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	Excite Deutschland - Science - Social Sciences - Linguistics - Languages - Natural - Afro-Asiatic - Hebrew - ...
		Cantillation signs are grouped into columns of connecting, separating, or pausing "accents", and notes that stand alone.
		Helmut Richter's tables of Hebrew cantillation marks, structure and syntax, purpose; explains the different usage in the Bible for disjunctive and conjunctive marks; provides charts for the diacritcs, as well as for Michigan-Clarement and Unicode values (some of which include the diacritics).
		Taamim (cantillation marks, trope), with dynamic large font text and audio recordings, for Torah reading in the Baghdadi and Spanish/Portuguese tradition; some special, some Yerushalmi (Jerusalem tradition) readings; some Maftir and Haftarot.
	www.excite.de /directory/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Afro-Asiatic/Hebrew/Cantillation_and_Torah_Reading (713 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - Culture: Synagogue Music
		The written notation for cantillation was developed by a group known as the Masoretes (from the Hebrew word Mesorah, meaning "tradition"), active as early as the sixth century, but who may have been recording much more ancient practices.
		During the ensuing 1,500 years, each community's cantillation melodies diverged and took on the character and sound of music of surrounding peoples, but the Masoretic markings and guidelines for cantillation have remained the same.
		In addition to regional variances, communities often vary their cantillation melodies depending on the type of reading and the day on which the reading is done.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /culture/Music/TOSynagogueMusic/SynagogueMusic.htm (1238 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - MUSIC, SYNAGOGAL: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It existed, as the cantillation of Scripture shows, even before the recital of the services was entrusted to the ḥazzan as the specialist.
		Earliest of all is the cantillation of the Scriptures, in which the traditions of the various rites differ only as much and in the same manner from one another as their particular interpretations according to the text and occasion differ among themselves.
		Thus the absolute freedom and spontaneity of the development in no wise diminish a general agreement in the renderings favored in congregations far distant from one another—whether the style adopted be broad and restrained, as with the Westerns, or florid and intense, as with the Easterns—among those who follow the Ashkenazic rite.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1022&letter=M&search=music (6374 words)

	Cantillation Information
		Cantillation (Hebrew: טעמי המקרא ta`amei ha-mikra or just טעמים te`amim; Yiddish טראָפ trope is also commonly used in English) comprises special signs or marks in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) which complement the letters and vowel points.
		A primary purpose of the cantillation signs is to guide the chanting of the sacred texts during public worship.
		The cantillation signs also provide information on the syntactical structure of the text and some say they are a commentary on the text itself, highlighting important ideas musically.
	www.bookrags.com /Cantillation (1283 words)

	[Mafseek Publications - Traditions of Biblical Cantillation - Volume One]
		Eleven traditions of cantillation are presented here, ranging from Italian to Egyptian, from Spanish/Portuguese to Yemenite, and including the chant used to teach and learn the Bible brought to Israel by the Jews of Eastern Europe.
		The cantillation used here is taken from A. Idelsohn's musical notation, compiled at the beginning of the twentieth century and included in his Thesaurus of Oriental Melodies, vol.
		The cantillation of this selection is the one used in the Italian Synagogue in Jerusalem.
	users.bestweb.net /~mafseek/cd.html (754 words)

	Shavuot - Joseph Ofer
		Looking at a printed Bible with cantillation signs, one sees that in addition to the "upper cantillation marks" the verses of the Ten Commandments have other cantillations marks as well, called "lower cantillation marks." Commentators and scholars have sought to explain and discover the origins of this double marking, as we shall do, as well.
		This analysis shows that the upper cantillation system derived from the lower one, but that certain changes were made in order to adapt the cantillation to the Babylonian verse divisions, in which each commandment was a verse on its own.
		These cantillation changes entail other changes as well--in the pointing of the vowels and in the presence or absence of a dagesh--for the cantillation is integrally connected with the pointing of the text.
	www.biu.ac.il /JH/Parasha/eng/shavuot/ofe.html (1828 words)

	Ta'amim
		Cantillation, or ta'amim (טעמים) is the ritual chanting of readings from the Tanakh.
		The function of the disjunctive cantillation signs may be roughly compared to modern punctuation signs such as periods, commas, semicolons, etc.
		Music: The cantillation signs have musical value: reading the Hebrew Bible with cantillation becomes a musical chant, where the music itself serves as a tool to emphasize the proper accentuation and syntax (as mentioned previously).
	www.pizmonim.org /taamim.htm (1643 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The system of cantillation signs used throughout the Tanakh is replaced by a very different system for these three poetic books.
		The cantillation signs are often an important aid in the interpretation of a passage.
		This system is reflected in the cantillation practices of both Yemenite Jews and Karaites: both communities now use the Tiberian symbols, but tend to have musical motifs only for the disjunctives and render the conjunctives in a monotone.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=cantillation (3533 words)

