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	Capital intensity -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Capital intensity is the term in (The branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management) economics for the amount of fixed or real (A seat of government) capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor.
		With the emphasis on raising capital intensity, diminishing returns were hit; the Soviet Union's weak ability to use new technologies meant that this problem was not solved in the same way as in the rich Western countries.
		This controversy points out that measure of capital intensity is not independent of the distribution of income, so that changes in the ratio of profits to wages lead to changes in measured capital intensity.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/capital_intensity.htm (566 words)

	Capital (economics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Natural capital which is inherent in ecologies and protected by communities to support life, e.g.
		Such terms reflect a wide consensus that nature and society both function in such a similar manner as traditional industrial infrastructural capital, that it is entirely appropriate to refer to them as different types of capital in themselves.
		However, this increasingly distinguishes means of capital investment, and collection of potential rewards for patent, copyright (creative or individual capital), and trademark (social trust or social capital) instruments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capital_(economics) (908 words)

	A study of the post-completion audit practices of large American corporations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Factors such as company size and capital intensity of the company were not positively correlated with the percentage of projects audited but project investment size was.
		Thus, it was hypothesized that the higher the capital intensity in a company, the greater the percentage of projects audited in that company.
		Capital intensity was measured by the ratio of depreciation, depletion and amortization to sales and was calculated using information obtained from Moody's Industrial Manual [1978, 1988].
	info.pue.udlap.mx /~oneve/sarasota/audita21.htm (7575 words)

	The Daily, Friday, July 12, 2002. Multifactor productivity growth
		Other capital assets such as other machinery and equipment and structures, which account for the bulk of capital, showed a less remarkable slowdown (from 4% to 1.1% for other machinery and equipment and from 2.1% to 1.5% for structures).
		The contribution of capital intensity is composed of the contribution of information technology (0.4 percentage points) and of the contribution of other types of capital (0.2 percentage points).
		The contribution of increases in capital intensity inched up, from 0.6 percentage points in 1981-1988 to 0.7 percentage points in 1988-2000; this change is partly the result of the increasingly important role of information technology, which accounted for nearly two-thirds of the growth in the contribution of capital intensity.
	www.statcan.ca /Daily/English/020712/d020712a.htm (1492 words)

	KSH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Capital expenditures, as a percentage of sales, average almost 10% or nearly double the level of all manufacturing and other capital intensive industries.
		While the capital intensity in itself makes generating satisfactory return on investment difficult, it leads to industry behaviors that are even more detrimental.
		One of the subtle effect of the capital intensity is the avoidance of risks.
	www.ksh.ca /en/services/epcbusiness.html (131 words)

	Multifactor productivity trends, 2002
		The contribution of capital intensity is composed of the contribution of information processing equipment and software (0.3 percent) and of the contribution of all other types of capital (0.5 percent).
		The remainder of the increase was due to a rise in the contribution of capital intensity, from 0.4 percent to 1.1 percent with information processing capital accounting for a predominant part of this increase.
		Capital intensity grew 1.8 percent, up from the 1.1 percent rate during the 1995-2000 period.
	www.bls.gov /news.release/prod3.nr0.htm (2584 words)

	Petroleum 1996: Issues and Trends, Chapter 8, Financial Performance
		The capital intensity of a process generally refers to the amount of capital used to produce a unit of output from the process.
		The adverse effects on profitability were exacerbated by a renewed rise in capital intensity beginning in 1990.
		Examination of the path of capital intensity thus completes the story of U.S. refining profitability over the past 20 years or so For the 1990's in particular, capital intensity grew but refining margins diminished while growth in refined product demand was nearly flat.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/perfpro/pi&t97/ch8.html (3088 words)

	International Economics Glossary: C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Large financial capital outflows from a country prompted by fear of default or, especially, by fear of devaluation.
		A net flow of capital, real and/or financial, into a country, in the form of increased purchases of domestic assets by foreigners and/or reduced holdings of foreign assets by domestic residents.
		The degree of capital mobility depends on government policies restricting or taxing capital inflows and/or outflows, plus the risk that investors in one country associate with assets in another.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~alandear/glossary/c.html (6271 words)

	VIII-P1
		However, we suggest that entrepreneurs’; human capital may influence their propensity to use networks, because human capital is the accumulation of their efforts in developing networks and social skills (Baron and Markman, 2000).
		However, country dummy is an exception, in that it is highly correlated with “average appointment level,” “average educational level” and “competitive intensity.” To examine its robustness, we tested the hypotheses by entering all variables into the regressions, and then retested the hypotheses by deleting country dummy from each of the models.
		In other words, when the competitive intensity was higher, the founding teams with high occupational status in prior jobs were especially likely to seek resources from their networks, and the founding teams with work experience in management or marketing were especially unlikely to search for resources from their networks.
	www.babson.edu /entrep/fer/BABSON2003/VIII/VIII-P1/viii-p1.htm (5600 words)

