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Topic: Cane Toad

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	Cane Toads
		Cane Toads are found in habitats ranging from sand dunes and coastal heath to the margins of rainforest and mangroves.
		Cane Toads may be grey, yellowish, olive-brown or reddish-brown, and their bellies are pale with dark mottling.
		All stages of the Cane Toad's life-cycle are poisonous.
	www.amonline.net.au /factsheets/canetoad.htm (1610 words)

	Bibliography of the cane toad, Bufo marinus
		This is a bibliography of the cane toad, Bufo marinus.
		Esslinger, J.H. Redesription of Ochoterenella digiticauda Caballero, 1944 (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the toad, Bufo marinus, with a redefinition of the genus Ochoterenella Caballero, 1944.
		Gregerman, R.I. Adrenalin and hydroxytyramine in the parotid gland venom of the toad Bufo marinus.
	www.jcu.edu.au /school/phtm/PHTM/staff/biblio1.htm (12391 words)

	Cane Toad
		Cane Toads have short legs, a ridged bony head that extends forward from their eyes to their nose.
		The introduction of Cane Toads to many parts of the world was mainly to help control the population of insects that were threatening commercial sugar cane.
		Cane Toads are estimated to live 10-40 years.
	www.cane-toad.org /index.htm (675 words)

	The Feral Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) - fact sheet
		Cane toads had reached Brisbane by 1945, Burketown in north-western Queensland by the early 1980s, Iron Range on the Cape York Peninsula by 1983 and the tip of the Cape by 1994.
		Adult cane toads produce venom from glands over their upper surface, but especially from bulging glands on their shoulders — these exude the venom when the toad is provoked.
		Cane toads may also outcompete native frogs for breeding sites, and their tadpoles may outcompete native tadpoles because they are produced in such large numbers.
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/invasive/publications/cane-toad (1089 words)

	The Feral Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) - fact sheet
		Cane toads, introduced into Australia to control beetles that were destroying sugarcane crops, are still spreading across Australia.
		The cane toad continues to expand its range southwards at about 1.3 kilometres a year, and is also spreading across the tropical north towards Western Australia.
		Cane toads readily eat faeces and, where human hygiene is poor, the toads have been known to transmit diseases such as salmonella.
	www.environment.gov.au /biodiversity/invasive/publications/cane-toad/index.html (1089 words)

	Cane toads increasingly a problem in Australia
		The cane toad’s success at surviving and thriving in Australia to the degree that the species has is somewhat miraculous, because the amphibians are very poorly adapted to the majority of the country’s climate.
		Presently, cane toad control efforts are largely local, with individuals and groups of volunteers hunting and killing the toads on the spot or freezing them to death.
		Cane toads are a serious and ever-growing problem that prey on native fauna, compete for food, and carry diseases that may be transmitted to endemic frogs and fish.
	news.mongabay.com /2005/0417b-tina_butler.html (2492 words)

	Australian Wildlife
		The Cane Toad is suspected to be the cause of severe decline in numbers of several species of snakes.
		Cane toads are large, stout amphibians with a dry and warty skin.
		Cane toads were deliberately introduced to Australia from Hawaii in 1935 in an attempt to stop the Cane Beetle from destroying sugar cane crops in North Queensland.
	ozwildlife.awardspace.com /wildlifedetail.php?genus=Bufo&species=marinus (528 words)

	Herpetology - Frequently asked cane toad questions
		Cane Toads have very few predators because they are toxic to most animals that try to eat them.
		Cane Toad spawn can be killed by lifting the strands from the water and laying them in the sun to dry out.
		The many components of Cane Toad venom are being studied for their pharmacological properties and have the potential to be used in drugs to treat heart disease.
	www.austmus.gov.au /herpetology/faq/cane_toad.htm (1199 words)

	Cane Toads in Australia
		These toads were supposedly being used successfully in the Carribbean islands and in Hawaii to combat the cane beetle, a pest of sugar cane crops.
		So the cane toad, as it came to be known, had no impact on the cane beetles at all and farmers had to go back to the use of chemicals to kill the beetle.
		Toads are responsible for the reduction of many species of Australian wildlife and the Northern Territory is currently a living research laboratory where researchers are documenting the changes to predator animal numbers such as crocodiles and quolls.
	www.fdrproject.org /pages/toads.htm (1264 words)

