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Topic: Capture orbit

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Parabolic orbit

Orbital equation

Hyperbolic trajectory

Orbit

Escape Speed

Rocket equation

Escape velocity

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	Elliptical Orbit Observations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		During the Capture Orbit, Aerobraking Hiatus, and Science Phasing Orbit-1 and -2 (SPO-1 and SPO-2) subphases of the MGS mission from September 1997-August 1998, the MOLA instrument collected about 2.6 million high quality measurements of surface topography and cloud heights.
		Shown in yellow are the 18 capture orbit and aerobraking hiatus passes obtained in September-Noevember, 1997.
		MOLA's first observations of Mars' northern hemisphere were collected during the capture orbit phase of the MGS mission shortly after orbit insertion on September 15, 1997.
	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov /tharsis/ellip.html (302 words)

	Capture orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A capture orbit is the high-energy parabolic orbit that allows the capture other than crashing directly to the central body's surface (or atmospheric re-entry).
		Capture orbit is identical to escape orbit - just the direction is reverse.
		For capture velocities see the table in escape velocity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capture_orbit (207 words)

	Venus Express has reached final orbit
		The initial orbit — or 'capture orbit' — was an ellipse ranging from 330 000 kilometres at its furthest point from Venus surface (apocentre) to less than 400 kilometres at its closest (pericentre).
		As of the 9-day capture orbit, Venus Express had to perform a series of further manoeuvres to gradually reduce the apocentre and the pericentre altitudes over the planet.
		Venus Express entered its target orbit at apocentre on 7 May 2006 at 15:31 (CEST), when the spacecraft was at 151 million kilometres from Earth.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-05/esa-veh050906.php (532 words)

	IV-1
		Capture by the EarthMoon system can be managed in 410 days or less at approach speeds from 3 to 5 km/sec with a low-thrust delta V that provides from 1 to 2.7 km/sec.
		Ecliptic plane projections of the orbits of SSS 77 and 1977 HB are illustrated in figures 4 and 5 drawn to the same scale so that differences are easily observed.
		In considering the capture problem ballistically, it is desirable that the radius of perigee of the capture orbit equal the radius of perigee of the final desired orbit so that injection into the desired orbit can be accomplished in one maneuver.
	www.nas.nasa.gov /About/Education/SpaceSettlement/spaceres/IV-1.html (4520 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This, combined with chemical and isotopic analyses of the captured material in a capture cell device (and/or returned sensors), permits a direct study of the physical, chemical, and isotopic composition of matter from a known parent body.
		While a particle was captured essentially intact, the fragility of this capture medium was demonstrated by the inability to remove the particle intact.
		Since EuReCa was in orbit for approximately one year, there should be ~50,000 impacts/m^2; with 100 cm^2 (1.0 X 10^-2 m^2), the HVI experiment should expect 3.75 impacts/cell from grains that are this size and larger.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /meetings/programs/capturewa.txt (8132 words)

	RedOrbit - Reference Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Triton is unique among all large moons in the solar system for its retrograde orbit around the planet (i.e., it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation).
		Moons in retrograde orbit cannot form out of the same solar nebula as the planets they orbit, they must be captured from elsewhere; it is thought that Triton may be a captured Kuiper belt object.
		The capture of Triton may also explain the extremely eccentric orbit of Neptune's outermost moon Nereid, as well as having provided the heat necessary to melt and differentiate Triton's interior (tidal heating resulting from an eccentric post-capture orbit being circularized could have kept Triton liquid for a billion years).
	www.redorbit.com /education/reference_library?article_id=141 (533 words)

