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Topic: Capillary waves

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Wave

Dispersion relation

Ocean surface wave

Meniscus

	Wave -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Waves are characterised by crests (highs) and troughs (lows), either literally (in the case of transverse waves) or in a graph of particles per cm against time (in the case of longitudinal waves).
		The (Greatness of magnitude) amplitude of a wave is the measure of the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium during one wave cycle, and is measured in units depending on the type of wave.
		For examples, waves on a string have an amplitude expressed as a distance (meters), sound waves as pressure (pascals) and electromagnetic waves as the amplitude of the (A field of force surrounding a charged particle) electric field (volts/meter).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wa/wave.htm (1358 words)

	Wave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Waves can be described using a number of standard variables including: frequency, wavelength, amplitude and period.
		The amplitude of a wave is the measure of the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium during one wave cycle, and is measured in units depending on the type of wave.
		For examples, waves on a string have an amplitude expressed as a distance (meters), sound waves as pressure (pascals) and electromagnetic waves as the amplitude of the electric field (volts/meter).
	hallencyclopedia.com /Wave (1093 words)

	Waves
		Waves travelling in water shallower than 1/20 the wavelength are considered to be shallow-water waves and their speed is determined only by water depth.
		When wave enter shallow enough water they break because the motion of water in the lower part of the wave nearest the bottom is slowed by friction so that the motion of water molecules in their orbits in the crest of the wave is faster than its supporting portion at the bottom.
		Waves on the ocean surface occur at the boundary between the air and the water.
	core.ecu.edu /geology/woods/WAVES.htm (1659 words)

	Wave Article, Wave Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Transverse waves are those with vibrations perpendicular to thewave's direction of travel; examples include waves on a string and electromagnetic waves.
		The amplitude of a wave is the measure of the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium during one wavecycle, and is measured in units depending on the type of wave.
		For examples, waves on a string have an amplitude expressed as adistance (meters), sound waves as pressure (pascals) and electromagnetic waves as the amplitude of the electric field (volts/meter).
	www.anoca.org /waves/medium/wave.html (800 words)

	PBS - The Voyage of the Odyssey - Track the Voyage - THE SEYCHELLES
		Waves are measured by their height, while the distance between adjacent waves is known as the wavelength of those waves.
		Capillary waves are the smallest waves, a mere rippling on the surface.
		Wave refraction occurs when a relatively straight wave front hits an indented seashore, causing the wave front to flex into the inlets and to bend around the headlands, thereby roughly mimicking the curves of the coastline.
	www.pbs.org /odyssey/odyssey/20020906_log_transcript.html (1206 words)

	Wave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Similar are seismic waves in earthquakes, of which there are the S, Pand L kinds.
		Longitudinal waves are those with vibrations along the wave's direction of travel; examples includesound waves.
		Ripples on the surface of a pond are actually a combination of transverseand longitudinal waves; therefore, the points on the surface follow elliptical paths.
	www.therfcc.org /wave-9945.html (736 words)

	Oxford Brookes - Geology - WAVES: - Generation, Movement, Erosion and Deposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When the wave finally enters water with a depth of less than one twentieth the wavelength the wave becomes a Shallow water wave (the length and speed of the deep water wave are determined by the wave period the shallow water waves length and speed are controlled only by the water depth).
		Wave ripples are generated on a non cohesive sediment surface when the oscillatory motion of water molecules is strong enough to move the grains.
		The crests of wave ripples are sharp and the round troughs are often indented.
	www.brookes.ac.uk /geology/8361/1998/craig/craig.html (4242 words)

	WAVES (Book Chapter 10)
		Waves are periodic, vertical displacement of the ocean surface.
		Wave dispersion occurs because in deep water the wave speed is directly related to the wave period. Deep water waves occur in water that is deeper than 1/2 the wavelength.
		Shallow water waves are affected by friction between the water and the sea bottom.
	www.geo.umn.edu /courses/1006/spring2005/lecturenotes/12_WAVES.htm (737 words)

	USM/CHL Programming Environment and Training (PET) Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Capillary waves, like other surface waves on water, generate a rectified, or time averaged, vorticity field extending beyond the oscillatory (Stokes) layer at the surface (Longuet-Higgins 1953, 1960).
		Longuet-Higgins (1992) suggested that the rectified vorticity from the parasitic capillaries might contribute significantly to the vorticity observed beneath the crest of the gravity wave.
		The results showed that for parasitic waves that are formed on the front face of steep gravity-capillary waves, regions of high vorticity are located near troughs of the parasitic capillary waves where the vorticity induces strong surface currents.
	www.usm.edu /chl/hp.algorithms/vorticity.html (348 words)

	Waves and Tides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Surface waves are important to understand for many reasons, some of them very practical: fishing, shipping, erosion, air/sea gas exchange, surfing, etc. There is quite a demand for real time wave reports and forecasts, and NOAA produces these forecasts (link here) and real time reports from buoys on a regular basis.
		Waves on the ocean surface are caused by the wind.
		Beyond capillary waves, wave formation is dependent upon 3 factors: wind speed, the fetch (over what distance the wind may act unimpeded on the ocean surface), and the wind duration.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /personal/edk/Class/Protected/Waves/chapter.phtml (2636 words)