	03/16/01 -- Australia Declares Biological War on The Cane Toad
		None of which concerns the cane toad, whose appetite is so voracious, its palate so undiscriminating, it has been known to eat its own young along with any indigenious plant and animal species unfortunate enough to cross its path.
		Cane toads are heavily built amphibians that grow up to 15 centimeters (six inches) long.
		At the time, two species of cane beetles were causing damage to the sugar cane harvest and it was thought that the cane toad would control these pests.
	www.forests.org /archive/spacific/audebiol.htm (1233 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Cane Toad - Australia's Amphibian Plague
		Cane toads (Bufo marinus) are aggressive, warty creatures which can grow to 26cm long (10 inches), and weigh up to 2.5kg.
		The nocturnal cane toads were introduced to tropical Australia from Hawaii in 1935 to eradicate cane beetles, which were destroying crops.
		The skin of the humanely killed toads can be treated and turned into useful leather items such as mobile-phone covers, lighter cases, hat bands, shoulder bags, key fobs, coin purses and golfball holders.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A12945017 (1453 words)

	Cane Toad
		Although Cane Toads are not endangered species, the number of Cane Toads in the wild has been declining.
		In Australia, Cane Toads are commercially used mainly for their products, taxidermists to produce souvenir items, and biological specimens.
		Cane Toad skin is used to make leather products.
	www.honoluluzoo.org /cane_toad.htm (781 words)

	999 Today - Monster cane toad found in Australia
		The second biggest cane toad to be captured in northern Australia was a female measuring nearly 15 centimeters.
		Environmentalists say cane toads are highly poisonous and pose a real threat to native species.
		The cane toad is a ground-dwelling predator and eats any prey it can fit into its mouth, including small lizards, snakes, frogs, mice, snails and aquatic insects.
	www.999today.com /scienceandnature/news/story/9621.html (316 words)

	Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia : Cane toads
		Cane toads are a declared animal pest in WA and it is illegal to keep them or bring them into the State.
		Cane toads (adults and juveniles), their tadpoles and eggs are toxic to almost all native predators.
		Cane toads also need moisture to survive (this doesn't mean free water, under a moist rock will do), and will die if they are unable to remain moist for about three days.
	www.agric.wa.gov.au /pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/_ABT/CANETOADFINALMARCH.HTM (3308 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Bufo marinus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cane toads are often seen as a nuisance in urban areas, as their calls can keep people awake.
		Cane toads used to be used for pregnancy testing in humans.
		Cane toads breed between the months of April and September in the Northern Hemisphere.They can be heard as they call their mates beginning in late March.In the Southern Hemisphere, in Australia it has been noticed that the male calls in any month of the year, peaking during the wet season.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=113&fr=1&sts= (1915 words)

	NPR - Radio Expeditions: Australia's Cane Toads
		The toads turned out to be worthless at controlling beetles, but very good at reproducing and moving throughout the countryside.
		Cane toads would be a simple nuisance except for the fact that they are highly poisonous.
		Now the toads are advancing toward one of the world's great natural reserves, and scientists worry that cane toad blight may drive other species to extinction.
	www.npr.org /programs/re/archivesdate/2000/apr/000424.canetoads.html (152 words)

	Cane toad - EPA/QPWS
		Cane toad (Bufo marinus) Ugly and leathery-brown, the cane toad is one of Queensland’s best-known feral animals.
		In 1935, cane toads from Hawaii were released into far north Queensland canefields to try to control greyback beetles which were devastating the sugarcane industry.
		Cane toad tadpoles gather in large, slow-moving schools while native tadpoles are solitary.
	www.epa.qld.gov.au /nature_conservation/wildlife/threats_to_wildlife/invasive_plants_and_animals/cane_toad (890 words)

	Cane Toad -- Pictures, Animal Facts, Habitats, Video, Sound, Wallpaper -- National Geographic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cane toads are large, stocky amphibians with dry, warty skin, and are native to the southern United States, Central America, and tropical South America.
		Their effects on Australia's ecology include the depletion of native species that die eating cane toads; the poisoning of pets and humans; depletion of native fauna preyed on by cane toads; and reduced prey populations for native insectivores, such as skinks.
		Cane toad venom is a mix of toxins that primarily affects the functioning of the heart.
	www3.nationalgeographic.com /animals/amphibians/cane-toad.html (460 words)

	Cane Toad
		The cane toad (Bufo marinus) is native to South and Central America.
		Cane toads are characterized by their size and large glands behind their heads.
		The cane toads turned out to be worthless at controlling the greybacked cane beetle.
	cstl-cla.semo.edu /zeller/cane_toad.htm (453 words)

