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Topic: Canon of Ptolemy

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	Ptolemy Summary
		Ptolemy's is a geocentric system, though the earth is the actual center only of the sphere of the fixed stars and of the "crank mechanism" of the moon; the orbits of all the other planets are slightly eccentric.
		Ptolemy thus hypothesizes a mathematical system which cannot be made to agree with the rules of Aristotelian physics, which require that the center of the earth be the center of all celestial circular motions.
		Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which have been of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science.
	www.bookrags.com /Ptolemy (7073 words)

	Chronology - The Key to Prophetic Understanding - Part 2
		He hedges in Ptolemy's canon of kings with an aura of authority that all other chronological systems must be judged by Ptolemy, and to Prideaux that included the chronology of the Bible itself.
		If Ptolemy were correct -- that is, infallible, as suggested by so many historians -- then some of these eclipses observed by the ancients should have found a place on his table of eclipses.
		Ptolemy was one of the very persons who had to deal with those obvious contradictions.
	www.askelm.com /prophecy/p900902.htm (3631 words)

	Astronomical Dating
		However, out of all the eclipse data that Ptolemy provides only one extant document matches the eclipse and year number with the data listed in his canon, and that is a copy made during the Seleucid period dealing with an eclipse in the seventh year of Kambyses.
		Ptolemy (or one of his predecessors) would have had no trouble picking an eclipse for what was thought to be the ascension year of Nabonassar; then it would have been a simple matter to construct a chronology from that date by aligning eclipse records with year numbers based on king lists available at that time.
		Ptolemy lists the eclipse in the fifth year of Nabopolassar as occurring on 22 April, 621, but this is another eclipse that Newton concluded was fabricated, and, once again, there can be no certainty about the year number.
	members.aol.com /gparrishjr/astro.html (1751 words)

	Ptolemy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The universe of Ptolemy is a diagram of the relationships existing between the various divine and elemental parts of every creature, and is not concerned with astronomy as that science is now comprehended.
		Ptolemy's scheme of the universe is a cross section of the universal aura, the planets and elements to which he refers having no relation to those recognized by modern astronomers." (source:http://prs.org/gallery-classic.htm).
		After criticizing the approaches of his predecessors, Ptolemy argued for basing musical intervals on mathematical ratios (in contrast to the followers of Aristoxenus and in agreement with the followers of Pythagoras) backed up by empirical observation (in contrast to the overly-theoretical approach of the Pythagoreans).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemy (2121 words)

	Ptolemy's Canon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ptolemy's Canon: list of rulers of ancient Babylonia and the Near East, used by the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria to date astronomical phenomena.
		The astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria, who lived in the second century CE, used the system of regnal years and has handed down to us an important list of kings.
		Because they were only interested in dating astronomical phenomena, kings who died during a certain year were usually allowed to give their name to the entire year, and the next ruler is supposed to have ascended to the Babylonian throne on the first day of the new year.
	www.livius.org /cg-cm/chronology/canon.html (337 words)

	Appendix A. The Scientific Basis of Prophetic Chronology
		Ptolemy’s great work, the "Almagest," is a treatise on astronomy, setting forth the researches of ancient observers and mathematicians with reference to the position of the stars, the exact length.
		That Ptolemy was its author and not Theon, is confirmed by the fact that it is not continued beyond Antoninus, in whose reign our author dates most of his observations.
		The Evil-merodach of Scripture corresponds with the Ilvarodamus of the Canon of Ptolemy, and the interval from the eighth year of Nabokolassar to the first year of his successor, Ilvarodamus, includes in the Canon a period of thirty-seven years.
	www.historicism.com /Guinness/Light/append1.htm (4158 words)

	Ptolemy V
		A second son Ptolemy was sent as an ambassador to Philip V of Macedon in 204/3 (Polybius 15.25.13).
		Ptolemy VI to Antiochus IV in 169 (Polybius 28.19.6).
		Ptolemy VI was accounted as beginning in the 24th Macedonian regnal year of Ptolemy V. He does not present any justification for the choice, and does not recognise the discrepancy in the two versions of Eusebius; moreover the inference he draws is very questionable, though not impossible.
	www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk /Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_v.htm (3570 words)