	POEMS- Wave Glossary: Practical Ocean Energy Management Systems, Inc.
		Transtidal waves are generated by the pull of the moon and the sun as the disturbing force.
		Forced wave: a wave that exists as long as the disturbing force is acting on it (e.g.
		Wind waves initially formed by the action of wind blowing over the sea surface are characterised by a range of heights, periods and wave lengths.
	www.poemsinc.org /waveglossary.html (2402 words)

	Wave Motion
		The velocity of idealized traveling waves on the ocean is wavelength dependent and for shallow enough depths, it also depends upon the depth of the water.
		The motion of the water is forward as the peak of the wave passes, but backward as the trough of the wave passes, arriving again at the same position when the next peak arrives.
		Stories are told of seafarers who first observed these capillary waves when the wind was rising and later experienced the swells of the gravity waves, so it was thought that the capillary waves were the first mechanism by which the wind gave energy to the water.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/waves/watwav2.html (834 words)

	Capillary Gravity Waves on the Free Surface of an Inviscid Fluid of Infinite Depth - Existence of Solitary Waves ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Capillary Gravity Waves on the Free Surface of an Inviscid Fluid of Infinite Depth - Existence of Solitary Waves (ResearchIndex)
		Capillary Gravity Waves on the Free Surface of an Inviscid Fluid of Infinite Depth Existence of Solitary Waves (1995)
		Abstract: Permanent capillary gravity waves on the free surface of a two dimensional inviscid fluid of infinite depth are investigated.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /iooss95capillary.html (433 words)

	New Page 6
		The wind is the forcing function and pushes stronger on the windward side of the tiny waves; on the leeward side the wind has a lesser effect as the pressure is smaller on this side.
		Capillary waves may get their start 1000s of kilometers out at sea where wind, or a new storm begins to act (again, another form of air-sea interaction) on a smooth ocean.
		The movement of the wave is the orbital motion of the water which at the crest and along the face (as it faces the beach) is towards the beach.
	duedall.fit.edu /ocn1010eng/oct17f00.htm (2719 words)

	Wave
		Light, radio waves, x-rays, etc. make up electromagnetic radiation.
		Reflection - when a wave turns back from the direction it was travelling, due to hitting a reflective material.
		where A(z,t) is the amplitude envelope of the wave, k is the wave number and φ is the phase.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/w/wa/wave.html (812 words)

	Beginning Lecture on Waves
		The presence of ocean waves pounding the shoreline is the first “dynamic” process a person usually sees when he or she goes to the beach.
		The last remnants of a wave on a beach is the foam or bubbly seawater you wade through on the beach.
		The movement of the wave is the orbital movement of the water which at the crest and along the face (as it faces the beach) as it moves towards the beach.
	www.duedall.fit.edu /ocn1010/notmar3.htm (2399 words)

	Longer Description of Bourassa-Vincent-Wood Flux and Sea State Model
		The considerations of capillary waves and swell are critical to modeling fluxes in areas of low and moderate wind speeds, such as the tropics and the belts of sub-tropical high pressure systems.
		This relatively large impact of capillary waves is partially due to a reduction in the impact of convection when capillary waves dominate the surface stress.
		Another aspect of the sea state model is wave-wave interaction between the orbital velocity of the dominant waves and the 'velocity frame of reference' of the capillary waves.
	www.coaps.fsu.edu /~bourassa/BVW_html/bvw_descript.shtml (1442 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The capillary waves are referred to as parasitic since they are sustained by energy transferred from the `gravity wave on which they ride.
		Here we consider how the development of the capillary waves is influenced by the presence of a surface film and consider the change in the energy transfer between gravity and capillary waves is altered.
		Using the wave tank in figure 2, gravity waves are produced which have capillary waves riding on their fronts.
	www.ph.ed.ac.uk /acoustics/publications/Downloads/jim/13.doc (867 words)

	NEPTUNE'S WEB - Ocean Quest - Waves; Birth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While waves are caused by various forces (gravitational pull from the sun and moon, earthquakes, undersea volcanic eruptions, and changes in atmospheric pressure), the most common force for creating the waves we see is the wind.
		Capillary waves create more water surface making it easier for the wind to grab an enven greater amount of water.
		Capillary waves are almost always present in the ocean.
	pao.cnmoc.navy.mil /educate/neptune/quest/wavetide/birth.htm (197 words)

