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	Federalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Federalism is the idea of a group or body of members that are bound together (latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head.
		The earliest source of political federalism is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible, especially that of the Christian Church as apostolically prescribed in the New Testament.
		Although federalism was mentioned both in the drafts of the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, it was never accepted by the representatives of the member countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Federalism (1680 words)

	Federalism - Readings - Quebec History
		Federalism is usually adopted in countries that display differences of climate, geography, religion, language, culture and economies; it is especially suited for multinational and multicultural states that wish to preserve these characteristics.
		Thus, essentially, the federal system is adopted where it is felt that the preservation of the individuality and separateness of the constituent parts is as important as the preservation of the nation as a whole.
		Federalism also denies the application of simple majority rule since the purpose of federations is to recognise that the rights of small units have to be acknowledged and respected.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/readings/federal.htm (1885 words)

	Federalism
		Federal arrangements also shelter territorially based groups with preferences that diverge from the majority population, such as ethnic or cultural minorities, so that they are not subject to majority decisions severely or systematically contrary to their preferences.
		Federations tend toward disintegration in the form of secession, or toward centralization in the direction of a unitary state.
		Federations are often marked by a high level of ’constitutional politics’: Political parties often disagree on constitutional issues regarding the appropriate areas of sub-unit autonomy, the forms of cooperation and how to prevent fragmentation.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/federalism (5089 words)

	How the Prismatic Form of Canadian Federalism Both Unites and Divides Canada
		The French Canadians see Canada as at best a compact between two equal and very different peoples that would enable them to preserve their lives, religions, cultures, and heritages as each saw fit; and the other British peoples who saw Canada as a protection that enabled them to be left alone.
		Federations were more tightly linked entities where a common national government shared power with subnational constituent or federated units, while in a confederation the essentially independent constituent polities surrendered some limited share of their powers to a general government that only could exercise those powers through the constituent units.
		The so-called "new Canadians," that is to say, those from ethnoreligioius backgrounds different from the founding and aboriginal peoples, have been ambivalently welcomed from the first, but since World War II they, too, have been invited to develop their own prisms through multiculturalism.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles2/canfed.htm (4128 words)

	cric.ca - Canada's Portal - Quick Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The constitution of a federation must be written to provide certainty, with a court of law to interpret it in cases of conflict or difference.
		The Council of the Federation: Conflict and Complementarity with Canada’s Democratic Reform Agenda.
		Counsel for Canadian Federalism: Aboriginal Governments and the Council of the Federation.
	www.cric.ca /en_html/guide/federalism/federalism.html (955 words)

	University of Toronto Law Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The moral foundations of American federalism rest principally on the claim that by constitutionally enshrining the rights of states to govern themselves on local issues, the protection and preservation of (republican) liberty is enhanced.
		The insight of Pierre Trudeau's early writings on federalism, and in particular Federalism and the French Canadians, is that he traces the problem of Canadian federalism to the absence of a shared goal among Canadians and he suggests that the goal of building a just society could fill this vacuum.
		Instead of renewing Canadian federalism through the Charter and forging a shared sense of membership in a political nation, Trudeau's initiative exacerbated the belief that Canadian federalism is a failure.
	www.utpjournals.com /utlj/492/jacobs.html (3767 words)

	Cambridge/Edinburgh Talk
		I shall first show that Canadians refuse to recognize the existence of a Quebec people and I shall then prove that the federal government is engaged into a process of nation building.
		The federal government is thus allowed, for the first time in Canadian history, by the nine other provinces to spend as much as it wants, after consultation, in exclusive provincial jurisdictions, as long as these programs are financed exclusively by the federal government.
		But the federal government knows that such a proposal would win the approval of a clear majority of Quebec voters, and this is the reason why it is forcing Quebeckers to choose between an old fashioned nation-state and the status quo.
	pages.infinit.net /mseymour/apage/cambridge.html (5052 words)

	Federalism and the Myth of the Federal Spending Power: Summary and Introduction
		This article examines the power asserted by the federal government to spend funds on programs within provincial legislative jurisdiction, and the influence of that power upon federalism and responsible government.
		The author maintains that the existence of a "federal spending power" is inconsistent with Canadian constitutional doctrine and values, and that the political justifications commonly offered in its support do not withstand close scrutiny.
		It is this power that has made the "new federalism" possible; it is the mortar with which the new constitutional order has been built.
	www.mondopolitico.com /library/myth/introduction.htm (744 words)

	Oxford University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One common theme is to appraise developments in Canadian federalism from the same three criteria of performance, effectiveness, and legitimacy.
		The second common theme/objective is to examine the impact on Canadian federalism of three developments: internationalization/regionalization, the ideas of New Public Management and the fiscal realities of the present decade.
		Canadian Federalism: Performance, Effectiveness, and Legitimacy is a collection of seventeen original essays casting a critical eye on the institutions, processes, and policy outcomes of Canadian federalism.
	www.oup.com /ca/isbn/0-19-541598-1 (610 words)

