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	Kidney - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		--> The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organss in vertebrates.
		The outer portion of the kidney is called the renal cortex, the next portion is called the renal medulla, at the center of the kidney is the pelvis.
		Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /k/ki/kidney.html (1176 words)

	Kidney Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A kidney is a reddish brown, bean-shaped organ with a smooth surface.
		The kidney lie on either side of the vertebral column in a depression high on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
		The upper and lower borders of the kidneys are generally at the levels of the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae, respectively.
	www.physioweb.org /kidney.html (1013 words)

	Kidney - Medical Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The major functions of the kidney are to filter wastes from the bloodstream and to regulate the pH, serum osmolality and blood pressure (and secondarily, the volume of the blood).
		The kidneys are retroperitoneal, which means they lie behind the peritoneum that surounds most of the other abdominal organs.
		As the kidney is the most important organ in controlling these values, any derangement in these values would suggest renal impairment.
	www.nursingstudy.com /encyclopedia/Kidney.html (905 words)

	Encyclopedia: Calyx (kidney) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates.
		Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into a minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the pelvis into the ureter.
		Urine is liquid waste excreted by the kidneys and eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Calyx-(kidney) (193 words)

	The Parts of the Kidney -- (PKD) Polycystic Kidney Disease Access Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The calyces (plural for calyx) are the recesses in the internal medulla of the kidney which enclose the pyramids.
		The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for the actual purification and filtration of the blood.
		About one million nephrons are in the cortex of each kidney, and each one consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule which carry out the functions of the nephron.
	www.nhpress.com /pkd/kidney/parts.html (706 words)

	Shock Wave Lithotripsy Research
		SWL reduced GFR to similar degrees in the shocked kidneys of both groups, and although SWL reduced RPF in the solitary kidneys, this effect was significantly attenuated in comparison to the reduction seen in shocked kidneys of binephric pigs.
		At the conclusion of the experiment the kidneys were fixed in situ and removed for morphological analysis and determination of the size of the lesion caused by SWL.
		Although TRPF was significantly reduced at the 1-hour determination after 4,000 shocks to those kidneys, it was not reduced to a detectably greater degree than in the small kidneys that had received a single application of 2,000 shocks.
	anatomy.iupui.edu /lithotripsy/renewal.findings.html (2918 words)

	MPUH-FAQs
		A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure in which a kidney is removed from one person (donor) and placed into the body of a person suffering from renal failure recipient), in whom the transplanted kidney can perform all the functions which the patient's own kidneys are not able to perform.
		Since a cadaver kidney is from a person not related to the patient, the kidney has less possibility of close antigen matching and thus less chances of success.
		Kidney donation does not alter the physical capacity or life-style or longevity of life of such a donor.
	www.mpuh.org /faqanswers.htm (3129 words)

	FAA Medical Virtual Flight Surgeons Kidney Stones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Calyceal stones are found in the funnel shaped area called the calyx between the kidney and the ureter.
		Ureteral stones are in the tube that drains urine from the kidney to the bladder.
		This is usually reserved for stones in the kidney or calyx that are too large to pass and too large for ESWL.
	www.aviationmed.com /kidneystone.htm (1995 words)

	Kidney Restore II - Home
		Glomerulonephritis is a kidney disease in which the kidneys' filters become inflamed and scarred, and slowly lose their ability to remove wastes and excess water from the blood to make urine.
		Kidney disease of diabetes, IgA nephropathy, and lupus nephritis are some types of glomerulonephritis.
		With kidney biopsy, it may be possible to reach a precise diagnosis such as membranous glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, mesangial proliferative disorder, diabetic nephropathy/sclerosis, lupus nephritis, or nephritis associated with disorders such as amyloidosis, multiple myeloma, or immune disorders including AIDS.
	www.kidney-restore.com (726 words)

	Anatomy Tables - Kidneys & Retroperitoneum
		the renal vessels enter/leave the kidney at the hilum; the renal pelvis leaves the kidney at the hilum
		Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a disorder that is characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys.
		A congenital abnormality in which the kidneys are united at the inferior poles (shaped like a horshoe) and migrate up until stopped by the inferior mesenteric artery.
	anatomy.med.umich.edu /abdomen/kidney_tables.html (3200 words)