	Wave Propagation and Remote Sensing Theory Group
		We are primarily engaged in developing sea surface hydrodynamics and electromagnetic scattering theory for the interpretation of microwave remote sensor signals from microwave radars and radiometers.
		The group studies the hydrodynamics of non-linear surface gravity-capillary waves, including instabilities accompanied by generation of capillary ripples and the interaction of sea waves with the wind.
		The gravity-capillary waves directly influence microwave scattering and radiance emission, whereas the surface waves and internal waves have observable effects because of their influence on the gravity-capillary waves.
	www.etl.noaa.gov /et1/wave (315 words)

	os51g in fm99
		The results also suggest that the modulation of shorter waves is generated as a result of breaking of resonant waves (waves whose group velocity is close to the phase velocity of the internal waves), rather than by direct modulation of internal waves.
		Simultaneous and co-located infrared and wave slope imagery of laboratory wind waves show that distinct areas of the water surface where the thermal boundary layer is disrupted occur coincidentally with waves that have a steep forward face and a dimpled bore-like crest.
		Mechanically generated waves either barely enhanced or decreased gas transfer in the intermediate and high wind regimes, although breaking waves appeared and the solubility effect on gas transfer velocities was clearly observed in the high wind regime.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm99/fm99&maxhits=200&="OS51G" (3288 words)

	One-Dimensional Wave Turbulence, Accepted for publication in Physics Reports (with F
		Numerical Simulation of Weak-turbulent Kolmogorov Spectra in Water Surface Waves, 7th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, Banff, Alberta, Canada, October 21-25, 2002, (with I. Lavrenov and D. Resio).
		Direct and Inverse Cascade of Energy, Momentum and Wave Action in the Wind-Driven Sea, 7th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, Banff, Alberta, Canada, October 21-25, 2002, 295-306 (with S. Badulin, A. Pushkarev, and D. Resio).
		Weakly nonlinear waves on the surface of an ideal finite depth fluid,
	math.arizona.edu /~zakharov/3PubSurfW.htm (624 words)

	Citebase - Onset of Wave Drag due to Generation of Capillary-Gravity Waves by a Moving Object as a Critical Phenomenon
		The onset of the {\em wave resistance}, via generation of capillary gravity waves, of a small object moving with velocity V, is investigated experimentally.
		The 1D flow of a continuous beam of Bose-Einstein condensed atoms in the presence of an obstacle is studied as a function of the beam velocity and of the type of perturbing potential (representing the interaction of the obstacle with the atoms of the beam).
		We study the onset of the wave-resistance due to the generation of capillary-gravity waves by a partially immersed moving object in the case where the object is hold at a fixed immersion depth.
	www.citebase.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:nlin/0104049 (915 words)

	U of M - Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The capillary-gravity wave-wave interaction basin is used to study steep, high frequency gravity waves and the parasitic capillary waves they generate.
		These short waves are of fundamental importance involving the contact line at the air-water-ship hull interface and electromagnetic (radar) scattering from rough ocean surfaces.
		Since electromagnetic waves are primarily scattered by water waves of approximately the same wavelength, the ability to remotely detect these characteristics depends on the generation and disturbance of the short, high frequency, gravity-capillary waves on the free surface.
	www.engin.umich.edu /dept/name/facilities/mhl/gcwwf.htm (557 words)

	UHH's Wind-Wave Tank: Bound and Freely Propagating Small-Scale Waves
		In particular, the strong damping of the gravity waves by the slick at wind speeds of approximately 8 m/s leads to the disappearance of the bound Bragg waves and therefore to a reduction of the X and Ka band Doppler shifts to values corresponding to freely propagating Bragg waves.
		The excitation of bound (parasitic) gravity-capillary and capillary waves results in a strong change of the wave slope (and wave height) spectra, particularly, in the transition from a quasi-discrete to a continuous spectrum (see upper left figure).
		The measurements of the X and Ka band backscatter from wind-generated waves on a water surface covered with oleyl alcohol (OLA) show that the coverage of the water surface with a surface-active substance has a strong influence on the generation of bound waves at the crests of the gravity waves.
	www.ifm.uni-hamburg.de /~wwwrs/WWK/UHH_WWK_BoundWaves.html (1005 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For Class-1 waves the maximum surface pressure occurs near the wave trough, while for Class-2 it is near the crest.
		The Class-1 waves are associated with Miles' (1957, 1959) mechanism of wind-wave generation, while the Class-2 waves may be related to instabilities of the sub-surface shear current.
		Also, wave damping is strongly enhanced by the parasitic capillaries (by as much as two orders of magnitude when compared to the case with no capillary waves).
	www.aos.princeton.edu /WWWPUBLIC/alexey/publications/fedorov_melville98.1.abst.html (319 words)

	WAVES
		At the end of the group, the orbital motion creates a new wave as the group passes -- the energy lost by the front wave is regained at the end of the group
		Steepening of wave: as depth shallows, wave speed and wave length decrease, but wave period stays the same.
		Breaking wave: wave steepness (H/L) increases until reaching critical value of ~1/7 usually when water depths are ~1.3 times the wave height.
	mac01.eps.pitt.edu /courses/GEO0890/Chapter9.htm (731 words)

	The Faraday experiment at CATS
		The vibration amplitude is denoted by A, the onset amplitude for the waves is denoted by
		It is worth noting that all the modes have the same wave length, and that the wave length is independent of the vibration amplitude.
		The wave patterns are visualised by shining light through the container from below and using the wave-crests and troughs as respectively convex and concave lenses.
	www.nbi.dk /CATS/Faraday (841 words)

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