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	Avian Welfare Resource Center from the Avian Welfare Coalition - Captive Breeding of Exotic Birds by Monica ...
		In reality, breeding birds in captivity is not going to save species in the wild because most captive breeding is done outside of official conservation plans and because captive breeding fails to address the leading causes of wild bird population decline — habitat loss, pollution, and the pet trade.
		Another problem with using captive animals to replenish wild populations is that mental illness in captive animals is rampant due to deprivation of their natural environment, social structures and outlets for using naturally evolved skills.
		Captive breeding for conservation purposes involves setting of target populations, definition of genetic and demographic objectives, allocation of habitat and coordination with field conservation projects.
	www.avianwelfare.org /issues/articles/captive.htm (972 words)

	The Captive Breeding Program of the Mauritius Echo Parakeet
		We think Txiki did this because of her background as a captive raised bird coupled with her individual reaction to the stress of our visiting to check the chick.
		Twelve birds are scheduled for release, ten of these are from wild stock, two were captive bred in the aviaries.
		Lack of food in the wild was by far and away the biggest problem this season with most pairs failing to breed and those that did attempt to nest found it very difficult or impossible to raise healthy chicks.
	www.encyclopedia.mu /Nature/Fauna/Birds/Endemic/Psittascene_05_2001.htm (2066 words)

	Captive Breeding and Reintroduction of Canids
		A commonly stated aim of many captive breeding programmes conducted in zoological parks is to produce founder populations for release into the wild in reintroduction programmes (Anderson 1986; Seal 1986).
		Clearly, if captive breeding of endangered species followed by reintroduction into the wild is to be a viable conservation option, we must be able to breed endangered species in captivity.
		A captive breeding programme aimed at improving captive breeding and increasing the potential stock for reintroduction is already underway.
	www.canids.org /1990CAP/10captvb.htm (4464 words)

	Hawksbill turtle ranching and captive breeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There are two ways to "farm" sea turtles: (1) maintaining captive adults who breed in captivity and whose offspring are raised for use ("Captive Breeding", often termed "Farming") and (2) collecting turtles from wild populations (as eggs or hatchlings) which are then raised in captivity for use ("Ranching").
		Captive breeding requires the maintenance of captive adult stock, entailing expense, and the manipulation of natural breeding behavior.
		Sea turtle farms, whether for captive breeding or ranching, cannot be shown to be directly beneficial or proven to be fatally detrimental to the conservation of wild populations.
	www.cites.org /eng/prog/HBT/bg/ranch_breed.shtml (4516 words)

	<HTML> (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Captive breeding of the Lichanura is straightforward and very successful when only a few requirements are adhered to.
		Brumation is critically important for the captive breeding of the Lichanura.
		For, breeding and reproducing the species is a form of reward for your efforts.
	members.aol.com /lichanura2/breeding.htm (1945 words)

	Project Corroboree > Features > Captive breeding proposal
		The result of the phone conference was to begin a program to increase the number of colonies of P. corroboree represented in captivity and therefore the genetic diversity of the captive colony in case the current trend of population decline continues.
		Captive breeding will provide stock for experimental reintroductions that may enable us to identify a means of recovering the species in the wild.
		It is therefore imperative that the captive breeding and release program is carried out, documented and monitored in such a way that we learn about what works and what does not work.
	frogs.org.au /corroboree/captive.html (1050 words)

	Basilisks: Captive Care and Breeding
		As with most captive reptiles or amphibians, full-spectrum lighting is necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D3 and utilization of calcium.
		Successful breeding results from several factors: manipulation of humidity, temperature, and photoperiod, health of specimens to be bred, and careful incubation of eggs.
		In captivity, basilisks are subject to a variety of diseases that are common to captive-raised reptiles.
	www.anapsid.org /basilisk.html (1886 words)

	Captive Breeding Program — Divison of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources
		The Guam Native Forest Bird Captive Breeding Program began in 1983 as a cooperative effort between the DAWR, member zoos of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (now known as the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, or AZA), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
		The number of Guam rails, Gallirallus owstoni, at the DAWR captive breeding facility increased from 120 on 1 October 1999, to 133 on 30 September 2000.
		At the DAWR captive breeding facility, 1 young bird escaped and 16 birds died.
	www.guamdawr.org /wildlife/cbr (483 words)

	Species Survival Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Captive breeding programs may be their only hope for survival.
		Breeding and other management recommendations are made for each animal with consideration given to the logistics and feasibility of transfers between institutions as well as maintenance of natural social groupings.
		While captive breeding and reintroduction are not panaceas for the endangered species problem, reintroduction projects have been successful in returning certain species to their natural places in the ecosystem.
	www.centralfloridazoo.org /ssp.htm (657 words)

