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Topic: Genetic canalization

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	Gallileus - Biomedcentral Open Access Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The terms canalization and developmental stability were originally proposed to describe the ability of an organism to resist perturbations and to produce a predictable target phenotype regardless of random developmental noise.
		Selection for environmental canalization may produce genetic canalization as a by-product [4,10], but this may not always be the case.
		Genetic canalization on wing shape does not seem to arise as a by-product of environmental canalization and, therefore, canalization is not a single mechanism to buffer any source of variation as has been suggested [10].
	www.gallileus.info /search/bmc_detail?id=1471-2148-5-7 (7866 words)

	[No title]
		Canalized traits are not likely to be considered variable, and nevertheless they harbour important genetic variation.
		To have a genetic system in which canalization occurs, I model a quantitative trait as having two coding regions and a switch that determines which region is expressed.
		Canalization is another mechanism in which potentially useful variation is hampered from observation, and it should be included in the consideration of conservation science.
	home.wanadoo.nl /ayden/paperwork/MigCanNov.doc (3563 words)

	Evolution
		With the identification of DNA as the genetic material and the cracking of the genetic code in the 1950s and 60s, the 'central dogma' of molecular biology came to be accepted by most biologists.
		Waddington was not very specific as to the mechanisms involved either in canalization or in genetic assimilation, except to argue that because they are advantageous there would be selection for them presumably through suitable "modifier" genes, i.e., genes which modify the expression of the character (or the topography of the epigenetic landscape).
		Ho et al (1983) questioned the assumption that genic selection is necessary for canalization and genetic assimilation, and in a series of experiments, demonstrated that heritable cytoplasmic effects may be involved in canalization in the absence of selection for the new character.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /encyclo.php (6960 words)

	Evolution, Altruism and Genetic Similarity Theory
		He also presents "genetic similarity theory," showing that humans are able to detect degrees of genetic similarity in others and to prefer those most similar for friendship and marriage, a process which provides a basis for ethnic favoritism and group selection.
		Under the rubric of "genetic similarity theory," Rushton Russell & Wells (1984) proposed an extension to the theory of kin-selection to the human case where altruism is provided to non-kin as well as to kin.
		Genetic similarity can thus be expected to be one of the many influences operating on political alliances.
	www.euvolution.com /articles/gensim01.html (4747 words)

	Oikos 2001 abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Canalization is an abstract term that describes unknown developmental mechanisms that reduce phenotypic variation.
		Experiments testing this idea should measure the canalization of a series of traits whose impact on fitness is known or can be inferred, exclude differences among traits in the number of loci and alleles segregating as an explanation for the pattern of variability found, and distinguish between canalization against genetic and environmental variation.
		The canalization of the traits increased with their impact on fitness and did not depend on the degree of genetic differences among lines.
	www.unifr.ch /biol/ecology/kawecki/publications/evolution1994.html (279 words)

	Genetic mechanisms of evolutionary stasis and plasticity. The problem of vanishing heritability of polygenic traits in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the absence of genetic variance genetic context for a new mutation is always the same and the heritability of phenetic traits and of biological fitness increases.
		Under the actual situation when the same allele is favored in one and handicapped in another genetic context the hereditidness of the `fitness` of individual recombination-resistant allele is similarly as low as the hereditidness of the fitness of the recombination-sensitive organisms.
		In these populations, the genetic variance of the original population is drastically reduced by the founder effect and the subsequent effects of inbreeding.
	www.natur.cuni.cz /~flegr/Polygen.htm (4422 words)

	A Population Genetic Theory of Canalization - Wagner, Booth, Bagheri-Chaichian (ResearchIndex)
		Depending on the causes of phenotypic variation one speaks either of genetic or environmental canalization.
		Genetic canalization describes insensitivity of a character to mutations, and the insensitivity to environmental factors is called environmental canalization.
		Genetic canalization is of interest because it influences the availability of heritable phenotypic variation to natural selection and is thus potentially important in...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /wagner97population.html (288 words)

	Computational geneticists revisit a mystery in evolution: 8/02
		The puzzle that attracted Bergman and Siegal was not so much the nature of the genetic switches that operate at the "forks" but instead what causes the "grooves" that keep development faithfully rolling along when both environmental disturbance and genetic mutation could potentially set it off course.
		Under this scenario, Bergman explains, "When mechanisms evolved to dampen the effect of environmental variation on the phenotype, as a side effect they also happened to buffer genetic variation." But the results of Bergman and Siegal suggest that environmental perturbation is not necessary for canalization to evolve.
		First, a prerequisite for canalization is genetic variation -- but if selection for a trait is too strong, it shrinks the gene pool.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/02/bergman87.html (1478 words)