	URJ - Jewish Music Guide for Teachers
		Both the Biblical Cantillation and the Chanting of Prayers were taught to the Congregation by the Levites by a method which we call Chironomy: a system of hand-signs for each musical motif.
		This became especially formalized in the Cantillation of the Torah, which was chanted in regular intervals: every Monday and Thursday (the market-days in Jerusalem) and on the Sabbath, as well as on the Holy Days.
		We can detect the ancient roots of the Cantillation and of some of the prayer tunes by comparing the similarity of the Yemenite, Syrian and other Oriental Jews, who for centuries lived isolated from each other; or by comparing these melodies with early Christian chants, which were sung in the Byzantine (Eastern) Church.
	urj.org /worship/letuslearn/s8jewishmusic (7085 words)

	Musica Viva Australia - Touring - Cantillation
		Cantillation is a chorus of leading professional choristers which performs with the agility and flexibility of a chamber orchestra.
		Cantillation has a broad repertoire ranging from the renaissance to music of the 21st century.
		In 2005 Cantillation performed in Musica Viva’s 60th Anniversary Gala Concerts with Emma Kirkby, and the Orchestra of the
	www.musicaviva.com.au /2004/touring/performer.asp?id=427 (148 words)

	In The Name Of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful
		Call to prayer (adhan-azan) was composed of short phrases sung in chanting tunes that varied in all countries, and in some regions the melodic tunes beacame archlike, with maximum densities at its peak.
		Cantillation (talhin) was not confined to any fixed melodic sounds, it is found from Morroco to the Oxus, with many patterns and syles as there are mosques in the world.
		During the time of the Orthodox Caliphs (A.D.632-61) at the close of the reign of caliph Othman (d.646), male musicians (mughanis) and instrumentalists (mitribs) came to the forefront in the person of one man Tuwais (d.710), who was acclaimed the first male musician under the banner of Islam.
	www.angelfire.com /ca2/mysticalpathwaynurhu/MusicArtSciences.html (2165 words)

	Liturgica.com \| Liturgics \| Jewish Liturgics \| Chant Development \| Jewish Liturgical Music - Part 2
		Cantillation of Scripture, a focus of worship on Mondays and Thursdays (the market days), Sabbaths, New Moons, holy days, and fast days, featured the chanting of a verse, followed by its translation into the vernacular and (perhaps) its immediate exegesis to the public.
		Remnants of the early psalmodic concept of cantillation can still be heard in the Torah reading of the Yemenite and some other Middle Eastern Jewish communities [5].
		Arabic art music, and especially the model system of the maqam with its numerous scales and melodic patterns penetrated every musical activity of the Jews in the Moslem countries, so much so that special synagogue calendars were constructed to enable the cantors to sing their services each Sabbath according to a different maqam.
	www.liturgica.com /html/litJLitMusDev2.jsp?hostname=liturgica (5187 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cantillation
		Very roughly speaking, each word of text has a cantillation mark at its primary accent and associated with that mark is a musical phrase that tells how to sing that word.
		The cantillation signs also provide information on the syntactical structure of the text and some say they are a commentary on the text itself, highlighting important ideas musically.
		This system is reflected in the cantillation practices of both Yemenite Jews and Karaites: both communities now use the Tiberian symbols, but tend to have musical motifs only for the disjunctives and render the conjunctives in a monotone.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cantillation (3673 words)

	Hebrew cantillation marks and their encoding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A short description of the Hebrew cantillation marks and their usage for structuring the Bible text is given.
		The problems of their representation in modern character codes are briefly outlined.
		Cantillation, which obviously is the purpose of cantillation marks, is not treated here.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~hr/teamim (112 words)

	Cantillation: Contact Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cantillation CDs can be purchased at the ABC shop.
		Cantillation and Antony Walker will also be performing for Pinchgut Opera in December of this year.
		Cantillation will also be performing concerts with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
	www.cantillation.com.au /contact.htm (45 words)

	Ari's Blog: Johnny Walker, Trop and Unique Israeli Advertising
		Instances of cantillation in non-Biblical texts are few and far apart, and I’m willing to bet that this is the only instance of it in Israeli advertising.
		In addition, scholars have also discovered medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah and Targum that are cantillated, and Profat Durian (14th c.) testified to the existence and use of such Mishnah manuscripts.
		References (on cantillated Targum and Mishnah texts): Paul E. Kahle, The Cairo Genizah: The Schweisch Lectures of the British Academy (London: British Acadmy, 1947), 122; William Chomsky, Hebrew: The Eternal Language (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1957), 110; Haim Bar-Dayan, “Kavim le-Hitpathut ha-Simun Shel Ta’ame ha-Mikra,” Hamishah Humshe Torah u-Keri’atam: Sefer Shelomoh Rosowsky, eds.
	agmk.blogspot.com /2007/01/johnny-walker-trop-and-unique-israeli.html (901 words)

	Chanting the Bible
		This page presents the traditional cantillation melodies, as used in the synagogue for the chanting of the scriptural readings from the Pentateuch (Torah, "Five Books of Moses") and the Prophets, a section from which is chanted as a "conclusion" - "Haftarah" - of the Torah reading on Sabbaths and festivals.
		These signs, which (like the vowels) are not written down in the "official" scrolls used in the synagogue, indicate both the syntactic structure and the musicial rendering of the Biblical verses, and often the accenting of the words as well.
		Though the same cantillation signs are used (for the most part) for different books of the Bible, and they have the same accent and syntactical roles wherever they appear, they are actually chanted in different ways.
	www.templesanjose.org /JudaismInfo/song/Chanting_the_Bible.htm (378 words)