	APPENDIX III - CAPITAL UTILIZATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The endogenous capital utilization literature allows the rate of capital utilization to vary with input prices and output levels or their price, and hence is a choice variable to firms.
		The rate of capital utilization, whether in the form of the length of time that capital is operated or the intensity of its operation per unit of time, is determined by profit maximization.
		In the endogenous capital utilization literature, Epstein and Denny (1980) allowed capital utilization to be variable in the short run, when the capital stock is fixed, but fixed in the long run, when the capital stock is variable.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/X2250E/x2250e0e.htm (419 words)

	Engineering Economist, The: association between the use of sophisticated capital budgeting practices and corporate ...
		After adjusting for asset size, capital intensity and risk, Klammer is unable to find a significant relationship between capital budgeting sophistication and corporate operating performance.
		The sophistication of a company's capital budgeting process must be considered in a wider context than the use of discounted cash flow techniques and formal inclusion of risk; it must consider the entire process used to allocate resources to specific investment opportunities.
		After adjusting for company size, capital intensity, operating risk, and industry, Pike finds a significant negative relationship between capital budgeting sophistication and performance; better performing companies are less likely to use a sophisticated capital budgeting process than are lower performing companies.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3621/is_200101/ai_n8951904 (1195 words)

	UNSKILLED LABOUR IN NORTH HURT, PROTECTION NO SOLUTION
		The third hypothesis that both skill and capital are influential is not "persuasive" for Woods, since there is no evidence that capital is generally scarcer or more expensive in the South than in the North.
		In his view since financial capital is mobile, interest rates and profit rates are much the same in the South as in the North, and most capital goods (machinery) can move freely around the world or constructed anywhere in 2-3 years (buildings).
		The actual extent of capital mobility continues to be debated, but most people would agree that it is now sufficient to impose a tight limit on differences in national interest rates.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/process/towards/08050094.htm (1360 words)

	ILO - Employment, occupations and skills in increased international exposure:The Republic of Korea 1970-90 - Byung-You ...
		The capital per employee is calculated as the amount of fixed capital per employee, the capital intensity as the amount of capital per unit output (per one million won) and labour intensity as the number of employee per unit output (per one million won).
		That is, the increase in capital per employee was due to the decrease in labour coefficient rather than to the increase in capital coefficient.
		It means that output shift to capital intensive industries or capital deepening within the industries has occurred for the late 1970s reflecting the HCI promoting policies while labour-saving technological change began to be intensified since 1983.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/employment/strat/publ/etp39.htm (9075 words)

	A Venture Capital Analysis
		Over 600 active institutional venture capital firms manage over $35 billion of capital available for investment in early, expansion and late stage growth companies.
		Venture capital sponsored fairs, seminars and panel discussions are an ideal forum to gain exposure to entrepreneurs and service providers with experience in fund-raising.
		Capital appreciation is the primary goal and is usually realized through a sale of the company to a strategic buyer or an initial public stock offering.
	www.morebusiness.com /running_your_business/financing/vent-cap.brc (2106 words)

	Sources of labor productivity growth shift, MLR: The Editor's Desk
		During the period 1973 to 1979, multifactor productivity growth—output per hour of combined labor and capital inputs—and increased capital intensity accounted for virtually all increase in output per hour.
		The contribution of capital intensity was not much changed.
		Additional information is available from news release USDL 99-36, "Multifactor Productivity Trends, 1997." Note that the sum of the contributions of multifactor productivity, capital intensity, and labor composition may not equal total labor productivity growth due to independent rounding.
	www.bls.gov /opub/ted/1999/Mar/wk1/art04.htm (280 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Capital intensity is high, making labor intensity low.
		In such cases, capital intensity is low because the nature of the work being done makes it difficult to achieve automation for these processes.
		Capital intensity is low, which means high labor intensity; the high skill levels required are very expensive.
	www2.bc.edu /~ritzman/SPR.doc (663 words)

	Board Ups The Ante On New Home Services Cost --Leesburg2Day-- The Journal of Loudoun County (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The new “capital intensity factor” helps determine the future costs of new development in the county and is used by the planning commission and planning staff in proffer negotiations with developers.
		The capital intensity factor is a way of paying for some costs, but not all the costs of new development.
		Calling the capital standard “extravagant,” Delgaudio objected to what he said was the piling on of non-essential services in developing the costs projections of new development.
	www.leesburg2day.com /current.cfm?catid=21&newsid=8052 (957 words)

	RePEc
		From production function estimates, the neo-classical view that the elasticity of output with respect to capital is equal to capital's share cannot be rejected.
		Capital intensity varies widely across establishments even in the same SIC80 Class.
		Human and physical capital intensity differences are a significant determinant of productivity gaps between establishments.Even after allowing for their higher capital intensity, US-owned (but not other foreign-owned) establishments have an additional productivity advantage of between 9 and 20%.
	www.inomics.com /cgi/repec?handle=RePEc:fth:niesre:141 (208 words)