	Anti-Aging Medicine & Science Blog: The opportunity for canalization and the evolution of genetic networks
		The opportunity for canalization and the evolution of genetic networks: "The recent explosion of genomic data has inspired a renewed interest in how groups of genes work together to create observable phenotypes.
		Studies of genetic networks have shown a surprising degree of robustness to variation, regardless of whether the variation comes from a change within or outside of the network.
		One explanation for this pattern is that evolution has acted to create genetic networks that are robust to mutational defects at single genes within the network.
	anti-ageing.us /2005/02/opportunity-for-canalization-and.html (849 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Genetics and geometry of canalization and developmental stability in Drosophila subobscura
		Quantitative genetic studies of directional and fluctuating asymmetry obviously require measures from individuals that can be grouped into families or independent lines.
		We now digress slightly to point out some inconsistencies in the literature on what is the appropriate error term to test for the "interindividual" effect in the mixed model, two-way ANOVA (either the individual × side interaction effect or the measurement error [13,15,68,69]).
		Within each sex and temperature, principal component analyses [41] of the VCV matrices were performed for each source of variation with the purpose of describing the landmark displacements corresponding to each emerging principal component (PC), and also to test for the congruence of these displacements between effects.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/5/7 (8780 words)

	Waddington's canalization revisited: Developmental stability and evolution -- Siegal and Bergman 99 (16): 10528 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		therefore be the dominant force in the evolution of canalization.
		stability as a factor in the evolution of canalization.
		of the capacity to evolve canalization is similar to an observation
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/16/10528 (3613 words)

	biology - Genotype-phenotype distinction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The genotype of an organism represents its exact genetic makeup, that is, the particular set of genes it possesses.
		A phenotype is said to be canalized if mutations (changes in the genome) do not noticeably affect the physical properties of the organism.
		This means that a canalized phenotype may form from a large variety of different genotypes, in which case it is not possible to exactly predict the genotype from knowledge of the phenotype.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Genotype-phenotype_distinction (497 words)

	Proulx Research
		Empirical work on genetic networks has revealed a surprising amount of robustness to perturbations, suggesting that robustness is an evolved feature of genetic networks.
		We establish an upper bound to the strength of selection on canalization that is approximately equal to the fitness load in the system.
		In larger genetic networks, selection on genetic canalization can be reasonably strong because larger networks have higher mutational load.
	www.proulxresearch.org /papers_robust.htm (217 words)

	onegoodmove: April 2002 Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The degree to which a developmental pathway is canalized is he degree to which development of a particular endstate (phenotype) is insensitive to a range of environmental conditions under which the endstate emerges.” (Ariew 1999, pp.
		Again the developmentalist is not interested in the fact that a trait is canalized, she is interested in the precise mechanism of that canalization.
		Under this view, acquisition of the concept of water is highly canalized and therefore we would have to say that the concept of water is an innate concept.
	onegoodmove.org /1gm/1gmarchive/2002_04.html (14163 words)

	RePEc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The reduction of plasticity entails genetic canalization, that is, a dramatic loss of variability (and hence a loss of evolvability) to the point of lock-in.
		The causal bridge between environmental canalization and genetic canalization is provided by a correlation between the set of shapes in the plastic repertoire of a sequence and the set of dominant (minimum free energy) shapes in its genetic neighborhood.
		These models identify three mutational regimes: that corresponding to neutral confinement, a classic error threshold corresponding to the loss of the dominant phenotype, and an exploration threshold corresponding to a break-down of neutral confinement with the simultaneous persistence of the dominant phenotype.
	www.inomics.com /cgi/repec?handle=RePEc:wop:safiwp:99-12-077 (452 words)

	Quantitative trait symmetry independent of Hsp90 buffering: Distinct modes of genetic canalization and developmental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		genetic background on trait symmetry were clearly detected.
		for the evolution of environmental canalization (2, 23, 24),
		genetic buffering arose as a by-product of its adaptive evolution
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/23/13396 (4162 words)

	The Population Genetic Theory of Hidden Variation and Genetic Robustness -- Hermisson and Wagner 168 (4): 2271 -- ...
		of the canalization coefficient and the covariance, –
		Average (standard mean) allelic effects at various loci under "old" and "new" conditions (change of the environment or the genetic background) are shown.
		properties of the genetic architecture in the ancestral population.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/168/4/2271 (7201 words)

	Quantitative trait symmetry independent of Hsp90 buffering: distinct modes of genetic canalization and developmental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Quantitative trait symmetry independent of Hsp90 buffering: distinct modes of genetic canalization and developmental stability.Theory predicts that genetic and nongenetic buffering will share common mechanisms.
		For example, it is argued that Hsp90 genetic buffering evolved solely as a by-product of environmental buffering, and that Hsp90 should mask morphological deviations from any source.
		We conclude that, by maintaining the function of signaling proteins, Hsp90 masks variation affecting target pathways and traits in populations independent of purely nongenetic sources of variation, refuting the idea that a single Hsp90-dependent process generally controls genetic canalization and developmental stability.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/10166144.html (207 words)

	Profile
		An issue of fundamental importance from evolutionary biology to medicine is the stabilization of physiology and development against genetic and environmental variation.
		We use standard quantitative and molecular genetics combined with emerging genome-wide approaches to study latent genetic variation in Hsp90-dependent signaling networks.
		By manipulating Hsp90 buffering in model organisms we study polymorphic genes and pathways that are critical for the evolution of development and the progression of disease.
	myprofile.cos.com /suzzane (650 words)

