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Topic: Capital intensive

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	Capital intensity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Capital intensity is the term in economics for the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor.
		Since the use of tools and machinery makes labor more effective, rising capital intensity (or "capital deepening") pushes up the productivity of labor, so a society that is more capital intensive tends to have a higher standard of living over the long run than one with low capital intensity.
		With the emphasis on raising capital intensity, diminishing returns were hit; the Soviet Union's weak ability to use new technologies meant that this problem was not solved in the same way as in the rich Western countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capital_intensity (492 words)

	Capital controversy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The debate was largely between economists such as Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa at the University of Cambridge in England and economists such as Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, MA.
		"Capital reversing renders meaningless the neoclassical concepts of input substitution and capital or labor scarcity.
		For this reason, the one capital good model continues to be used by researchers, especially in macroeconomics and growth theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capital_controversy (2676 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Ca
		Capital is in the first place an accumulation of money and cannot make its appearance in history until the circulation of commodities has given rise to the money relation.
		The resulting concentration of capital was seen by Marx as one of the main axes along which capital would eventually arrive at an historic crisis, with a handful of immensely wealthy capitalists confronted by a vast mass of proletarians, with nothing in between.
		Capitalism is one of a series of socio-economics systems, each of which are characterised by quite different class relations: tribal society, also referred to as “primitive communism” and feudalism.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/c/a.htm (3415 words)

	intensive - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Intensive Care Unit, or ICU, high-technology medical facility concerned with the care of patients with acute, life-threatening conditions.
		Capital-Intensive Production, form of production in which a relatively high amount of capital is used relative to labor or other production factors....
		Labor-Intensive Production, production in which a large amount of labor is used relative to capital.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /intensive.html (110 words)

	Land and Capital
		Capital (factories, machine tools etc) is not so obviously a scarce resource but in practice the problem is no different.
		Because they invest their limited capital into a modern capital intensive sector there is little left over for the rest of Indians.
		Capital could be invested in conservation or technologies that make new resources available such as renewable energy.
	www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk /pol/capital.html (780 words)

	Capital Budgeting for a New Dairy Facility
		The next step in the capital budgeting process is estimating the expected cash flows (i.e., cash revenues and cash expenses) that the project will generate throughout its expected life.
		The capital invested in the dairy facility is tied up by the project for a particular period of time and unavailable for investing in some alternative investment.
		Capital expenditures (Exhibit 1): This information is used directly in the analysis.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /DS138 (5946 words)

	Futures Industry Association \| FI Magazine Home
		We have to capitalize every dollar of new segregated positions that we take in, which is quite different from say a manufacturing firm where it could hypothetically have a one-time fixed capital investment from which it continually grows its business.
		Under the capitalization rules of segregation, a firm is required to have capital equal to four percent of its customer segregated balances—regardless of the risk position.
		Under risk-based capital, a firm’s capital is based on the risk presented by the positions its customers hold and not the balances you hold on behalf of customers.
	www.futuresindustry.org /fimagazi-1929.asp?v=p&a=811 (3006 words)

	Mass production - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mass production is capital intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery in relation to workers.
		However the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line is so expensive that there must be some assurance that the product is to be successful so the company can get a return on its investment.
		This is the specialized capital required for mass production; each workbench is different and each set of tools at each workbench limited to those necessary to make one part.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mass_production (875 words)

	NATO Colloquium 1997: Foreign Capital
		In accordance with the theory of international trade, the assumption was taken that a "shift" in the structure from resource-intensive products to labour- and next capital- intensive products to products with a higher technology input can constitute a trend favourable to the growth of competitive exports by a given country (6).
		An essential impact on the structural changes in exports was exerted by companies with foreign capital which almost doubled the value of their exports of technology-intensive goods in 1995 compared with 1994.
		Changes in the structure of production, exports and flow of foreign capital may be evaluated as favourable for the growth in competitiveness of industry, although these changes are still insufficient to ensure this goal in the near future.
	www.nato.int /docu/colloq/1997/97-1-4.htm (1939 words)

	PRTM: Return on Capital
		For many executives, these questions are hard to answer because they have few metrics in place to understand the effectiveness of their capital strategy, and few levers in place to optimize capital effectiveness.
		This is an especially ironic state of affairs, as many capital intensive companies spend nearly as much or more on capital investments as they do on RandD – one of the most heavily analyzed investments companies make.
		Capital effectiveness is a frequently overlooked management discipline.
	www.prtm.com /strategiccategory.aspx?id=75 (594 words)

