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	Mars, canals
		Although the latter view won very little support among professional astronomers, it proved irresistible to the general public whose imagination was fired by the pro-canal writings of Camille Flammarion in France and especially of Percival Lowell in the United States.
		By the dawn of the twentieth century, it was becoming clear that the Martian atmosphere was too thin (see Mars, atmosphere), the temperature too low, and water too sparse (see Mars, water), to support any kind of life except possibly primitive vegetation (see Mars, vegetation on) and microbes.
		Hopes of finding canals or their builders had all but disappeared.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/Marscanals.html (928 words)

	MARS by Percival Lowell. Chapter IV. Canals
		For the canals to come out in all their fineness and geometrical precision, the air must be steady enough to show the markings on the planet's disk with the clear-cut character of a steel engraving.
		At times the canals are invisible, and this invisibility is real, not apparent; that is, it is not an invisibility due to distance or obscuration of any kind between us and them, but an actual invisibility due to the condition of the canal itself.
		Mars being outside of us with regard to the Sun, we never see him less than half illumined, but we do see him with a disk that lacks of being round,-- about what the Moon shows us when two days off from full.
	www.wanderer.org /references/lowell/Mars/chap04.html (9173 words)

	Canals on Mars
		And if the canals were filmed by that first probe, it is a certainty that they were filmed by later Mariner and Viking probes, yet that information has always been withheld.
		The Mars Expedition took 20,000 photographs and confirmed the presence of both the canals and vegetation.
		The canals did not meander at all like a river would; they followed great circle courses, which are the shortest distance between two points on a globe.
	www.goddardmultimedia.fsnet.co.uk /atpai/canals.htm (564 words)

	Mars Exploration: Pop Culture Mars
		If translated correctly, this announcement would have been interpreted as "channels", but with the excitement building over the Suez Canal, it was translated as "canals", and thus began a detour in the history of Mars exploration.
		Wilhelm Beer (1797 - 1850) and Johann von Maedler (1794 - 1874) observe Mars over periods of 759, 1604, and 2234 days, and determine that the rotational period of Mars is 24 hours, 37 minutes, 22.6 seconds, which is surprisingly close to the currently accepted value of 24 hours, 37 minutes, 22.7 seconds.
		This is wrongly thought to mean "canals," and is thought to imply that Mars has intelligent life that has built a system of canals.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /mystique/history/1800.html (390 words)

	Vaughn's Homepages - The Canals of Mars. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Further observations of his showed that the canals traversed Mars, going from the polar caps all the way to dark patches, which to use the analogy of the moon, were considered "seas".
		Lowell devoted many many years to the study of Mars and it's canals and was a great champion of the idea of a dying Martian civilisation struggling to survive.
		The surface of Mars is an arid cratered wasteland.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~Svmalkin/anomaly/marscanals.htm (730 words)

	The canals of Mars-historical note
		In steady air the canals are perfectly distinct lines, not unlike the Fraunhofer ones of the Spectrum, pencil lines or gossamer filaments acording to size.
		All the observers at Flagstaff concur in this.
		Every opposition has added to the assurance that the canals are artificial; both by disclosing their peculiarities better and better and by removing generic doubts as to the planet's habitability.
	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov /tharsis/canals.html (775 words)

	Mars
		Mars has fired the curiosity and imagination of mankind for thousands of years.
		Canals on Mars - a mistake in translation and the positive side effects it had.
		The Face, the "Pyramids" and the "Inca City" are strange formations on the surface of Mars.
	www.activemind.com /Mysterious/Topics/Mars/index.html (341 words)

	Mars Exploration: Pop Culture Mars
		Mars, the Red Planet, was a familiar and yet suspicious omen, a symbol for war and aggression for thousands of years.
		Mars has remained in the human imagination, and not even the rise of science and technology has interrupted our wary fascination with this neighboring world.
		Telescopes in the 1880s revealed strange markings on Mars which convinced massess of people that Mars had canals built by an alien race.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /mystique (232 words)

	Space Today Online - What We Know About Mars - Canals
		An example of confusion about Mars is found in the famous canals on Mars, They reportedly were first observed by Italian priest Pietro Secchi in 1876.
		The popular notion that Martian canals had been constructed by an heroic, intelligent race tapping melting polar ice for water to irrigate equatorial crops was argued persuasively by the famous astronomer Percival Lowell in his 1895 book.
		Today, we still call Mars the Red Planet because it is easily distinguished in the night sky by its reddish color which comes from rusty sand and rocks that cover the Martian surface.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Mars/MarsThePlanet/MarsCanals.html (335 words)

	canals Discussion - Mars Rover Blog
		I was having a discussion with someone the other day about old photos of mars and how the so called "canals" appear as very distinctive lines.
		Most of the images of Mars showing canals are not photographs but drawings/maps made by people gazing through a telescope.
		However, the "canals" are so faint and difficult to see that no newspaper prints the images.
	www.marsroverblog.com /discuss-44529-canals.html (219 words)

