 101 punched-card sorter to search this database.
		At Sharp and Dohme, Claire Schultz employs Calvin Mooers's superimposed coding and the Remington Rand punched-card sorter to perform chemistry searches.
	www.chemheritage.org /explore/timeline/MACHINE.HTM (684 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information -- Two Volumes (1959) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Calvin Mooers ( 2, 4) calls such coding “Zatocoding” and has applied it in his patented marginal-punched card system called Zator.
		Calvin Mooers (2, 4) calls such coding “Zatocoding” and has applied it in his patented marginal-punched card system called Zator.
		MOOERS and WISE had discussions in American Documentation, April 1950, October 1950, and October 1952.
	books.nap.edu /openbook/NI000518/html/903.html (3515 words)

	Calvin N. Mooers, pioneer in information science and early computing. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Calvin N. Mooers was one of the first people to advocate the use of existing laws to protect computer programming languages, and many people remember TRAC for the controversy surrounding Mooers' efforts.
		The following articles explain Mooers' position and that of some of his critics.
		The first published statement of Mooers' position on trademark and copyright.
	www.tracfoundation.org /mooers/law/law.htm (169 words)

	Andrew Walker's TRAC Bookmarks
		In a discussion of the tensions among various persuasions in AI research, Marvin Minsky calls attention to an intriguing concept which he attributes to CNM.
		Mooers’ Law: In and Out of Context Brice Austin, LIS Graduate Program, University of Denver
		Mooers proposed.", and discusses the implications of "...difference between the actual law and its mutation...".
	world.std.com /~awalker/cnmlist.html (552 words)

	- College of Information Studies (CLIS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Before I do that, I want to acknowledge an intellectual debt by paying homage to one of the great thinkers and visionaries of our field, Calvin Mooers.
		After his paper on the nature of descriptors and the structure of classification, a small group of us had an hour-long discussion energized by his intellectual spark.
		Calvin Mooers pioneered user-oriented indexing 40 years before the term user-centered became fashionable.
	www.clis.umd.edu /faculty/soergel/dsasisawd.html (1864 words)

	McGee's Musings
		It's by the late Calvin Mooers, an information scientist.
		He addressed his colleagues on the question of why some information systems got so much more use than others - often with no correlation between the amount of use and how useful the tools actually were.
		Have I mentioned that Mooers wrote all this in 1959?
	www.mcgeesmusings.net /2003/09/08.html (767 words)

	MOOERS FAMILY NEWSLETTER
		The newsletter is sent snail mail, although I hope to have it posted to a web site by the end of the year.
		I have an extensive Mooers family data base and I am happy to exchange information.
		I am intersted in any family history and stories you may have about Mooers family members, historical or present.
	genforum.genealogy.com /mooers/messages/14.html (210 words)

	History of Information Science 1940-1950
		Calvin Mooers establishes the Zator Company, a private firm for work in the area of information retrieval.
		Calvin Mooers develops the concept of Zatocoding, using "descriptors" and random coding on mechanically sorted edge-notched cards ( Mooers, 1976).
		At Sharp and Dohme, Claire Schultz employs Calvin Mooers' superimposed coding using the Zator system (edge-notched cards).
	www.libsci.sc.edu /bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISC1940.HTM (1889 words)

	Work At Home Mooers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Calvin N. Mooers, pioneer in information science and early...
		Their construction was also seen as a means of giving work to the many locally unemployed.
		The Mooers border inspection station is an example of the more modest...
	www.eprofitnews.com /375/work-at-home-Mooers.html (297 words)

	Calvin N. Mooers Papers
		Mooers set out to explore the use of digital processes and mathematics to impose control on the technical reports then flooding out of government laboratories.
		Mooers later worked with Thorpe Wright and Andy Diamond at the firm Data Concepts on the application of TRAC to write insurance policies.
		Mooers, "Atanasoff at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory," Ann.
	www.cbi.umn.edu /collections/inv/cbi00081.html (9923 words)

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