	Steve Quayle News Alerts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It seems that the object was in orbit around the Sun until April of this year when it was captured by the Earth's gravity.
		The most recent analysis of J002E3's pre-capture orbit about the Sun shows that it was always inside the Earth's orbit, and that it may have come within the Earth's vicinity in the early 1970s or late 1960s.
		Analysis of J002E3's orbit suggests that there is a chance of it impacting the Moon in 2003, and an outside possibility of it burning up in the Earth's atmosphere sometime in the next decade or so.
	www.stevequayle.com /News.alert/Cosmic/020912.Earth.no.new.moon.html (340 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This means that the orbit gets arbitrarily close to any point on the attractor as long as you wait long enough.
		The goal of this problem is to capture the orbit of x0 = 0 under Q-1.9(x) when it gets close enough to the target b = 0.57238 05294 76361, the positive period-2 point.
		Show your results with a plot showing the orbit until it has settled on the period-2 orbit for about 50 iterations (which will be more than 50 iterations).
	www.rose-hulman.edu /class/csse/csse325/Homework/HW6.doc (510 words)

	Double vortex at Venus South Pole unveiled
		On 11 April this year, Venus Express was captured into a first elongated orbit around Venus, which lasted 9 days, and ranged between 350 000 and 400 kilometres from Venus' surface.
		During this first orbit — called the 'capture orbit' — some of the Venus Express instruments were used to perform the first observations at different distances from Venus, for a few hours per time on six different slots between 12 and 19 April 2006.
		During capture orbit, preliminary data about the chemical composition of the atmosphere were also retrieved.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-06/esa-dva062706.php (799 words)

	ASTRODYNAMIC SPECALIST FINAL REPORT
		Odysseus I is a cargo mission that launches from low Earth orbit (LEO) and arrives at the surface of Mars, it's design to support Odysseus II a manned Mars mission.
		While Odysseus II orbits Mars, a Mars lander departs form Odysseus II and lands on the surface of Mars near Odysseus I, thus making the essential supplies and equipment accessible to the astronauts.
		The reason this is important is if there are any detrimental problems in the transit, orbiting or landing of Odysseus I, the Odysseus II mission can be aborted as to not endanger the lives of the astronauts.
	mmae.iit.edu /~MAE442/astrprgf.htm (1159 words)

	AEROBRAKING ON MARS: MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR AND FURTHER ANALYSIS OF AEROBRAKING OPTIONS
		Aerobraking is an economical method for orbit capture because the fuel required to circularize an orbit is much less than a conventional planetary capture.
		Over 110 orbits, the total orbit time for the actual MGS mission was 102 Earth days, while the planned aerobraking would have reduced the orbital period by 8 hours more in the same number of orbits and in only 66 Earth days.
		The number of orbits to circularize an initial 45 hours orbital period at Mars is cut in half (exactly) by the linear dependence of density and delta P in Equation 3 (assuming the same periapsis altitude).
	ccar.colorado.edu /asen5050/projects/projects_2000/mottinger (2710 words)

	Escape orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An escape orbit (also known as C3 = 0 orbit) is the high-energy parabolic orbit around the central body.
		A body in this orbit has at each position the escape velocity with respect to this central body, for this position.
		If this energy were further increased the orbit would turn to a hyperbolic trajectory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Escape_orbit (182 words)

	There and Back Again: Apollo 12 part spotted?
		Initial orbit computations by the Minor Planet Center indicated that the object was only about twice as far away as the Moon, and was actually in orbit about our planet.
		A backwards analysis of the orbital motion provides the answer: the object was apparently captured by the Earth from heliocentric orbit in April of this year.
		Analysis of J002E3's pre-capture orbit about the Sun shows that the object was always inside the Earth's orbit, and that it may have come within the Earth's vicinity in the early 1970s or late 1960s.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/749380/posts (2021 words)

	chapter 24
		These bodies are massive enough for tidal effects to modify their orbits from the typical large semimajor axis, retrograde orbit characteristic of the smaller, presumably captured satellites shown in the diagram.
		The retrograde lunar capture orbit contracts due to tidal dissipation until resonance between the lunar orbital period and the spin period of the Earth locks the Moon in a slowly expanding orbit.
		In the latter case it is possible that such material, distributed in the Earth's orbit, caused collisional perturbation of the Moon's precapture orbit, thereby contributing to the capture of the Moon (Kaula and Harris, 1973; Kaula, 1974; Wood and Mittler, 1974; Opik, 1972).
	www.hq.nasa.gov /pao/History/SP-345/ch24.htm (5600 words)