	Typesetting Hebrew, Biblical and Modern
		Typesetting of vowels and cantillation marks is very complex and our system is the only one respecting the traditional typographical rules.
		The first case we consider is the following: the vowel is centered with respect to the axis, and the cantillation mark is adjacent.
		If there isn't room enough, then we proceed to the second case: we consider the vowel and the cantillation mark as one block and center this block with respect to the axis.
	www.fluxus-virus.com /en/what-hebrew.html (703 words)

	Cantor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The purpose of the cantillation signs is to punctuate, accentuate, and phrase the text and thus to enhance our understanding of the text.
		Therefore the cantillation you hear is unique for the Torah chanted on Shabbat and Festivals, for the Torah during the morning High Holy Days, for the Prophets, for The Scroll of Esther, for The Scroll of Lamentations, for The Songs of Songs, for The Scroll of Ruth, and for Job.
		For me learning a cantillation system is learning a sacred musical language that connects me to my ancestors and adds a unique "taste" or flavor to the various sacred texts.
	www.templesinainj.org /Cantor/cantors_corner_0501.htm (445 words)

	Typesetting Hebrew, Biblical and Modern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Typesetting of vowels and cantillation marks is very complex and our system is the only one respecting the traditional typographical rules.
		The first case we consider is the following: the vowel is centered with respect to the axis, and the cantillation mark is adjacent.
		If there isn't room enough, then we proceed to the second case: we consider the vowel and the cantillation mark as one block and center this block with respect to the axis.
	omega.enstb.org /fluxus-virus/en/what-hebrew.html (703 words)

	\| Hebrew Font \| Typophile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MasterFont is I think the biggest Hebrew foundry, and some of their fonts have the Bibilical cantillation marks in them.
		But depending on the style of Latin you are looking for and the kind of relationship to the Hebrew, you might be able to find a good companion font for the current version of SBL Hebrew.
		Oh, another way to go that is not open type, but will do Latin, Hebrew vowels and cantillation markes is are the dedicated bilingual word processors, Davka Writer and Dagesh.
	typophile.com /node/33425 (528 words)

	cantillation.96
		The masoretic cantillation signs serve three functions: they indicate syllabic stress, syntactic structure and melodic organization.
		Jacobson is developing a method of teaching cantillation that synthesizes the three functions into a system that is coherent, logical and "user-friendly." While this course is geared primarily to cantors and other Jewish educators, all students are welcome, provided they have the ability to read and translate Biblical Hebrew.
		At the end of the semester each student will take an oral examination in which s/he will be given several verses to chant after a ten-minute preparation period.
	www.atsweb.neu.edu /music/j.jacobson/cantillation.96.html (1198 words)

	Liturgica.com \| Liturgics \| Jewish Liturgics \| Chant Development \| Jewish Liturgical Music - Part 3
		Though here and there the western tradition was retained or even prevailed (e.g., among nineteenth and early twentieth-century American Reform Jews, or in pockets where German subculture is still venerated, as in New York City's Washington Heights), [3] in most places, the eastern liturgical and musical tradition came eventually to dominate.
		In a brilliant article, Idelsohn concluded that the tune was compounded from melodic patterns of various sources; that some important patterns were derived from the western Ashkenazi cantillation of the Prophets; and that the tune showed clear influence of German minnesinger melodies.
		The tune was probably composed in southern Germany in "the later part of the Period of the Minnesong," namely the end of the fifteenth or the beginning of the sixteenth century.
	www.liturgica.com /html/litJLitMusDev3.jsp?hostname=null (4606 words)

	SAGReiss - Job vs. Jehovah
		An overview of cantillation marks and an exposition of prosodic cantillation is available in Song of Solomon and Shulamite, the companion to this article.
		All cantillation marks are interpreted by means of distributional analysis (used by modern linguists to determine the parts of speech).
		All of the above cantillation marks occur in the stressed syllable, except dekhi, which was made prepositive in order to distinguish it from the conjunctive tarkha.
	www.sagreiss.org /job.htm (2130 words)

	North Suburban Synagogue Beth El - House of Worship
		The Institute supports and encourages congregants to learn Torah cantillation and improve their skills by sponsoring classes and offering mentoring and through a system of awards and recognitions.
		Youngsters who complete one or both of the fifth grade cantillation classes are given opportunities to read from the Torah in the weekly Shabbat Junior Congregation, in the Cohen Religious School’s Shabbat morning services for fifth and sixth grade students and their families and during the Cohen Religious School’s annual Kallah.
		The membership pin was especially designed for the Institute by a member of the congregation and is in the shape of an open Torah with the Hebrew words “Ba’al Korei” appearing on the scroll.
	www.nssbethel.org /worship/institute.php (1631 words)

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