	John A. Macdonald, Confederation and Canadian Federalism - Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism ...
		Canadian politician, statesman and Father of Confederation (1815-1891).
		Being forced to accept federalism because of the insistence of Quebec, Macdonald was, nevertheless, determined to avoid what he called the excesses of the American federal constitution.
		To a large extent, Macdonald achieved the type of centralized federalism (quasi-federalism) that he desired.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/federal/johna.htm (757 words)

	Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism - Quebec History
		Canadian federalism and the Spending Power of the Canadian Parliament
		Canadian Federalism, the Tax Rental Agreements of the period of 1941-1962 and Fiscal Federalism from 1962 to 1977
		The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Canadian Constitution
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/federal (142 words)

	Renewing the social union and Canadian federalism: A twofold project: Notes for an address by the Honourable Pierre S. ...
		Canadian federalism is characterized by experimentation and competition, as well as solidarity.
		What I mean is that the Canadian federal system provides a flexible framework for trying out good ideas in one province and eventually implementing them across the country for the greater good of all Canadians.
		In practice, Quebec's family policy has the same objectives as the federal benefit and, indeed, the federal benefit is advantageous for Quebec, but orthodoxy, or perhaps even dogmatism, dictates that the current government reject a program that is progressive and reflects a new style of federalism which a large majority of Quebecers clearly want.
	socialunion.gc.ca /news/p971024.html (3173 words)

	UW Press: Search Books in Print
		Federalism explains how Canada came to be a federation (what reasons there were for it, and against it, historically); what the challenges to federalism currently are; and how we might fortify some areas of weakness in the federal system.
		Finding that Canadian federalism falls short on each benchmark, she recommends changes ranging from virtual regionalism to a Council of the Federation that includes Aboriginal representatives.
		This sparkling account of Canadian federalism is a must-read for students and scholars of Canadian politics, politicians and policymakers, and those who care about Canadian democracy.
	www.washington.edu /uwpress/search/books/SMIFEC.html (250 words)

	Journal of Canadian Studies: Federalism & health policy: the development of health systems in Canada & ...
		In Federalism and Health Policy: The Development of Health Systems in Canada and Australia, Gwendolyn Gray provides us with a well - researched, well - presented and detailed comparison of the development of health care policy in two federal systems.
		In the process, Gray examines the validity of two competing theories of federalism, the "orthodox" and the "revisionist" theories.
		The second theory, associated primarily with Pierre Trudeau and Alan Cairns, suggests that the division of power in a federal system contributes to the expansion of government and may, under certain conditions, lead to innovation in policy development.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199410/ai_n8725586 (452 words)

	Political Science 360: Canadian Federalism and Public Policy
		Bernier, Gérald and David Irwin, "Fiscal Federalism: The Politics of Intergovernmental Transfers," in François Rocher and Miriam Smith, eds., New Trends in Canadian Federalism, (1995), chap 11.
		Jhappan, Radha, "The Federal Provincial Power-grid and Aboriginal Self-Government," in François Rocher and Miriam Smith, eds., New Trends in Canadian Federalism, (1995), chap 7.
		Lazar, Harvey, "The Federal Role in a New Social Union: Ottawa at a Crossroads," in Harvey Lazar, ed., Canada: The State of the Federation, 1997: Non Constitutional Renewal, (1998), chap 4.
	web.uvic.ca /~polisci/ruff/courses/360 (2024 words)

	Challenges to Canadian Federalism, 1/e Westmacott, et al
		This reader introduces students to the depth of challenges Canada faces, and the questions they raise for the conduct of politics and government.
		Following an introductory essay, there are sections on federalism and its relation to political culture, political institutions, constitutional controversies, public policy, and to the deep-seated challenges facing the country's future health and stability.
		Canadian and American Federalism: A Comparative Perspective, Robert C. Vipond.
	www.prenticehall.ca /canbooks/phc_0136468454.html (189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A listing of all Canadian federal organizations and their Internet sites can be accessed here.
		The Canadian Museum of Civilization is the national museum of human history that is dedicated to promoting understanding between the various cultural groups that make up Canadian society.
		Canadian Foreign Policy is one of the leading Canadian journals of international affairs.
	www.dushkin.com /online/get-isbn.mhtml?isbn=0072365579 (859 words)

	Broadview Press: New Trends in Canadian Federalism
		Updated chapters on trade policy, labour policy, the environment, regionalism, and, of course, health care are all to be found, alongside new work on social assistance and Canadian federalism and federation in comparative perspective.
		's longstanding constitutional debates, the role of executive federalism and the courts in relation to the evolution of federalism, and the essential dynamism of policy development.
		Her areas of interest are Canadian and comparative politics, particularly social movement politics and litigation, social movement theories, and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender movements in
	www.broadviewpress.com /bvbooks.asp?BookID=155 (388 words)