	Knowledge Capital and Performance Heterogeneity: A Firm Level Innovation Study
		This paper is an empirical analysis of knowledge capital and performance heterogeneity at the firm level.
		Knowledge capital, defined as the ratio of innovation sales to total sales, is found to be a significant factor contributing to the performance heterogeneity among firms.
		This relationship holds even when we control for human capital, type of output, firm size, capital intensity, entry, merger, partial closure or exit of firms.
	ideas.repec.org /p/hhs/hastef/0387.html (482 words)

	Elegant Resume
		This paper studies top management compensation and capital structure decisions in human-capital intensive firms and how they differ from those in traditional firms.
		The optimal debt level is decreasing in the human capital intensity of the firm.
		I construct proxies for human-capital intensity and empirically test two hypotheses related to capital structure: (1) there is a negative relationship between leverage and human-capital intensity, ceteris paribus; (2) the more specific the firm's assets are, the stronger is this negative relationship.
	pages.stern.nyu.edu /~yqian/pdfs/Yiming_CV.htm (997 words)

	Learn more about Capital (economics) in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Learn more about Capital (economics) in the online encyclopedia.
		Hint: Play with putting spaces before and after your words to see the different results you get.
		Some economic theorists see capital as physical items such as tools, buildings and vehicles that are used in the production process.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/ca/capital__economics_.html (1210 words)

	BOI - Research Department, Does the Capital Intensity of Structural Change Matter for Growth?
		He points to their ability as export-oriented economies to exploit the accumulated capital to reallocate from labor-intensive to capital-intensive sectors instead of raising the capital intensity within each sector.
		Compared to other countries, the Tigers are exceptional in the extent of their shift from a labor-intensive to a capital-intensive structural change during the sample period.
		However, structural change in the 1980s accounted for only a negligible part of capital accumulation in manufacturing.
	www.bankisrael.gov.il /deptdata/mehkar/papers/dp0410e.htm (205 words)

	Two-Sector Growth: Analytical Solutions
		It is reminiscent of the famous Stolper-Samuelson theorem: specifically, that a rise in the price of a good is positively related with a rise in the return to the factor in which that good in intensive.
		In geometric terms, the market demand for capital is not everywhere negatively related to profit and/or the market demand for labor is not negatively related to wages.
		Morishima (1969: p.45) calls this the "Shinkai-Uzawa" condition, in recognition of Y. Shinkai's (1960) work on two-sector models with fixed coefficients of production, where he obtained the result that growth equilibrium is stable if and only if the consumer goods industry is more capital intensive than the investment goods sector.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/essays/growth/multisector/uzawagr3.htm (1954 words)

	NICE model Vensim equations
		This is generally a poor way to correct for integration error due to insufficient compounding, and is wrong as applied because the net rate (investment-depreciation) must be compounded; depreciation cannot be treated in isolation.
		Rate of Decline of Greenhouse Gas Intensity of Output [g-sigma] (1/year) Note that Nordhaus decompounds the decadal rate of.1168 to yield an annual rate of.0125; I have simply divided by 10 to convert the decadal rate to an annual rate.
		Capital Elasticity of Output [alpha] (dimensionless) Derived from share of capital in national income.
	www.sd3.info /models/Library/ClimatePolicy/NICE/nice2.html (10292 words)

	Capital formation and productivity growth in South Korea and Taiwan: Realising the catch-up potential in a world of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For both countries we find a rapid growth of the capital stock for the total economy and for manufacturing, with growth rates that peaked between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s.
		In particular with capital inputs measured in terms of service flows, total factor productivity growth is low up to the mid 1980s.
		This indicates that despite the diminishing returns to capital goods, especially in manufacturing, opportunities for further growth on basis of accumulation are still far from exhausted.
	ideas.repec.org /p/dgr/rugccs/2000q1-3.pdf.html (451 words)

	Two-Sector Growth: Diagrammatic Representation
		The relationship between the factor intensities of the two sectors and the relative position of the k
		the factor prices that clear the capital and labor markets, where the initial supply of capital and labor is captured by the given capital-labor ratio k*.
		We can see this relative capital intensity diagrammatically in Figure 1 by remembering that the slope of a ray from the origin to the relevant point on an intensive production is 1/v, the reciprocal of the capital-output ratio, v.
	cepa.newschool.edu /~het/essays/growth/multisector/uzawagr2.htm (2306 words)

	SSRN-Equilibrium Unemployment and Capital Intensity Under Product and Labor Market Imperfections by Erkki Koskela, ...
		We study the implications of product and labor market imperfections for equilibrium unemployment under both exogenous and endogenous capital intensity.
		With endogenous capital intensity, stronger labor market imperfections always increase equilibrium unemployment.
		The relationship between the long-run unemployment and the intensity of product market competition is not necessarily monotonic, but there is an elasticity of substitution between capital and labor below one such that the long-run equilibrium unemployment is an increasing function of product market imperfections when the elasticity exceeds this threshold.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=633022 (307 words)

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