	Asiatic Lion Information Centre - Captive Breeding Programme
		For any captive breeding programme to be successful and of conservational value it is essential that the origins and genetic purity of the animals within that programme are known.
		The development of captive breeding programmes became more structured throughout the 1970’s and became formalised to their current status with the introduction of the Species Survival Programme (SSP) by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) in 1981.
		A new programme was required to maintain a secure population in captivity and in 1990 the foundations of a European Breeding Programme (EEP) were laid with the receipt of four Asiatic lions (2 male, 2 female) of known purity by London Zoo from India.
	www.asiatic-lion.org /captive.html (561 words)

	ACE Position Statement - The Captive Breeding Myth
		In reality, breeding animals in captivity is not going to save species in the wild because a vast majority of captive breeding is done outside of official conservation plans.
		Additionally, captive breeding fails to address the leading causes of the decline of populations of endangered species in the wild —habitat loss, pollution, and the pet trade in exotic animals.
		The fact that the many breeders are interested in breeding and maintaining mutations (for example, the color of white tigers or the size of pot-bellied pigs) which generally fetch higher prices among exotic animal fanciers indicates that maintaining the natural integrity of the species is not paramount in their breeding endeavors.
	www.acesanctuaries.org /CBM.html (444 words)

	The Rôle of Captive Breeding and Reintroduction in Wild Dog Conservation
		Second, captive breeding may serve to increase the world population of a species, providing a source of additional genetic variation that may be fed into wild populations.
		Captive animals can also be used to perfect techniques for use on free-ranging animals, allowing protocols for immobilization and designs for equipment such as radio-collars to be tested in captivity before they are used in the field.
		Captive animals can also be used to refine techniques already in use: for example, the belly scores used to estimate food intake (Appendix 2) could be calibrated using feeding experiments with captive dogs.
	www.canids.org /PUBLICAT/AWDACTPL/7reintro.htm (6772 words)

	Captive Breeding 2.3
		And yet due to difficulties in captive breeding, some circus animals such as chimpanzees and elephants are in chronically short-supply - perhaps presaging their eventual disappearance from menageries.
		Small wonder then that the notion of captive breeding for conservation in the even less sophisticated environment of the circus beast wagon resembles a theatre of the absurd.
		Even so, apologists for captive breeding have some remarkable plans for the future of wildlife, as outlined by Colin Tudge, apparently without irony: "As human populations decrease from the 26th century onwards," he writes, "it will be possible for animals to live in the wild again.
	www.iridescent-publishing.com /rtm/ch2p3.htm (3367 words)

	Journey North Teacher's Manual
		Captive breeding means that members of a wild species are captured, then bred and raised in a special facility under the care of wildlife biologists and other experts.
		Thanks to captive breeding, experts are beginning to establish a second wild migratory flock of whooping cranes to safeguard this highly endangered species.
		By holding and breeding birds in captivity we learn a great deal about them that may be difficult or impossible to accomplish in the wild.
	www.learner.org /jnorth/tm/CaptiveBreeding.html (846 words)

	Genetic Diversity in Captive Breeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the article, he provided data which indicated that the minimum effective breeding population to preserve the maximum amount of the native gene pool should consist of 6 to 10 individuals, or five pairs.
		Breeding for all succeeding generations should involve a minimum of five pairs of fish.
		This is the model for genetic diversity being followed by zoos all over the world as they cooperate in breeding their captive stock.
	www.cincikillies.org /gendiver.htm (464 words)

	Captive Breeding Populations - National Zoo\| FONZ
		Captive breeding provides a means for conserving species that may not survive in the wild.
		While captive populations are established for many reasons—such as conservation education, exhibit of interesting species, and research—establishing captive populations for saving species from extinction is an important contribution of zoos to conservation.
		A goal of some captive breeding programs may also be to reintroduce animals back to the wild, as is the case with the global breeding program for the golden lion tamarin, the fl-footed ferret, and the Guam rail.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /ConservationAndScience/EndangeredSpecies/CapBreedPops/default.cfm (435 words)

	The Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Captive breeding, right from the start of the conservation work Mauritius, has been central to the success of the species recovery programme.
		Thus a captive population of the Rodrigues Fruit bat is kept as part of the international captive breeding programme.
		Captive breeding is increasingly regarded as a key element in saving threatened species; GDEWS will continue to be instrumental in preventing further extinction.
	www.mauritian-wildlife.org /captive.htm (599 words)

	Rob Toonen - Problem for Captive Breeding? .... #reefs Article www.reefs.org
		Unless captive breeding programs can change the way they maintain their stocks, all the lines they maintain should eventually suffer the same fate as the variety of organisms in Lynch's studies.
		I would think that the protocols used within livestock breeding would be applicable to captive breeding of marine organisms, in fact, I would expect that any aquaculturist worthy of the name would be applying the normal genetic techniques utilized for centurys in breeding domestic livestock.
		The danger to avoid in captive breeding programs is the economic temptation to keep, raise, and sell every single offspring produced.
	www.reefs.org /library/article/r_toonen3.html (2655 words)