	Jay Apt's Orbit Experience - Orbit Book
		Orbit represents the first use of digital scanning of the original flight film to bring out the sharp details seen by the astronauts.
		Pictures taken in space contain more blue than your eye sees from orbit, because the ultraviolet rays of the sun are reflected off the atmosphere into the camera.
		The result is a set of photos that exactly capture the experience of looking at Earth from orbit.
	orbitexperience.com /Orbit_Book/orbit_book.html (316 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Destination Mars \| Mars Express reaches new orbit around Red Planet
		The European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft performed a major maneuver today, changing its initial "capture" orbit achieved on Chirstmas morning to a new orbit needed for the probe's scientific investigations of the Red Planet.
		The craft had been in a highly-elliptical equatorial orbit since the Mars Orbit Insertion burn last week; it is now in an orbit around the planet's poles.
		The polar orbit is required for Mars Express planned science mission, covering virtually the entire planet from its new perch.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /mars/marsexpress/031230marsexpressorbit.html (800 words)

	About Mars Surveyor 98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Depending on launch date and propellant mass consumed during cruise, the resultant orbit period lies between 19 and 40 hrs, with a nominal periapse altitude of 160 km.
		A maneuver to lower periapse in preparation for aerobraking occurs at the first apoapse of the final capture orbit.
		Over the next two months, the energy of the orbit is reduced via successive passes through the atmosphere of Mars, controlled by small Orbit Trim Maneuvers near apoapse.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /mars/background/surveyor98orbiter-events.html (496 words)

	Systems Engineering Progress Report 5
		Capture at Mars will take place in an elliptical orbit with eccentricity of 0.818, periapse of 339.7 km.
		Transfer to an alternative circular orbit of lower altitude (approximately 100 km.) will be most likely performed in order to keep the propulsion requirements for the Mars Ascent Vehicle the lowest possible.
		The proposed elliptic capture orbit at Mars has the benefit of being an equatorial orbit what avoids the need for any plane change maneuvers since an equatorial landing site has been chosen..
	mmae.iit.edu /~MAE442/systprg5.htm (2379 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Mars Odyssey Works"
		After a propulsive maneuver into a 25-hour capture orbit, aerocapture was used over the course of 76 days to achieve the two-hour science orbit.
		Aerocapture involves using the Mars atmosphere to slow down and attain orbit.
		Aerocapture replaces the conventional thrusters that were once needed for a spacecraft to change course and go into orbit around a planet.
	www.howstuffworks.com /mars-odyssey2.htm (435 words)

	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: The Mission
		Doppler Plot: All eyes are fixed on the doppler plot during MOI activities since it is the only window on the spacecraft's behavior during the critical engine firing.
		"Mars Orbit insertion" is the point in the mission when Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter arrives just short of Mars, fires onboard rockets to slow its speed relative to the planet, and is captured into a long looping orbit.
		In order to be captured into orbit around Mars, the spacecraft will need to perform a maneuver to slow the orbiter by about 1000 meters per second (3,280 feet per second).
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /mro/mission/tl_moi.html (287 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Earth's new 'moon' is space junk
		It seems that the object was in orbit around the Sun until April of this year when it was captured by the Earth's gravity.
		The most recent analysis of J002E3's pre-capture orbit about the Sun shows that it was always inside the Earth's orbit, and that it may have come within the Earth's vicinity in the early 1970s or late 1960s.
		Analysis of J002E3's orbit suggests that there is a chance of it impacting the Moon in 2003, and an outside possibility of it burning up in the Earth's atmosphere sometime in the next decade or so.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/sci/tech/2253385.stm (372 words)

	Expressing Venus :: Astrobiology Magazine - beginning study of life - Origin - evolution - life beyond Earth - Universe ...
		On capture, it will be at about 120 million kilometres from the Earth and, at its nearest point, within 400 km of the surface of Venus.
		The preliminary nine-day orbit is elliptical, ranging from 350 000 kilometres at its furthest point from the planet (apocentre) to less than 400 kilometres at its closest (pericentre).
		During this preliminary orbit phase, the complete disc of Venus will be fully visible for the spacecraft s imaging instruments, an opportunity that will not occur during the nominal mission, when the range of distances from the planet will be smaller.
	www.astrobio.net /news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1923&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 (1867 words)