	LowellCanals
		As is well known, Lowell was the ardent champion of the existence of the canals of Mars, the Martians, their network of waterways, and their technological and other superiority to us.
		I propose that the canals of Mars are a function, like a mathematical function but not as precise, of the presence of Martian dust aloft over craters on Mars.
		As for the famous or infamous double canals, I propose that those doubled canals were there when additional dust was in the area of a suitably sized group of craters.
	www.thespaceguy.com /lowellcanals.htm (3439 words)

	A100 at IUN, Fall 1996: Lecture 12.1: Mars
		Mars' orbit is larger than the Earth's, therefore its orbital period, that is, its year, is longer than that of Earth.
		Mars has two Moons, named Phobos (fear) and Deimos (panic) after the names of the two horses that pull the chariot of the god Mars in greek mythology.
		Since Mars rotates fast, no magnetic field indicates either that Mars does not have an iron core (possible since differentiation seems to have occurred to a much less extent than on Earth) or the iron core is solid (also plausible since Mars is smaller than Earth and cooled off faster), or both.
	astro.uchicago.edu /home/web/lucia/a100/lectures/mars.html (1780 words)

	Week 10 Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		To make the canals of Mars write their own record on a photographic plate, so that astronomers might have at first hand objective proof of their reality, has long been one of the objects of this observatory.
		Several new canals in addition to those already known have been discovered by him, and a great many doubles observed, thus testifying to the remarkable steadiness of the air for Mars work, which was the object of the expedition.
		Campbell at the Lick Observatory reached the conclusion that the spectrum of Mars is identical with that of the moon, and that consequently nothing is known of the atmosphere of Mars....
	eee.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/week10b.html (6414 words)

	MARS - Observation - Exploring The Planets
		In his book "Mars as the Abode of Life", published in 1908, Percival Lowell presented his theory that Mars' canals were built by intelligent beings.
		This picture of Mars was taken from a distance of 418,000 kilometers (260,000 miles) by the Viking 2 spacecraft.
		Unlike the earlier Mariner 9 mission that arrived during a global dust storm, when Viking 1 approached Mars in 1976 it recorded this image of light and dark red craters and plains, with frost covering low areas in the southern hemisphere.
	www.nasm.si.edu /ceps/etp/mars/observe.html (348 words)

	The Straight Dope: Whatever happened to the canals of Mars?
		The controversy surrounding the Martian canals, probably the most famous episode in the history of astronomy, was not cleared up until the early 1970s, almost a century after it began.
		Lowell made detailed observations of Mars and published several popular books about the planet, notably Mars and Its Canals (1903), which included elaborate maps of the canals and outlined the theory that they were waterways used for irrigation.
		In one famous if somewhat casual experiment, a diagram of Mars featuring all of its generally agreed-upon features, but excluding the canals, was tacked up in front of a roomful of schoolchildren, who were asked to copy it.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a2_102.html (750 words)

	Canals on Mars
		With the recent completion of the Suez Canal the interpretation was taken that to mean large scale artificial structures had been discovered.
		The excitement over the canals on Mars took hold of a young man named Percival Lowell who embarked on a distinguished career in astronomy.
		He was one of the first to realize that the best places for observatories were not in the center of well lit, populated cities, but rather in the barren, isolated deserts and plains or on mountain tops.
	www.activemind.com /Mysterious/Topics/Mars/canals_on_mars.html (260 words)

	NASA - Approaching Mars
		Between now and August, Mars will brighten until it "blazes forth against the dark background of space with a splendor that outshines Sirius and rivals the giant Jupiter himself." Astronomer Percival Lowell, who famously mapped the canals of Mars, wrote those words to describe the planet during a similar close encounter in the 19th century.
		Mars and the sun are on opposite sides of the sky.
		When Mars is at opposition and at perihelion -- at the same time -- it is very close to Earth.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/watchtheskies/18jun_approachingmars.html (636 words)

	Canals on Mars
		While providing abundant vegetation growth alongside their straightline courses, the canals also proved to be the common link between the green oases.
		But the Mars committe reports never became public, and they were therefore unknown outside a very limited part of the astronomical community.
		His study proved that there is green plant life on the broad oases of Mars, and that it is organically composed of carbonhydrogen compounds, the same as our own terrestrial vegetation.
	www.goddardmultimedia.fsnet.co.uk /atpai/CanalsMars.htm (553 words)

	Is Mars Habitable? by Alfred Russel Wallace
		It was only after seventeen years of observation of the canals that it was found that they extended also into and across the dark spots and surfaces which by the earlier observers were termed seas, and which then formed the only clearly distinguishable and permanent marks on the planet's surface.
		Mars has a very scanty atmosphere, the moon none at all, or if there is one it is so excessively scanty that the most refined observations have not detected it.
		Lowell, that the force of gravity on Mars is not sufficient to retain water-vapour in its atmosphere, we must conclude that the surface of that planet, like that of the moon, has been moulded by some form of volcanic action modified probably by wind, but not by water.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S730.htm (14014 words)

