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Topic: Capsid

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	Capsid
		The capsid is the outer shell of the virus, and consists of monomeric subunits of protein.
		Its three primary purposes are to protect the virus's genetic material, detect cells suitable for infection, and initiate the infection by "opening" the target cell to inject DNA into the cytoplasm.
		Minor changes in the capsid pose significant challenges as well, as an antiviral specified for one structure won’t work on the new capsid structure and must be redeveloped.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Capsid (228 words)

	Virus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In addition to a capsid some viruses are able to hijack a modified form of the plasma membrane surrounding an infected host cell, thus gaining an outer lipid bilayer known as a viral envelope.
		In the case of the Hepatitis B virus, the T-number is 4, therefore 240 proteins assemble to form the capsid.
		The capsid of a phage, a bacterial virus, remains on the outside.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virus (3388 words)

	Capsid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A capsid is also a leaf bug of the family Miridae.
		During this process, the capsid subunits are synthesized according to the genetic material of the virus, using the protein biosynthesis mechanism of the cell.
		In helical symmetry, the protein subunits are arranged around the circumference of a circle to form a disk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capsid (302 words)

	ICTVdB Virus Description - 00.001. Adenoviridae
		Capsid protein IIIa is associated with the penton base (class L1) has a molecular mass of 64 kDa with 60 copies per virion (because five monomers are associated with each penton base) and it is expressed in the late transcription phase.
		Capsid protein is possibly stabilizing the particle or involved in the assembly of virion; modifications during post-translational processes include phosphorylation.
		Capsid protein VIII, a minor hexon polypeptide, has a molecular mass of 25 kDa, is expressed in the very late transcription phase (class L4) and is possible involveed in stabilization or assembly of the particle.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /ICTVdb/ICTVdB/01000000.htm (1926 words)

	Viral Structure and Replication
		Antireceptors are often found on the glycoprotein spikes of enveloped viruses, protein spikes from the vertices of the icosahedral capsids of non-enveloped viruses, or even a certain portion of a capsomere.
		Thus, the contents of the capsid, the viral nucleic acid and in some cases a few viral protein, are released into the cytoplasm.
		When it is time for the viral capsid to be released, it buds through the area of the cell membrane with the viral proteins so that it is enveloped with this lipid-protein mixture.
	www.rhodes.edu /biology/glindquester/viruses/virusstrucnrep.html (2422 words)

	Royal Horticultural Society - Gardening Advice: Capsid Bugs
		Capsid bugs suck sap mainly from the shoot tips and buds of many plants.
		If capsids or signs of damage are seen, spray with bifenthrin (Bayer Sprayday Greenfly Killer Plus, Scotts Bug Clear or Doff All-In-One Garden Pest Killer).
		Vegetables generally tolerate capsid damage and do not need spraying for this pest.
	www.rhs.org.uk /advice/profiles0600/capsid_bug.asp (298 words)

	Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Entry into Host Cells: Reconstitution of Capsid Binding and Uncoating at the Nuclear Pore ...
		For incubation of capsids in the absence of cytosol,
		Capsid binding to nuclei in the absence of cytosol (normalized to zero) or after addition of the components indicated on the right was quantitated as detailed in Materials and Methods.
		Inhibition of in vitro uncoating of HSV-1 capsids.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/20/13/4922 (6946 words)

	Herpes Virus Research Laboratory
		The HSV-1 capsid is an icosahedral shell 15 nm thick and 125 nm in diameter.
		VP5 (the major capsid protein) is the structural subunit of the capsomers, both the hexons and the pentons.
		The scaffolding protein exits the capsid during the morphological transformation and is not found in the mature virion.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~jcb2g/research/background.htm (1198 words)

	CDC - Induction of Inflammation by West Nile virus Capsid through the Caspase-9 Apoptotic Pathway
		Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo.
		These studies demonstrate that the capsid protein of WNV may be responsible for aspects of viral pathogenesis through induction of the apoptotic cascade.
		The localization pattern of capsid expression was analyzed by immunofluorescent assay in HeLa, 293-T, RD, or SH-SY5Y cells by using anti-His tag antibody as described (6).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol8no12/02-0224.htm (3340 words)

	Function of Dynein and Dynactin in Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid Transport -- Döhner et al. 13 (8): 2795 -- ...
		Colocalization of Incoming HSV1 Capsids with Cytoplasmic Dynein and Dynactin
		of incoming capsids from the periphery to the nucleus.
		For quantification, untransfected and transfected cells were randomly selected and classified into three different groups: cells with many capsids at the nucleus, typically forming a nuclear rim (Figure 7b, 1), cells with a reduced amount of capsids at the nucleus (Figure 7b, 2), and cells with <10 capsids at the nucleus (Figure 7b, 3).
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/13/8/2795 (7584 words)