	Mars Global Surveyor in Orbit Around the Planet
		The use of atmospheric drag to change the orbit of a spacecraft without expending rocket propellant is called aerobraking.
		The initial orbit after capture around Mars was about 200 kilometers (120 miles) above the planet's surface at the near end but over 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) away at the far end.
		(With each dip into the atmosphere at the low point of the orbit, the satellite loses more energy to friction, which lowers the high part of the orbit.) However, one of the spacecraft's two solar panels was slightly bent by the feeble atmospheric pressure encountered during the initial dip into the atmosphere.
	www.amnh.org /rose/mars/mi4.html (833 words)

	MOLA Capture Orbit Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The profile was obtained during the Mars Global Surveyor Capture Orbit Calibration Pass on September 15, 1997.
		The profile was obtained during the Mars Global Surveyor Capture Orbit Calibration Pass on September 15, 1997 and represents 20 minutes of data collection.
		The elliptical shape is due to the capture orbit.
	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov /tharsis/pass3.html (755 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| NEAR Mission Report \| Mission Status Center
		The asteroid's weak gravity pull was able to capture the passing space probe when NEAR fired its thrusters to slow down about 160 million miles from Earth.
		Preliminary data shows the capture orbit features a periapsis, or low point, of plus or minus 49 km to the expected 327 km, an apoapsis, or high point, of plus or minus 67 km to the expected 450 km and period of plus or minus a half-day of the expected 27.6 days.
		The upcoming orbit insertion will occur when NEAR is about 207 miles from the center of Eros.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/0002/14nearprearrival/status.html (1373 words)

	Mars Climate Orbiter Mission - Mars Orbit Insertion
		The period of the capture orbit will increase if launch takes place on a later date, due to an increasing arrival velocity.
		If launch takes place at the end of the launch period in late December, the capture orbit period would be approximately 20 hours.
		Based on the details of the initial capture orbit, the spacecraft will fire its thrusters during its next closest pass by Mars to lower the orbit and reduce the orbit period by two to four hours.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /msp98/orbiter/moi.html (427 words)

	Science Glossary - C
		The first orbit of a spacecraft after it has been captured by the gravitational attraction of a celestial body.
		The capture is achieved by reducing the speed of the spacecraft.
		Source of intense X-ray radiation in the Cygnus constellation which is associated with a compact binary system in which two stars revolve around each other in less than 5 hours.
	sci2.esa.int /glossary/glossary_c.html (1561 words)

	ESA - Venus Express - ESA’s Venus Express to reach final destination
		However, during the orbit capture phase (11 April), these two antennas become unusable because of the spacecraft’s required orientation at that time.
		During this preliminary orbit phase, the complete disc of Venus will be fully visible for the spacecraft’s imaging instruments, an opportunity that will not occur during the nominal mission, when the range of distances from the planet will be smaller.
		In particular, the geometry of the capture orbit makes it possible to observe the dynamics of the Venusian atmosphere continuously and thoroughly from a greater distance, over a duration even longer than the full rotation cycle of the atmosphere at the cloud tops (the still-unexplained four-day ‘super rotation’).
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Venus_Express/SEM0UGNFGLE_0.html (1865 words)

	Utilising an Asteroid to establish a large off-Earth colony in orbit - Abdul Ahad
		The mechanics for initial capture of a small asteroid from either the main belt, the Amor or the Apollo classifications was briefly discussed in my original article under "Challenges of Assembling a Starship of Viable Size".
		This is a somewhat simplistic illustration, since the orbit of Alinda is inclined at 9.3 degrees relative to Earth's, and in actual practice the number of dynamical variables requiring optimisation would be large, making favourable operations windows highly constrained and limited.
		Assuming such a capture process has been successfully carried out and the asteroid is placed into an orbit around the Earth, I describe here a possible route to its successful transformation into a potentially habitable body.
	www.astroscience.org /abdul-ahad/earth-ring.htm (2898 words)

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