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Topic: The Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire

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	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Empire was situated in the middle of East and West, and interacted throughout its six-century history with both the East and the West.
		In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, and the countries of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Ottomans claim that the source of the inter-ethnic conflicts should be sought within their dynamics and the sources that were supporting the conflicts with hidden goals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (5322 words)

	Ottoman Empire Encyclopedia, Definition, History, Biography @ VARIEDTASTES.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although the Ottoman fleet quickly recovered from this singular defeat, the event was significant, in that it showed Europe that the mighty Ottoman Empire was not as invincible as had been previously thought.
		Ottomans claim that source of the inter-ethnic conflicts should be seek within their dynamics and the sources that were supporting the conflicts with hidden goals.
		The Ottomans were eventually defeated at the end of the war by the Allies, Arabs, and Republic of Armenia, which Armenian Republic was being declared during the war, in contrast to Arap nations.
	variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Ottoman_Empire (5878 words)

	AllRefer.com - Lausanne, Treaty of (Turkish And Ottoman History) - Encyclopedia
		The peace treaty (see SEvres, Treaty of) imposed by the Allies on the Ottoman Empire after World War I had virtually destroyed Turkey as a national state.
		Turkey recovered E Thrace, several Aegean islands, a strip along the Syrian border, the Smyrna district, and the internationalized Zone of the Straits, which, however, was to remain demilitarized and remain subject to an international convention (see Dardanelles).
		Turkey recovered full sovereign rights over all its territory, and foreign zones of influence and capitulations (see Ottoman Empire) were abolished.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/LausanneTr.html (338 words)

	Ottoman_Empire - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia, and was ruled by the Osmanli dynasty, the descendants of those Turks.
		In 1453, after the Ottomans captured Constantinople (modern Istanbul), the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire, it became the Ottomans' third capital.
		For this he was given the title Haseki'i, Sergeant-at-Arms in the body guard of the Sultan, a rank equivalent to that of the Janissary Aga.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Ottoman_Empire (5317 words)

	History of the Ottoman Empire - Decline and Fall
		But in the 17th c., the Ottomans were confronted by an extended arc of opponents, Venice, Austria, Poland, Russia, and Iran, often obliged to confront several at once.
		In the 1850s-60s, intellectuals known as the New Ottomans” engaged in a liberal critique of Tanzimat policies with emphasis on fatherland (vatan), freedom (hurriget), and constitutionalism.
		With even the heartlands of the Empire partitioned and Istanbul occupied by the victorious allies, the Turks of Anatolia under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) rejected the terms of the dictated Treaty of Sevres.
	www.turizm.net /turkey/history/ottoman3.html (1362 words)

	Shih Shun Liu : Extraterritoriality (chapter 3)
		The first Capitulations granted to France, on which all later claims of Europe to extraterritorial jurisdiction in the Ottoman Empire are chiefly based, bear the date of 1535.
		That the Capitulations were not imposed upon the sultans at the beginning and were but gratuitous concessions on their part may further be corroborated by the exemption of the sultan's non-Moslem subjects from Ottoman justice.
		Of all the explanations which have been given for the existence of the capitulatory régime in the Ottoman Empire, none is as near an approximation to the truth as the one based on the force of custom.
	www.panarchy.org /shihshunliu/chapter3.1925.html (2594 words)

	Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter S \| Learn Ottoman Turkish History \| Pictures \| Sound files \| Voice ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The chief administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire, governed by a sancak beyi; subdivision of a beylerbeyilik.
		The 10th Ottoman Sultan, reached power upon the death of his father, Selim I (The Grim) without the usual need to fight his way to the throne.
		He inherited an Empire that was thriving and respected, and he proceeded to improve on it dramatically.
	www2.egenet.com.tr /mastersj/encyclopedia-s.html (7074 words)

	Reforms in law (from Ottoman Empire) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Capitulations exempted foreigners and those Ottoman citizens on whom foreign consuls conferred protection from the application of criminal law.
		As this empire grew by conquering lands of the Byzantine Empire and beyond, it came to include at the height of its power all of Asia Minor; the countries of the Balkan Peninsula; the islands of the...
		Covers different topics such as Süleyman the Magnificent, Selim II, Ottoman decline during the 17th and 18th centuries, European imperialism during the 19th century, and the Balkan crisis of the early 20th century.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-44408 (1028 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Turkish Empire
		In 1535 the first "capitulation" was signed between the King of France, Francis I, and the Sultan Soliman.
		The Turkish Empire has moreover entered into a period of transformation, the end of which no one can foresee, and what delays still more the task of the new power is the infinite diversity of races and religions which make up the empire.
		The Latin Catholics are scattered over the entire empire, although 148,000 Albanians form an important group under the Archbishops of Durazzo, Uskub, Scutari, and the Abbot of St. Alexander of Orochi for the Mirdites.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15097a.htm (5280 words)

	Carnegie Corporation - About
		It was not the loss of territory so much as the fact that, beginning with the treaties, European powers began to obtain economic, commercial and political concessions from the Ottoman empire as well as from the Iranian and Mughal Indian empires.
		The first two major challenges against the Ottoman empire in the Middle East were Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 and the French occupation of Algeria in 1830.
		While the early centuries of the Ottoman empire were marked by some extremely able and sometimes brilliant leaders, this was not the case in the empire’s later years, when individuals who lacked the ability and strategic foresight of their predecessors came to power.
	www.carnegie.org /sub/about/pessay/pessay01.html (13515 words)

	Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912.
		In the interim, the Ottoman Government by a firman, October 16, granted autonomy to Tripoli and Cyrenaica and the Sultan appointed a spiritual representative for the provinces.
		Article 8, the signification of willingness on the part of Italy to lend support to the powers for the general suppression of the "capitulations" in the Ottoman Empire.
		Article 9, a Turkish engagement to restore dismissed subjects of Italy to their administrative positions in the Empire without loss of retirement pension rights and a promise by Turkey to use her influence with nongovernmental institutions to act in a similar manner.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm (647 words)

	HISTORY 593: STUDIES IN EUROPEAN DIPLOMATIC HISTORY THE EASTERN QUESTION
		By the late 18th Century the Ottoman Empire, threatened with both partition by Russia and Austria and economic vassalage to England and France, had been transformed from the "Grand Turk" to the "Sick Man of Europe".
		The steady decline of Ottoman fortunes created an arena of potential conflict in the Near East and Southeastern Europe.
		Thoughout the 19th and early 20th century the issue of the continued existence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, with its spawling domain along the eastern Mediterranean, was a constant factor in European international politics.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/593Syl.html (904 words)

	CONSUL - Online Information article about CONSUL
		Her success culminated in the capitulations signed in 1604, under the terms of which her consuls were given See also:
		German Confederation (Nov. 8, 1867), subsequently incorporated in the statutes of the Empire, which laid down the principle that the German consulates were to be under the immediate jurisdiction of the See also:
		Consuls in the Ottoman empire, China, Siam and Korea have extensive judicial and executive powers.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /COM_COR/CONSUL.html (5564 words)

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