	Laboratory Twenty: Urinary System
		The large, ovoid piece of tissue on this slide is a longitudinal section through the unilobar kidney of the monkey.
		Compare the distribution of the tubules as one proceeds from the base of the pyramid (near the cortex of the kidney) to the apex of the pyramid (projects toward the calyx).
		Examine, the renal corpuscle and identify: the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, urinary space, the glomerulus containing podocytes (visceral layer of Bowman's capsule), endothelial cells and mesangial cells, the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle, and the vascular pole.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year1/histo/review/lab20.html (1531 words)

	Aeromedical Report Kidney Stones
		The presence of a kidney stone is generally disqualifying for FAA aeromedical certification.
		Kidney function is also measured using 24-hour urine analysis called creatinine clearance.
		If evaluation of the cause of stone formation reveals abnormal concentrations of certain substances in the urine or blood, medications may be prescribed to change the concentration and lower the risk of recurrent stone formation.
	cf.alpa.org /internet/alp/2001/feb01p5.htm (1703 words)

	KIDNEY
		The kidney should be considered a controlling organ rather than an excretory organ.
		Thus, the kidney does not have to work by a process of identifying what is bad; rather it works by identifying those things that are good for the body.
		Ion homeostasis often occurs at the level of the kidney (osmotic regulation controlled by ionic regulation).
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~goochv/AnimalPhys/kidney/kidney.html (1352 words)

	Kidney.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Veins: run out of the kidney along the same path as arteries and are named the same (ie interlobular, arcuate, interlobar).
		The calyx is the space which the filtrate empties into.
		You should recognize that blood pressure is a critical systemic variable, and that the kidney "manages" about one-fourth of our heart's output.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~shelden/Kidney.html (783 words)

	LABORATORY EXERCISE #11 - ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Station #1: Gross anatomy of the kidney 1 - disection of a sheep kidney.
		Using the model of the kidney, describe the microscopic structures displayed, and be prepared to name them and their functions.
		The x-ray of the kidney was obtained by injecting contrast medium (which is radio-opaque) into a vein.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /Courses/ns341/341_01/renallab.html (436 words)

	Thomas' Eclectic Practice of Medicine, 1907: Diseases of the Kidney: Nephrolithiasis. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Definition.—The presence in the kidney or in its pelvis of concretions formed by the precipitation of certain of the urinary solids, and varying in size from small sandy particles up to the capacity of the pelvis.
		If the fellow kidney be in good condition and able to do its work, no symptoms may develop to tell of the atrophy; but should the second kidney be unable to do its work, anuria with uremia follows, terminating in death.
		Where the calculi remain in the pelvis of the kidney the prognosis is always unfavorable, atrophy of the kidney or pyelitis in various forms resulting.
	www.ibiblio.org /herbmed/eclectic/thomas/nephrolit.html (2150 words)

	Lab Exercises- Calyx, Ureter, Bladder
		You may find parts of the calyces on your kidney slides, especially the Masson stained slide.
		The major calyx may be distinguished by its number of layers of cells.
		Draw the ureter and show how it ends in the major and minor calyces in the kidney.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /microanatomy/kidney/bladder_lab.htm (475 words)

	[No title]
		No, the answer is D. Three separate kidneys have developed phylogenetically (evolutionarily) and develop ontogenetically during embryonic and fetal development.
		the kidney is divided into units called lobes with each lobe consisting of a medullary pyramid and the surrounding cortical substance.
		No, the answer is B. The kidney cortex is composed of renal columns projecting towards the renal sinus.
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/to07.wbc (1537 words)

	Horseshoe Kidney (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Draw a line between the uppermost calyx and the lowermost calyx.
		In normal kidneys this line will be closer to the vertebral column at the upper pole.
		In horseshoe kidneys, the line will be closer to the vertebral column at the lower pole.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/urology/khrshoe.htm (70 words)

	JN 2000; 13 (suppl. 3): S71-S82 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Unfavourable expulsion factors include a 90° bend between the lower calyx chamber and the lower pelvis, which was present in 26% of the cases, a diameter of the infundibulum smaller than 4 mm, and the presence of a large number of ramifications of the calyx.
		Stones in calyceal diverticula: The percutaneous approach is generally preferred (40), with direct injection of the calyx, extraction of stones and coagulation of the surface of the diverticulum, to the point of obliteration.
		Because of the close proximity of the pediatric kidney to the lungs special measures have to be taken.
	www.sin-italy.org /jnonline/vol13s3/Tombolini/tombolini.htm (7059 words)