	Capital Strategy Pty Ltd. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Capital intensive industry faces unique difficulties in achieving planned returns on investment, and these difficulties are not well addressed in business school models or in economic theory.
		Capital and Uncertainty—is a book of economic theory that examines the fundamental process of capital investment choice under uncertainty.
		3-day Course or Series of 3-day Courses on Capital Investment Strategy (maximum 10 people each course). This is an extension of the seminar with specific techniques of how to apply the ideas and concepts in the seminar using generic and company-specific case studies.
	www.runge.com /capital/courses1.asp?lngID=1 (647 words)

	Capital Management: The Missing Performance Driver—Does Your Company Measure Up?
		Capital management is one of the primary differentiators in the utility industry.
		The industry rapidly is approaching another period of supply-side disruption and volatility while capital demands across all business segments are increasing concurrently under the need for new supply, replacement of aging infrastructure, environmental compliance, etc. This demand for capital is exacerbated by increasing interest rates and balance-sheet limits on capital.
		Capital management is part of a broad and inter-related set of management and governance processes.
	www.accenture.com /Global/Services/By_Industry/Utilities/R_and_I/CapitalUp.htm?c=index_sig_0605&n=vwRI-Capital (1075 words)

	BCG Publications
		However, this necessity exposes a fundamental weakness in many companies: their management systems for measuring performance are geared to the efficient use of capital, not people.
		Indeed, traditional measurement and reporting systems were developed because efficient use of capital needed to be a fundamental goal.
		Although some technology-oriented businesses are extremely capital intensive (as recent investments in next-generation mobile telecommunications licenses in Europe amply show), others, such as software businesses, rely less on capital than on people.
	bcg.com /publications/publication_view.jsp?pubID=610&language=English (1717 words)

	KARL MARX: The Almost Capitalist By Louis O. Kelso. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		At the distributive end, something less than a tenth of the population, for the most part owners of land and capital, were faring infinitely better--receiving a proportionately greater share--than were the other nine tenths, whose only participation in economic activity was as workers or as recipients of public charity under the poor laws.
		A substantial portion of their services is rendered in improving the productivity of capital instruments, thus promoting the substitution of machines for men and otherwise reducing labor requirements, where to do so will reduce the costs of production and render the businesses in which they are engaged more effifient and competitively better.
		But if capital is a creator of wealth, one may participate in the production of wealth either as an owner of labor or as an owner of capital.
	www.cesj.org /thirdway/almostcapitalist.htm (6459 words)

	AMB: AMB Capital Partners, LLC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We co-invest with private capital partners at substantial levels, contributing a minimum of 20%, and as much as 51%, of our own funds to each investment – significantly more than most companies.
		Teaming with private capital sources also generates incremental revenue by increasing AMB's return on invested capital – the management and incentive fees we generate reflect the longevity of AMB's service-oriented approach to asset and portfolio management.
		Comparisons of the AMB Capital Partners investment model vs. both traditional and opportunity fund models can be viewed by opening this link.
	www.amb.com /about_us/capital_partners.asp (360 words)

	Zon Capital Partners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Zon Capital Partners is a venture capital fund located in Princeton, New Jersey and Radnor, Pennsylvania formed by three veteran operating and venture professionals.
		The underlying principle of the fund is a strong belief that the combination of experienced entrepreneurs with capital from a seasoned, hands-on team creates a great platform for building companies.
		Are not capital intensive and are efficient in their use of capital.
	www.zoncapital.com (226 words)

	TRADE MODEL EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Similarly with labor and capital: pre-trade wage rates will be relatively low in the labor-abundant country and high in the labor-scarce country.
		In similar fashion, capital costs or interest rates will converge as trade increases demand for capital in the capital-abundant country and as imports of capital-intensive products alleviate the scarcity of capital in the other country.
		Demand Bias: A capital abundant country need not export the capital-intensive good if her tastes are strongly biased toward capital-intensive goods.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /graduate/Konstantinova/i4_HOS.htm (3667 words)

	CHAPTER 2. THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A further implication is that a labor intensive technology is a labor-using but capital-saving technology, whereas a capital intensive technology is a capital-using but labor-saving technology.
		In industrially developed countries where capital is more abundant and labor is in shorter supply and relatively costly, a more capital intensive technology is appropriate.
		In such a case, the apparently anomalous phenomenon known as the "Leontief Paradox" would occur where labor intensive exports from the labor abundant region are received as imports into the capital abundant region where import substitutes are produced under capital intensive conditions.
	facweb.furman.edu /~dstanford/trade/g2.htm (6247 words)