	Rise of Assyria
		In 804 BC Damascus was captured by his successor Hadad-nirari IV[?], to whom tribute was paid by Samaria.
		With Nabu-nazir, the Nabonassar of classical writers, the socalled Canon of Ptolemy begins.
		When he ascended the throne of Babylon in 747 BC Assyria was in the throes of a revolution.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ri/Rise_of_Assyria.html (669 words)

	New Page 1
		PTOLEMY'S Canon (cent.2 A.D.) is to CLINTON and his disciples what the monuments are to PROFESSOR SAYCE and his followers.
		Grecian chronology is the basis of "PTOLEMY'S Canon"; and, if his foundations are "suspect", and this is certainly the case, then the elaborate superstructure reared upon them must necessarily be regarded with suspicion likewise.
		Now, to-day, we have what is called "the Witness of the Monuments", of which it may be remarked that frequently their testimony is accepted in preference to the scriptural record, and is often used to impugn the statements and chronology of the Bible.
	www.biblestudysite.com /86.htm (3647 words)

	The Development of the Canon of the New Testament - Valentinus
		Valentinus was the founder of Roman and Alexandrian schools of Gnosticism, an eclectic, dualistic system of religious doctrines postulating the evil origin of matter and the revelatory enlightenment, or gnosis, of an elite.
		The Valentinian system developed into Eastern and Western forms in greater complexity, although the earlier structure was similar to Pauline mystical theology, with its emphasis on the instrumentality of Christ's death and resurrection in effecting Christian deliverance.
		Ptolemy, a disciple of Valentinus, is known as the author of an open letter to a wealthy and eminent Christian lady, Flora by name, whom he tries to convert to the Valentinian system.
	www.ntcanon.org /Valentinus.shtml (1639 words)

	Ptolemy VIII
		He is also sometimes numbered as Ptolemy VII and Ptolemy IX, depending on the convention used to number Ptolemy Eupator and Ptolemy Neos Philopator.
		The Canon of Ptolemy gives Ptolemy VIII 29 years after Ptolemy VI, from which the year of his death is 117/6.
		For Strack's suggestion that Ptolemy Neos Philopator was a younger brother of Ptolemy Memphites by Cleopatra II, or the eldest son of Cleopatra III, see discussion under Ptolemy Memphites.
	www.geocities.com /christopherjbennett/ptolemies/ptolemy_viii.htm (1317 words)

	Ptolemy I
		Then the first year of Ptolemy I (as a satrap in fact) only needs to have endured some days, his 2nd till 40th year were full of course, and his 41st one might also have endured only some days.
		In this way I have, working regressively from the death of Cleopatra VII, as termini for the beginning of reign as a satrap of Ptolemy I and the death of Alexander the Great: December -320 and July -329.
		Ptolemy sent a fleet to Salamis and Demetrius was the victor in the naval battle, which happened before the end of the archon year of
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/cplawassist/paper/1500101.html (1283 words)

	Chapter 1: CONCLUSION (SOTHIC DATING)
		How Ptolemy came across documents containing such information is uncertain, but his interest in them lay mainly in their astronomical content.
		In 1978, astronomer Robert Newton published a study entitled The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1977), in which he claimed that Ptolemy had faked his astronomical data; that is, Ptolemy had calculated when these lunar and solar eclipses should have taken place, and had put them into his chronology.
		Both Mitchell and James argue that Ptolemy's King List — a backbone of later ancient world chronology — is correct because an eclipse noted by the Assyrian King List, assumed to have been visible at Nineveh (the capital), happened in 763 BC during the reign of the king Ptolemy says ruled at that time.
	reformed-theology.org /ice/newslet/bc/bc.98.10.htm (3238 words)

	Chronological Falsehoods
		Ptolemy was accepted as infallible because he mentioned seven lunar eclipses that occurred within the late Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian periods.
		This year is dated to 585 B.C. by the Canon of Ptolemy (scholars have manipulated the date and have stretched to be either 586 or 587 B.C.).
		If Ptolemy were correct—that is, infallible, as suggested by the modern historians—then all these eclipses observed by the ancients would find a certain place on his table of eclipse cycles.
	www.askelm.com /prophecy/p980304.htm (7264 words)