	Adenovirus Protein VI Mediates Membrane Disruption following Capsid Disassembly -- Wiethoff et al. 79 (4): 1992 -- The ...
		Subsequent disassembly of the capsid occurs in endosomes
		Role and mechanism of the maturation cleavage of VP0 in poliovirus assembly: structure of the empty capsid assembly intermediate at 2.9 A resolution.
		The concentration of Ca that solubilizes outer capsid proteins from rotavirus particles is dependent on the strain.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/79/4/1992 (6009 words)

	Genetic Recombination between Two Genotypes of Genogroup III Bovine Noroviruses (BoNVs) and Capsid Sequence Diversity ...
		with the NB BECV in the capsid gene.
		the capsid genes of noroviruses and NB-like BECVs.
		Sequence and gene conversion analyses of RdRp and capsid genes of Bo/CV521-OH/02/US.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/11/5214 (4618 words)

	Caspase-mediated cleavage of the feline calicivirus capsid protein -- Al-Molawi et al. 84 (5): 1237 -- Journal of ...
		The involvement of caspases in FCV capsid cleavage implicates
		Equal amounts of capsid protein were incubated at 37 °C in the absence (-) or presence of recombinant caspase-1, -2, -3, -6, -7, -8, -9 or -10 as described in methods.
		Neill, J. Nucleotide sequence of the capsid protein gene of 2 serotypes of San-Miguel sea lion virus –; identification of conserved and nonconserved amino-acid-sequences among calicivirus capsid proteins.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/84/5/1237 (4655 words)

	CAPSID - at the BBC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		CapsID is useful if you have a good idea of what species your sample is but want to know more specifically.
		For example, if your sample is a blowfly and believe there are only 20 species of blowfly that it might be, you could choose a gene (or gener fragment ~ 300bp) that is common to most blowflys and relatively conserved(or most species in general) such as ribosomal DNA.
		CapsID will design the set of CAPS markers that will give the best guess as to which species your sample is when the CAPS are tested on your sample.
	bbc.botany.utoronto.ca /capsid (257 words)

	Differentiation of Two Bovine Lentiviruses by a Monoclonal Antibody on the Basis of Epitope Specificity -- Zheng et al. ...
		The recombinant capsid proteins of BIV and JDV were reacted with polyclonal antibodies of BIV (A) and monoclonal antibody against BIV capsid (B).
		The capsid BIV and JDV were expressed as 29- and 58-kDa proteins, respectively (lanes 1 and 2).
		Five micrograms of capsid BIV protein was incubated overnight with 75% formic acid at 37°C. Another 5 µg was incubated overnight at room temperature with CNBr (10 mg/ml) in 70% formic acid.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/8/2/283 (3337 words)

	BS109: Virus Structure
		An alternative way of building a virus capsid is to arrange protein subunits in the form of a hollow quasi-spherical structure, enclosing the genome within.
		those in which the capsid proteins are exposed to the external environment are produced from infected cells at the end of the replicative cycle when the cell dies, breaks down and lyses, releasing the virions which have been built up internally.
		The function of the virus capsid is not only to protect the genome, but also to deliver it to a suitable host cell and more specifically, the appropriate compartment of the host cell (in the case of eukaryote hosts) to allow replication to proceed.
	www.tulane.edu /~dmsander/WWW/109/structure.html (2626 words)

	capsid
		The capsid often determines the shape of the virus.
		This protein coat (or capsid) protects the nucleic acid from being digested by the invaded organismâs cell juices.
		These vaccines carry the L capsid protein and when given in 3 doses generate high levels of neutralizing antibodies.
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/capsid.html (334 words)

	CiteULike: Functional Surfaces of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Protein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gag is then proteolyzed to produce the smaller capsid protein CA, which forms the central conical capsid that surrounds the RNA genome in the mature, infectious virus.
		To define CA surfaces that function at different stages of the viral life cycle, a total of 48 different alanine-scanning surface mutations in CA were tested for their effects on Gag protein expression, processing, particle production and morphology, capsid assembly, and infectivity.
		Mature capsid formation required a distinct surface encompassing helices 1 to 3 in the NTD, in good agreement with a recent structural model for the viral capsid.
	www.citeulike.org /user/kupopo/article/531229 (410 words)