	Captive Breeding As A Conservation Tool
		This essay is intended to present a logical discussion of the pros and cons of captive breeding animals for eventual reintroduction into the wild.
		A captive breeding program means that wildlife managers have failed in some fashion to preserve essential habitat critical to the species' long-term survival.
		Attempts to return captive desert tortoises back to their native habitats backfired when released captives spread a respiratory disease to the wild populations.
	www.anapsid.org /neilsen.html (1303 words)

	Tortoise Trust Web - Captive breeding of the Egyptian tortoise
		Captive breeding of the Egyptian tortoise Testudo kleinmanni.
		The most remarkable feature of breeding behaviour in T. kleinmanni concerns vocalisation: both male and female kleinmanni are very vocal compared to most tortoises and the males in particular produce a sound not unlike a dove calling during mating.
		In summary, the threatened status of this species in the wild emphasises the need to develop reliable captive breeding techniques which can be employed to maximise the productivity of stocks now in captivity and in future, hopefully, to reinforce depleted natural populations.
	www.tortoisetrust.org /articles/kleinmanni.html (1860 words)

	Pipa pipa Primer, Redux
		This article is intended to encapsulate the author's experiences keeping and breeding Surinam toads over a period of approximately ten years; it is not a technical paper and has no authority except the author's own experience.
		Amplexus is accompanied by a display of aquatic gymnastics, culminating in tandem loop-the-loops; during each loop, the female releases a single egg, which is embedded in the skin of her back by the male's movements at the crest of the loop.
		Breeding condition is easily recognized in the female; the skin on her back thickens into a soft, dark-colored "pad", and her vent enlarges quite noticeably.
	people.qualcomm.com /ntenny/pipa-article.html (2998 words)

	Captive Breeding and Species Reintroductions
		Captive breeding and subsequent re-introduction of a threatened species is an important and in some cases very successful tool for species conservation.
		Ex situ conservation: captive breeding, gene and seed banks, zoos and aquaria and all other forms of maintaining species artificially and off-site.
		A successful captive breeding program by US FandW with a bobwhite quail generated the creation of a wildlife refuge in southern Arizona to allow its successful reintroduction.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~dallan/nre220/outline23.htm (2355 words)

	Captive Propogation Program
		Characteristics for pens are as follows: pens 1-4 are triangular breeding pens measuring 116 sq m; pens 5 and 6 are square breeding pens measuring 160 sq m; pens 7-14 are triangular breeding pens measuring 143 sq m; and pen 15 is a rectangular flight pen measuring 223 sq m.
		Several captive Attwater's and greater prairie chickens died due to internal lesions/tumors in the gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and/or circulatory tract caused by REV (Griffin unpubl.
		These are: (1) contamination of the captive flock may have occurred through wild-obtained eggs; (2) contamination may be through defecation by viremic wild birds into pens; or, (3) mosquitos are considered a possible vector for REV by some researchers and could be a source of current captive contamination (Witter 1991).
	apc.tamu.edu /index/surf.htm (1306 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Captive breeding seen as lifeline for amphibians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		OSLO (Reuters) - Amphibian experts are likely to urge captive breeding to slow a catastrophic rate of extinctions threatening a third of all species of frogs and salamanders, a leading scientist said.
		A meeting of about 60 scientists in Washington from September 17-20 is set to launch an action plan including captive breeding after a bleak 2004 assessment showed that a third of all species were under threat of extinction.
		Captive breeding, likely in zoos and aquariums in the United States and Europe, would probably cost tens of million of dollars a year to save the 200 or so most threatened species.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=236996&source=r_science (475 words)

	Captive Breeding of Indian Turtles and Tortoises at the Centre for Herpetology/Madras Crocodile Bank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Captive breeding and restocking programs, combined with habitat protection and management, may prove crucial to the survival of several species.
		Captive breeding and/or rearing of turtles of commercial importance may also help curb the exploitation of wild turtles.
		Knowledge of the breeding biology of these animals is critical to the success of both captive breeding and habitat management programs.
	nytts.org /proceedings/whitakr2.htm (183 words)

	NWF - International Wildlife Magazine - Zoos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The animals could be returned to their native haunts, the scientists suggested, when two basic conditions were met: 1) that the world's spiraling human population, the main cause for the destruction of animal habitats, had stabilized and 2) that scientists had perfected the art of habitat restoration.
		All captive gorillas, for example, or Siberian tigers or snow leopards were entered into the system as single populations, providing zoos with records so they could exchange animals in breeding loans.
		Captive breeding will still play an important role in the new zoo, particularly in short-term rescues of species such as the golden lion tamarin and the Arabian oryx, and in the long-term care of others, such as cranes and ibises, that have no chance of survival in the wild, says New York's Conway.
	www.nwf.org /internationalwildlife/zoos.html (2911 words)

	[No title]
		There are many disagreements as to whether or not captive breeding is a helpful tool in respect to conservation.
		In this paper I hope to demonstrate that captive breeding of endangered and threatened species is beneficial to conservation.
		Captive breeding provides the opportunity to learn more about an endangered species and develop better techniques in saving others.
	sprout.phpwebhosting.com /~feistyhome/conservation.htm (1424 words)

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