	Horseshoe Kidney (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Notice that the kidneys lie slightly lower in the abdomen than normal kidneys.
		As the fused lower poles of the horseshoe kidney ascend to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery, further ascent is halted.
		Horseshoe kidneys have a higher incidence of hydronephrosis and renal stones than normal kidneys.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedED/urology/ivphshok.htm (124 words)

	The Urinary System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The nephron, an evolutionary modification of the nephridium, is the kidney's functional unit.
		There are two major section of the kidney 1) renal cortex – outside layer and 2)renal medulla – inside layer with nephrons which are the functional units of the kidney.
		Many kidney problems can be treated by dialysis, where a machine acts as a kidney.
	www.cowley.cc.ks.us /~luinstra/UrinarySystemnotes.htm (1709 words)

	eMedicine - Medullary Sponge Kidney : Article by Ali Nawaz Khan, MBBS, FRCP, FRCR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Background: Medullary sponge kidney (MSK) is a developmental abnormality occurring in the medullary pyramids of the kidney.
		Compression view of the kidneys obtained at 15 minutes after shows linear striations of contrast material that opacifies the collecting tubules, giving a paintbrush-like appearance that is typical of medullary sponge kidney.
		Nonenhanced CT scan of the kidney (same patient as Images 11-13 and 15-16) demonstrates areas of low attenuation in the renal medulla corresponding to the area of cystic dilatation of collecting tubules seen at intravenous urography.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic433.htm (3009 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Ureteral retrograde brush biopsy cytology
		Ureteral retrograde brush biopsy cytology is a diagnostic procedure in which tissue from the kidney or ureter (tube that connects a kidney to the bladder) is removed for examination.
		Once the suspect area is identified, a nylon or steel brush or biopsy forceps is placed through the ureteroscope and the lesion is rubbed with the brush, or a sample is collected with the biopsy forceps.
		This test is used to obtain a specimen of kidney (renal pelvis or calyx) or ureter tissue when x-ray (or other test) shows a lesion in this area or when there are suspicious cells in the urine.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003906.htm (741 words)

	Histology Review Carousel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This is an example of the unilobate rodent kidney.
		The entire cortex, medulla and minor calyx are present.
		Collecting ducts of papilla open into minor calyx, with transitional epithelium and muscularis in its wall.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /edprog/histolog/renal/hist-13.htm (219 words)

	Renal Anatomy and Physiology
		Left kidney rests somewhat higher than the right, with its upper pole between the 11th and 12th ribs; the right kidney is aligned on top with the 12th rib.
		Kidneys lie retroperitoneally on either side of verterbralcolumn against posterior abdominal wall.
		This is the process by which the kidney selectively retains or conserves substances in the filtrate, allowing the return of those substance to the interstitial fluid and the blood.
	phclweb.wo.utoledo.edu /2620/Renal.html (1719 words)

	eMedicine - Nephrostomy : Article by Stefan H Hautmann, MD
		The kidney is located at the level of the 10th to the 12th ribs.
		The kidney's major parts are the renal cortex and medulla, renal pelvis, renal papillae, renal pyramids, ureter, renal artery, and renal vein (see Image 1).
		A lower pole calyx often is selected for drainage purposes because it usually is infracostal, thereby precluding a pneumothorax/hydrothorax complication (Image 2).
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3040.htm (3225 words)

	114.kidney (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This image shows the lumen and wall of a minor calyx.
		This funnel shaped structure fits over each renal papilla and collects the urine that flows through the area cribrosa from the papillary ducts of Bellini.
		In this image, the renal papilla is seen in the upper right corner and the wall of the calyx is seen in the lower left corner.
	casweb.cas.ou.edu /pbell/Histology/Captions/Urinary/114.kidney.calyx.10.html (62 words)

	Lake Michigan College Human Anatomy 205 - Urinary System
		Ureters extend from the renal pelvis of kidney to the trigone of urinary bladder
		Metanephros is final kidney formed and is functional in fetus and adult
		Kidney unlabeled [coronal section] [coronal section enlarged ]
	www.lakemichigancollege.edu /dept/Arts-Sciences/bio/anat/urin.html (504 words)

	[No title]
		the kidneys are not rigidly fixed to the posterior abdominal wall and, in fact, move slightly during respiration
		anterior to the left kidney are the spleen, splenic flexure, stomach, jejunum, and the tail of the pancreas
		No, the answer is D. Position of the liver usually results in right kidney being lower or more inferior, than the left.
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/tk16.wbc (1388 words)

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