	Capital Is Key
		Nolan is constantly seeking new sources of capital, negotiating bank lines, and working with underwriters to develop equity proceeds.
		But part of the secret to United's success is that the "taking over" of newly acquired companies consists mostly of providing that company with capital to expand and grow while, generally, allowing the company to continue to do what made it successful in the first place, including keeping the company name.
		Although Jacobs is dedicated to growth, he emphasizes that being the largest company in the rental industry is not the goal in itself.
	rermag.com /mag/equipment_capital_key/index.html (2627 words)

	Stolper-Samuelson Theorem
		Efficient use of capital and labor inputs occurrs only on the expansion paths, which show the factor intensities.
		Aggregate demands for capital and labor are obtained by adding factor demands of two industries.
		FPE is based on the assumption that factor markets are competitive, and hence capital and labor inputs are fully employed.
	www.econ.iastate.edu /classes/econ355/choi/ho1.htm (1509 words)

	Capital Strategy Pty Ltd. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		More advanced societies have more of them, they represent an ever-higher proportion of the cost of production, and they are employed via a larger number of steps in the production chain.
		Capital Strategy Pty Ltd is the corporate vehicle for professional work undertaken by me, Ian Runge.
		I undertake only limited consulting work, but am available for workshops; “strategy” sessions; occasional secondment to in-house teams; tailored-to-suit high-level training; challenging and/or confronting conference speeches and presentations; and non-executive directorships for capital intensive enterprise.
	www.runge.com /capital/about.asp?lngID=1 (443 words)

	Economics Interactive
		For example, an LFPR might be computed for women with children ages 6 to 13, or for the entire population of a country or region.
		A good for which efficiency in the production process requires relatively less capital than labor (a lower K/L ratio) than some other good is described as a labor intensive good.
		exports tend to be relatively intensive in either land or capital, which seems to validate the Heckscher-Ohlin model and resolve the Leontieff Paradox.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/EconomicaeL.htm (4105 words)

	Labour and Capital Intensive Production [Virtual Factory Production Department] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Labour intensive - this is where the proportion of labour used in producing the product is relatively high.
		Capital intensive - this is where techniques are used to produce that use relatively more capital than labour.
		Mass-produced everyday items are far more likely to be produced in a capital-intensive way, whereas services and products with a more individual slant are more likely to be produced using a large proportion of labour.
	www.bized.ac.uk /virtual/cb/factory/production/theories3.htm (221 words)

	Crosswater Capital Debt Financing
		CrossWater Capital works with large and mid-sized capital-intensive companies, both public and privately held, on a national basis.
		CrossWater Capital has impressed many companies like yours with our ability to find less expensive capital, typically with less onerous terms and conditions as well.
		The risk is ours to find sources of capital for you and in this environment, it is more important than ever to expand your reach.
	www.crosswatercapital.com /about_crosswater_capital.htm (216 words)

	Glenavy Capital LLC
		Glenavy Capital is a New York-based merchant banking firm that invests its own capital and also represents other investors in investments and transactions.
		As a representative of private investment capital, Glenavy is a tax-sensitive investor.
		Before that, she spent the bulk of her investment banking career at Salomon Brothers (later Citigroup), with broad experience in MandA and equity activity focused on telecom and media.
	glenavycapital.com (432 words)

	Successful Cycle Management in Capital Intensive Industries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The source of cyclicality in capital intensive industries has been a major focus of system dynamics modelling.
		To demonstrate this proposition we assume (as in microeconomics) that industry players are rational economic agents who share the same expectations about the future and who signal their investment intentions (Porter 1980, chapter 15, provides a useful synopsis of microeconomists' thinking about capacity expansion in capital intensive industries).
		Within financing we represent the availability of capital, and finally within the market we represent the industry aggregate supply curve and the process by which supply and demand clear through price.
	www.systemdynamics.org /conf1997/paper130.htm (1534 words)

	The Leontief Paradox
		A capital abundant country need not export the capital-intensive good if her tastes are strongly biased toward capital-intensive goods.
		Kenen (1965) used 9% discount rate and showed that if the value of human capital were included, the US exports were capital- intensive relative to US imports.
		With a trade surplus, a capital abundant country such as the US may not only export the capital- intensive goods but also the labor-intensive goods.
	www.econ.iastate.edu /classes/econ355/choi/leo.htm (2529 words)

	Vanguard - Sports : The Golf Course: ‘Going green is capital intensive’
		The gains of going green are enormous and that explains the reason behind clubs stopping at nothing to convert their browns to greens.
		But be that as it may, it is a capital intensive project especially for clubs that do not have adequate membership capable of footing the bills or attracting people who can assist in actualizing this laudable dream.
		"Converting browns to greens is a capital intensive project and clubs summoned a lot of resources to achieve this.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/sports/october05/30102005/sp430102005.html (900 words)

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