	Comparative Federalism
		Harold Laski (1939), “The Obsolescence of Federalism”, New Republic, 98: 1274, pp.367-9.
		Kurt Richard Luther (1986), “The Revitalisation of Federalism and Federation in Austria”, in Michael Burgess (ed.), Federalism and Federation in Western Europe, London, Sydney and Dover: Croom and Helm.
		Christopher Hughes (1993), “Cantonalism: Federation and Confederacy in the Golden Epoch of Switzerland”, in Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (eds.), Comparative Federalism and Federation; Competing Traditions and Future Directions, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
	www.ceu.hu /ires/courses0405/comparativefederalism.htm (2293 words)

	U.S. Federalism Web Site
		The Council for Canadian Unity library of materials on federalism with an emphasis on Canada.
		Canadian federalism and the autonomy of Québec : A historical viewpoint: by Marc Chevrier, Direction des communications, Ministère des Relations internationales,1996.
		FEDERALISM AND SOVEREIGNTY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: An Analysis of Regionalism and Centralism in Russian State-Building.
	home.gwu.edu /~kalae/fed/compare.htm (605 words)

	Index - Federalism
		The world as a whole is in the midst of a paradigm shift from a world of states, modeled after the ideal of the nation-state developed at the beginning of the modern epoch in the seventeenth century, to a world of diminished state sovereignty and increased interstate linkages of a constitutionalized federal character.
		Thus nearly three-quarters of the human race must deal with federal arrangements in their state political engagements.
		The Use of Federal Principles and Arrangements in the Internal and External Reconstitution of the Ex-Soviet Republics (1992)
	www.jcpa.org /dje/index-fs.htm (578 words)

	POLI 360 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To help the student to better understand and evaluate this role, the course will begin by examining the concept of federalism and the evolution of the Canadian federal system.
		The course will then go on to explore several topics that have been particularly significant for students of Canadian federalism: regionalism; constitutional politics; interstate and intrastate federalism; federalism and non-territorial actors; federalism and the welfare state; Quebec secession; and federalism and nationalism.
		The aim of the conference is to involve students more actively in grappling with some of the particularly nettlesome questions on which Canadian citizens and political leaders have been unable to reach a consensus.
	web.uvic.ca /polisci/james/poli360/syllabus.htm (649 words)

	OUP: Canadian Federalism: Bakvis
		This volume is an examination, by some of Canada's leading scholars, of the challenges facing the Canadian federation as it enters the twenty-first century.
		It addresses the performance, effectiveness, and legitimacy of Canadian federalism in response to the forces of internationalization and regionalization.
		A central concern is to apprise how ongoing developments in Canadian federalism enable problems to be addressed in a way that is both effective in resolving the problem and consistent with Canadians' expectations of a democratic government.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-541598-1 (713 words)

	Gerald Baier
		His teaching and research interests are in Canadian politics with a focus on the Constitution, federalism and the courts.
		He is a regular commentator on federal politics in national and local media.
		The Kyoto Accord: Challenges of and for Canadian Federalism.
	www.politics.ubc.ca /index.php?id=4569 (557 words)

	Issues in Canadian Federalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Lederman, W. "Unity and Diversity in Canadian Federalism: Ideals and Methods of Moderation", in Garth Stevenson (ed.) Federalism in Canada, Toronto: MacLelland and Stewart, 1989.
		Chandler (eds.), Federalism and the Role of the State, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987, 259-276 Watts, Ronald: "Executive Federalism: The Comparative Perspective" in D. Smiley, D.
		Shugarman, and R. Whitaker (eds.), Federalism and Political Community, Toronto: Broadview, 1989, 439-460 Watts, Ronald L.: "The Federative Superstructure", in Ronald L. Watts and Dougals M. Brown (eds.), Options for a New Canada, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991, 309-336 Whitaker, Reg: "Rights in a `Free and Democratic Society': Abortion" in D. Smiley, D.
	www.sfu.ca /~aheard/827/fed_bib.html (329 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2003305923 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Federalism in Multinational Societies: Switzerland, Canada and India in Comparative Perspective Hamish Telford 2.
		Canadian Identity Revisited: Modem Strains on the National Core Hugh Thorburn 5.
		Canadian Federalism and the Creation of Nation Building Symbols Jonathan Rose 7.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy045/2003305923.html (249 words)

	Political Science 3221 -- The Politics of Canadian Federalism -- Class Preparation Questions: September 2003 (a)
		Executive Federalism — A formalized system of federal-provincial interaction characterized by regular meetings of first ministers, federal-provincial committees of ministers and senior officials to manage issues of overlapping policies and jurisdictions.
		How did Canadians understand their country as a “federal society” during the period between the 1870s and 1920s?
		• Aggressive use of federal power justified when necessary to prevent provinces from asserting their interests at the expense of national political or economic interests.
	people.uleth.ca /~geoffrey.hale/3221_sept03a.html (1045 words)

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