	Cane toad: a case study
		Cane toads are likely to compete with native animals for food.
		Cane toads occupy holes and hollows used by native animals for nesting or hiding from predators.
		Cane toads are capable of carrying diseases that could be transmitted to native frogs and fishes.
	www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au /enviro/canetoad.cfm (533 words)

	Cane toad (Bufo marinus) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cane toad is native to South America but has been introduced to many countries in the vain attempt to control some insect pests.
		Cane toads are regarded as a major nuisance by the public and are believed to have a serious impact on native wildlife although there have been few studies aimed at quantifying the damage that they cause.
		The parotoid glands of the cane toad release toxin when the animal is provoked or squeezed as happens in the mouth of a predator.
	www.feral.org.au /content/species/cane_toad.cfm (472 words)

	Bufo marinus - Giant Toad, Cane Toad, Marine Toad
		Known scientifically as Bufo marinus, the Cane Toad, Giant Toad, or Marine Toad is native to an area extending from Mexico and Central America to the Amazon Basin.
		Giant Toads can be removed and disposed of humanely (as recommended by the IFAS Animal Use Approval Committee) by placing them in a plastic container (or bag) in the freezer for three days and then burying the carcasses.
		However, if the population of toads grows out of control or you believe they may be a threat to your children, pets, or wildlife in your yard, then you may find it necessary to control the population in your yard.
	www.floridagardener.com /critters/BufoMarinus.htm (854 words)

	Ladywildlife's Cane Toad Page
		The cane toad is also known as the giant toad or the marine toad.
		Cane toads both hunt and lie in wait for creatures to come within range.
		Cane Toads in Australia: Cane toads were collected in Hawaii in the early 1930s and shipped to Queensland, Australia.
	ladywildlife.com /animal/canetoad.html (729 words)

	TeachNet -- Cane Toad
		It seems that Australian officials decided to introduce Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) into Queensland and the eastern part of their country island, hoping that the amphibians would eat the larvae of the cane beetle that was threatening the sugar cane crops.
		Cane Toads are big, brown toads with deeply pitted glands extending down the sides of the body.
		Toads in general give off gland secretions that can be very irritating to mucous membranes and Cane Toads are no exception.
	www.teachersnetwork.org /dcs/critter/canetoad (1363 words)

	Queensland Museum - The Cane Toad
		Cane Toads are native to North, Central and South America.
		However, Cane Toads pose little threat to 'life and limb' unless they are eaten or their skin secretions have contact with a person's eyes or mouth.
		Cane Toads rapidly spread from their places of introduction, and are still advancing south and west.
	www.qm.qld.gov.au /features/frogs/canetoad.asp (436 words)

	Cane Toad Battle - What we do, Fighting the invasion!
		Cane toads are notorious for hitchhiking long distances, hidden in camping gear, clothing, caravans, farm produce, and any other spot they can find.
		If you find a stowaway in your vehicle, remember to be careful when handling cane toads: toxin is produced in their shoulder glands just behind the ear, and is also present in the skin on the back.
		Cane toads can squirt toxin from their glands when they feel threatened, so be as gentle as possible.
	canetoadbattle.com /whattodo.html (367 words)

	DigsMagazine.com \| laze: flick pick: CANE TOADS, An Unnatural History
		So Cane Toads were introduced to Australia, in one of the biggest ecological mishaps in Australian history.
		Even worse, the Cane Toad proved unusually adept at adapting to its new environment, mainly for two reasons: its astounding reproductive output and a poisonous toxin that it secretes when under attack, thus ensuring that any potential predator is killed on the spot after attempting to nab one of the not-so-tasty looking morsels.
		Cane Toads is educational, sure, but never fear: this is one nature documentary that’s as far away from PBS-special-dryly informative as you could ever imagine.
	www.digsmagazine.com /laze/flick_CaneToads.htm (452 words)

	Cane Toads
		The Kimberley Toad Busters Inc. are the only truly totally volunteer group on the ground fighting to stop the toad from crossing into WA For the first time in 72 years, a totally volunteer force, with the help of the Department of Environment and Conservation field team have the ability to 'hold' the
		cane toad front line while government and scientists find a 'biological' solution to the relentless march of the cane toad.
		Children learning that cane toads did not come into Australia voluntarily and that in their own natural environment they should be respected.
	www.canetoads.com.au (1178 words)

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