	The Face on Mars
		Lowell never did make any definitive discoveries about Mars, but before his death in 1916 using measurements he made on irregularities in the orbit of Uranus, he accurately predicted the existence of the planet Pluto which was discovered in 1930.
		Lowell's widely-publicized (and widely criticized) theory was that a highly evolved civilization of creatures used the canals to direct water from the Mars polar ice caps to irrigate crops in the equatorial areas of the planets.
		Maybe there weren't canals, but, by gosh, here was evidence (however fuzzy the picture) of a giant sculpture of a hominoid face on the red planet.
	www.karmastrology.com /marsface.shtml (1890 words)

	Mars
		Mars has an atmosphere which is about 95% carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen argon, and oxygen.
		Mars has two polar ice caps which are thin layers of water ice and carbon dioxide frost.
		It circles Mars in about 7 hours and 40 min., and is unusual in that it circles its home planet faster than the planet rotates.
	www.uwgb.edu /dutchs/planets/mars.htm (695 words)

	U.F.O.R.C. RESEARCH; Canals On Mars; Presidential Tour
		In 1877, an astronomer by the name of Schiaparelli announced that he had discovered that Mars was covered by a network of lines.
		Hence the term "Martian" was used to identify the inhabitants of Mars.
		She says that the canal photo was "enhanced to what Mars may've looked like at one time." The Edwards Canal is named after Liz Edwards, scientist.
	www.angelfire.com /wa/UFO/page2.html (545 words)

	Mars Controversies
		Giovanni Schiaparelli in 1877 announced that he had observed “canali” on the face of Mars.
		When the Viking spacecraft arrived at Mars in 1976 and started taking pictures, one of the regions (called Cydonia) showed a distinctive feature.
		The controversy remained until the Mars Global Surveyor looked at the same region in 2000, with about 10 times better spatial resolution, and a different sun angle (the sun was higher in the sky this time).
	www.astro.virginia.edu /class/osten/astr347/mars.html (137 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Space - Is There Life on Mars?
		But many scientists believe that Mars may be the best place to look for simpler forms of life.
		The Mars Global Surveyor probe found evidence that there was running water on the planet's surface.
		The scientists knew the meteorite was from Mars because it contained traces of gas similar to that found in the Martian atmosphere.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/space/life/looking/mars.shtml (695 words)

	Approaching Mars
		On June 1st Mars was 12.5 arcseconds across and it glowed like a -1st magnitude star.
		When Mars is at opposition and at perihelion--at the same time--it is very close to Earth.
		Mars and Earth go around the sun like runners on a track: fast-moving Earth on the inside lane and slower-moving Mars on the outside.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2003/18jun_approachingmars.htm (916 words)

	Science and Society
		Percival Lowell, the man who popularized the idea that Mars had canals, would be a hundred and fifty-one years old today, and Google has taken advantage of the occasion.
		Zoom out and you'll see that most of Mars' northern hemisphere is bright-blue lowlands; scientists have suggested that Mars may once have had a vast northern ocean, just as the Earth, seen from the proper angle, is mostly water south of its equator.
		The pictures are computer-processed from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft, which has been orbiting Mars for two years.
	blogs.abcnews.com /scienceandsociety/2006/03/the_canals_of_m.html (397 words)

	The Bookshelf-Gulliver of Mars
		His image of Mars as a planet inhabited by ancient races on the verge of death is considered quaint by today's standards.
		In Gulliver of Mars, Arnold created a tale that owes as much to the travelogue works of the early 1800s as it does to the novels and stories of Verne and Wells.
		Additionally, Gulliver of Mars was published without any chapter titles, and any chapter titles given to the work are the creation of the editors.
	thenostalgialeague.com /fsfh/text/gmars.html (616 words)

	TIME and LIFE Space: Mars
		Not that Mars always repays our affections; in fact, the angry god of war turned out to be a pretty shy dancing partner.
		In its pas de deux with the sun, Mars passes by Earth for only six to eight weeks every 25 months.
		We are starting, slowly, to take advantage of that teasing opposition, making two fumbling passes in three decades -- once in 1976, when we got to first base, and again in 1997, when we began to grope around.
	www.time.com /time/reports/space/mars.html (305 words)

	Patrick McGuinness - Home
		An Italian version of The Canals of Mars (Carcanet, 2004) will be published by Mobydick, a publisher in Faenza, on March 29th 2006.
		It includes 32 poems from the collection The Canals of Mars and four new poems which were included by kind permission of its author.
		Il volume comprende 32 poesie dalla raccolta The Canals of Mars e quattro nuove poesie che sono state incluse per gentile concessione dell’autore.
	patrickmcguinness.org (595 words)

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