	Human genetic education based on counselling and clinical scenarios
		AGTC) provides distance genetic education services to health practitioners in human genetic testing and impact of genetic disorders using cased-based clinical scenarios.
		It is becoming increasingly accepted that there is a genetic component to almost all health issues.
		With a little knowledge, practitioners can be in a position to answer many of their patient’s questions and identify a patients risks and the need for genetic testing.
	www.agtc.net.au (198 words)

	Moore Collaborations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In this project we are examining how communication, social interactions, and sexually dimorphic characters are influenced by sexual selection, and how genetic aspects of these characters might influence their evolution by sexual selection.
		Therefore, in addition to investigating behavioral, morphological, and genetic integration of antipredator traits and color variation, we are interested in understanding what has led to the recent spread of this beneficial insect.
		This "environment" is affected, in part, by the genetic makeup of the individual influencing the interaction.
	biology.uky.edu /ceeb/profs/moore/mooreqg.html (873 words)

	Computational geneticists revisit a mystery in evolution
		Scientists used to think that developmental fidelity evolved via natural selection, principally through survival and reproduction of organisms with redundant genetic systems - that is, ones with copies of important gene sequences.
		Continues Petrov: ''Natural selection has shaped the genetic networks of complex organisms so that they produce appropriate phenotypes - the more highly interconnected these networks are, the more robust the corresponding phenotypes are.
		First, a prerequisite for canalization is genetic variation - but if selection for a trait is too strong, it shrinks the gene pool.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-08/su-cgr080202.php (1474 words)

	Canalization, Genetic Assimilation and Preadaptation: A Quantitative Genetic Model -- Eshel and Matessi 149 (4): 2119 ...
		Canalization, Genetic Assimilation and Preadaptation: A Quantitative Genetic Model -- Eshel and Matessi 149 (4): 2119 -- Genetics
		Genetics, July 1, 2005; 170(3): 1359 - 1371.
		Genetics, December 1, 2004; 168(4): 2271 - 2284.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/abstract/149/4/2119 (338 words)

	CiteULike: Plasticity, evolvability, and modularity in RNA. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This statistical property of the RNA genotype-phenotype map, which we call plastogenetic congruence, traps populations in regions where most genetic variation is phenotypically neutral.
		These models identify three mutational regimes: that corresponding to neutral confinement, an exploration threshold corresponding to a breakdown of neutral confinement with the simultaneous persistence of the dominant phenotype, and a classic error threshold corresponding to the loss of the dominant phenotype.
		The reduction of plasticity leads to extreme modularity, which we analyze from several perspectives: thermophysical (melting--the RNA version of a norm of reaction), kinetic (folding pathways--the RNA version of development), and genetic (transposability--the insensitivity to genetic context).
	www.citeulike.org /article/126579 (443 words)

	Canalization, Genetic Assimilation and Preadaptation: A Quantitative Genetic Model -- Eshel and Matessi 149 (4): 2119 ...
		Canalization is a widely recognized and well-documented phenomenon
		Given that canalization is a rather general property of adaptive
		in the population by the environmentally sensitive canalization
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/149/4/2119 (8596 words)

	ipedia.com: Genotype-phenotype distinction Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Two organisms whose genes differ at even one locus (position in their genome) are said to have different genotypes.
		Larvae with these traits have a higher chance of survival when exposed to the predators, but grow more slowly than other phenotypes.
		In contrast to phenotypic plasticity, the concept of genetic canalization addresses the extent to which an organism's phenotype allows conclusions about its genotype.
	www.ipedia.com /genotype_phenotype_distinction.html (541 words)

	Evolution of Dominance in Metabolic Pathways -- Bagheri and Wagner 168 (3): 1713 -- Genetics
		formulate a population genetic framework for the evolution of
		the underlying genetics could be reflected in the physiology.
		The genetic model used is a four-locus model underlying the
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/168/3/1713 (6960 words)

	UAA Environment and Natural Resources Institute - Publications
		Consequences of inter-population crosses on developmental stability and canalization in Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae).
		Evolvability and genetic constraint in Dalechampia blossoms: components of variance and measures of evolvability.
		Evolvability and genetic constraint in Dalechampia blossoms: Genetic correlations and conditional evolvability.
	enri.uaa.alaska.edu /publications.cfm (2974 words)

	CiteULike: Modeling genetic architecture: a multilinear theory of gene interaction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By assuming that the alterations of the effect of a gene substitution due to changes in the genetic background can be described as a linear transformation, we show that the genotype-phenotype map is a sum of linear and multilinear terms of operationally defined "reference" effects at each locus.
		The "multilinear" model is used to study the effect of epistasis on quantitative genetic variation, on the response to selection, and on genetic canalization.
		It is shown how the model can be used to estimate the strength of "functional" epistasis from a variety of genetic experiments.
	www.citeulike.org /user/alexisgallagher/article/204842 (212 words)

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