	Ptolemy of Alexandria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Like Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, and Hipparchus, Ptolemy of Alexandria was interested in both geography and astronomy.
		It is a summary of all astronomical knowledge of his age, and it remained the most important work on this subject until the sixteenth century, especially because he gave mathematical explanations of the phenomena.
		To get a grip on the chronology of the preceding nine centuries, he used a chronological system that is called the Canon.
	www.livius.org /ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemy_of_alexandria.html (216 words)

	CP2: Secular Chronology
		They were not obtained with the instrument that Ptolemy claims to have used, they were not obtained by the method that he claims to have used, and they were not obtained by any other instrument or procedure of observation.
		He sees that Ptolemy dates a lunar eclipse in the first year of Mardokempad, for example, on a certain month and day in the Egyptian calendar, at a certain hour on that day, and he states the fraction of the moon that was shadowed during the eclipse.
		Ptolemy certainly fabricated many of the aspects of the lunar eclipses, and he may have fabricated all of them.
	becomingone.org /cp/cp2.htm (15082 words)

	The Fourth Year of Jehoiakim (Jer. 25:1-3)
		If NEWTON was right, then it follows that the Canon of PTOLEMY, upon which the faith of modern chronologers is so implicitly -- almost pathetically -- pinned, must have been built upon unreliable foundations.
		Grecian chronology is the basis of "PTOLEMY'S Canon"; and, if his foundations are "suspect", and this is certainly the case, then the elaborate super-structure reared upon them must necessarily be regarded with suspicion likewise.
		In his turn, he is largely used by moderns to "determine" scriptural dates; and it is mainly through his instrumentality that many of the so-called "received" datings of the O.T., from Abraham to the Christian era, have been "fixed".
	hammer.prohosting.com /~eyes2see/86.html (3863 words)

	Why Daniel 9 has Already been Fulfilled - www.ezboard.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Upon this "canon" all modern chronologists have built their systems, and this for the simple reason that there is nothing else, apart from the Bible, for them to build on.
		But Ptolemy is not a contemporary historian, for he lived about seven hundred years after the reign of Cyrus; nor does he refer to any contemporary historical records as authority for his statements.
		Ptolemy had no means of determining the chronology of this period, so he made the best use of the materials he had, and contrived to make a chronology.
	p072.ezboard.com /fendtimeforumfrm34.showMessage?topicID=3.topic (13640 words)

	Severus Sebokht, Description of the Astrolabe, in R.T.Gunther, Astrolabes of the World, Oxford (1932) pp.82-103.
		If the number drawn from the canon is equal to the number given by the pointer of the rete, degrees of the astrolabe is true; if there is a difference of two or three degrees it is evident that the astrolabe is untrue.
		We can also find the ascensions by taking in Ptolemy's canon the number written in the second column opposite the degree which we have placed on the eastern horizon, in the proper climate which is occupying us.
		For each climate we look for the sign and the degree that is occupying us, then we multiply the number of the degrees of an hour which is written opposite this degree by the six hours which go from the degree 'of life' to the middle of the heaven.
	www.tertullian.org /fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm (8341 words)

	Shaun's Research on the Jehovah's Witnesses
		79-81, it was stated that ”Ptolemy’s forgery may have extended to inventing the length of reigns of Babylonian kings.” This was a reference to the so-called ”Ptolemy’s Canon”, which Newton at that time erroneously believed had been composed by Claudius Ptolemy himself and thus may have been affected by his ”forgery”.
		Ptolemy’s supposed ”adjustments” of the records of the ancient Babylonian eclipses, then, didn’t change the BCE dates that had been established for these observations.
		Further, the claim that Ptolemy may have ”invented” the lengths of reign in ”Ptolemy’s Canon” is based upon the mistake that this king list was composed by Claudius Ptolemy.
	www.jwfiles.com /607v587/robert_r_newton.htm (2037 words)