	ScienceDaily: Same Fold In Viral Shells Point To Common Ancestry
		The protein fold of the viral envelope is crucial for the assembly of the capsid, which protects DNA vital to a virus' ability to infect host organisms and reproduce.
		Capsids contain proteins, which are made of a string of building blocks called amino acids.
		The X-ray crystallography data confirmed that gp24 has a fold similar to that of the HK97 capsid protein and also revealed the structure of an "insertion domain," or a portion of gp24 that may play a role in connecting adjacent subunits to assemble the capsid.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/05/050518200805.htm (2552 words)

	Bugs in the News - What the Heck is a Virus?
		The capsid is the outer shell of the virus which encloses the genetic material within.
		The capsid is actually made of many, many identical individual proteins which are assembled very precisely to form the capsid structure.
		The cover of the baseball (envelope), the tightly-woven thread (capsid), and the rubber core (genetic material) can be used to represent the parts of some viruses.
	people.ku.edu /~jbrown/virus.html (1463 words)

	Virus Structure
		An alternative way of building a virus capsid is to arrange protein subunits in the form of a hollow quasi-spherical structure, enclosing the genome within.
		those in which the capsid proteins are exposed to the external environment are produced from infected cells at the end of the replicative cycle when the cell dies, breaks down and lyses, releasing the virions which have been built up internally.
		The function of the virus capsid is not only to protect the genome, but also to deliver it to a suitable host cell and more specifically, the appropriate compartment of the host cell (in the case of eukaryote hosts) to allow replication to proceed.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /109/structure.html (2769 words)

	Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 VP2 Capsid Protein Is Nonessential and Can Tolerate Large Peptide Insertions at Its N ...
		Capsid protein stoichiometry and infectivity of AAV virus stocks missing a capsid protein or containing a ligand insertion.
		Capsid complementation strategy for creating particles with large peptide insertions in the VP1-VP2 overlap region, showing Western blotting of equal volumes of iodixanol stocks of AAV-like particles containing FKN or LEP insertions at position 138.
		The input capsids appear green from the native GFP fluorescence of the capsid, the nuclei are stained red with PI, and early endosomal antigen 1 is stained blue.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/78/12/6595 (9340 words)

	Virus Capsid Poster
		The capsid has 2 protein layers with half of the outer layer being cutaway in the picture.
		All contacts between the RNA (20,000 atoms) and capsid (3,000,000 atoms) were computed with a maximum range of 5 angstroms.
		The virus capsid in figure 1 has two protein layers, the outer layer is made out of 13 slight structural variants of a single protein grouped in trimers, while the inner layer consists of two structural forms of another protein.
	www.cgl.ucsf.edu /Research/virus/poster/poster.html (1178 words)

	HIV-1 Capsid Assembly is a Step-wise Pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Further confirmation of the existence of a pathway for assembly of immature HIV-1 capsids came from analysis of 16 HIV-1 Gag mutants that other groups had identified as being assembly-defective or assembly-competent in mammalian cells.
		Hydrolysis of ATP using the enzyme apyrase revealed that ATP is required post-translationally during HIV-1 capsid assembly.
		This was the first time that retroviral capsid assembly was shown to be energy-dependent.
	faculty.washington.edu /jais/stepWise.html (305 words)

	Studies on intracellular processing of the capsid protein of human astrovirus serotype 1 in infected cells -- ...
		Studies on intracellular processing of the capsid protein of human astrovirus serotype 1 in infected cells -- Geigenmüller et al.
		region of the astroviral capsid protein is reminiscent of the
		(A, B) Cells expressing capsid protein were metabolically pulse-labelled, lysed and subjected to immunoprecipitation with various antibodies, or precipitation with streptavidin–agarose, as described in the text.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/7/1691 (2742 words)

	Synthetic Life
		Poliovirus, an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae, is a small, nonenveloped, icosahedral virus consisting of five different macromolecules: 60 copies each of capsid polypeptides VP1, -2, -3, and -4 and one copy of the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome (~7.5 kilobases in length) (Fig.
		The chemical sequence (4, 5), the genetic map of the genome (4), and the three-dimensional crystal structure of the virion (6) were determined 2 decades ago.
		With the aid of viral proteins, most notably the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3Dpol and the genome-linked protein VPg, along with cellular components, the viral RNA is transcribed into minus-strand copies that serve as templates for the synthesis of new viral genomes (plus-strand RNA).
	www.evilbible.com /Synthetic_Life.htm (2376 words)

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