	CHAPTER II \| The Seventy Weeks and the Great Tribulation \| Philip Mauro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It follows that all who adopt Ptolemy's chronology, or any system based upon it (as all modern chronologists prior to Anstey do) would inevitably be led far astray.
		But such references are of no value whatever for the purpose, seeing that it is impossible to determine, in any given case, which one of a number of eclipses- within say fifty or a hundred years- was the one referred to.
		Nevertheless it is the favorite of certain learned expositors of our day, and for the very reason that it is the latest in date, and hence agrees best with the mistaken chronologies which have been derived from the canon of Ptolemy.
	www.preteristarchive.com /Books/1921_mauro_seventy-weeks/ms-02.html (5179 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Egypt
		A second attempt on the same limited scale, and probably in the same spirit of flattery, was made in the early years of August, in connexion with the establishment of the era of Alexandria.
		It is the basis of the famous Canon of Ptolemy.
		It is remarkable that the Egyptian Claudius Ptolemy (second century after Christ) took from the Babylonians and the Greeks all the observations of eclipses he ever used and started his canon (see above) with Babylonian, not with Egyptian kings.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05329b.htm (18460 words)

	The Antichrist - Historicist.com The Protestant Interpretation of Biblical Prophecy. The Historical Alternative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Last, God has given to us a measuring stick or canon whereby we may examine and evaluate a prophet or someone who claims to be a prophet for the Lord.
		Further, Philip Mauro points out: "Ptolemy does not even pretend to have had any facts as to the length of the Persian period (that is to say, from Darius and Cyrus down to Alexander the Great).
		Ptolemy estimates or guesses this period to have been 205 years long.
	www.historicist.com /articles2/70weeksfacts.htm (5814 words)

	Ptolemy Class
		Two show the Saladin from two angles, the third is the Ptolemy at the bottom.
		The Ptolemy was designed by Franz Joseph and features in the Starfleet Technical Manual.
		The NCC-3801 ship could well be a later batch Ptolemy from no earlier than the 2270's, although her more antiquated design challenges this.
	www.trekmania.net /the_fleet/utopia/others/ptolemy.htm (305 words)

	Canon
		Professor Luci Berkowitz and Karl Squitier authored most of the Canon entries until their retirement from the University of California in the mid 90's.
		Today the Canon is an invaluable resource, the first truly comprehensive list of all known extant texts in Greek.
		Each author and work in the Canon is accompanied by categories of information that may be useful to users interested in history, literary history, and prosopography.
	www.tlg.uci.edu /help/canon.html (411 words)

	Canon of Kings - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus, it lists Kings of Babylon from 747 BC until the fall of Babylon to the Persians in 539 BC, and then Persian kings from 538 to 332 BC.
		His name is not listed because of the hatred the Babylonians held for him due to his destruction of the city in 689 BC.
		The Canon is generally considered by historians to be extremely accurate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Canon_of_Kings (308 words)

	The Development of the Canon of the New Testament - Authorities
		An early Christian authority is included in this survey if he or it gives important evidence on the development of the canon of the New Testament (perhaps even having some influence on it) and did so before ~400 CE, when the first complete manuscripts of the Vulgate were issued.
		Valentinus and his followers - Heracleon, Ptolemy, Marcus - were Gnostic heretics so their doctrines mostly survive in the writings of the orthodox, such as Irenaeus, who summarized the Valentinian views before attacking them.
		The Gospel of Truth from Nag Hammadi probably derives from the Valentinians, but this is not certain.
	www.ntcanon.org /authorities.shtml (443 words)

	Pappus biography
		Clearly both of these cannot be correct, and the known inaccuracy of the Suda led historians to favour dates for Pappus which would have him writing in the period 284 AD - 305 AD, as suggested by the insertion into Theon's chronological table.
		When Ptolemy in the chapter on the apparent diameter of the sun, moon and shadow simply remarks that the tangential cones in question contact the spheres within a negligible error in
		Or, when Ptolemy says that some phenomenon cannot take place, neither for the same clima nor for different geographical latitudes, Pappus feels obliged to explain "same clima" by "either in clima 3, or in 4, or in any other clima", and to illustrate "different" by referring to "Rome or Alexandria".
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Pappus.html (2174 words)

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