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Topic: Carbamoyl phosphate

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Urea cycle

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	Levels of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in livers of young and old rats assessed by activity and immunoassays and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Levels of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in livers of young and old rats assessed by activity and immunoassays and by electron microscopic immunogold procedures.
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, the most abundant protein of rat liver mitochondria, plays a key role in synthesis of urea.
		Because aging affects some liver functions, and because there is no information on the levels of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I during aging, we assayed the activity of this enzyme and determined immunologically the level of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in liver homogenates from young (4 months) and old (18 or 26 months) rats.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2303702.html (209 words)

	Mary Ellen Jones, December 25, 1922–August 23, 1996 \| By Thomas W. Traut \| Biographical Memoirs
		The pathway of carbonate in the biosynthesis of carbamyl phosphate.
		The synthesis of carbamyl phosphate by a soluble, glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase.
		Carbamyl phosphate: An allosteric substrate for aspartate transcarbamylase of Escherichia coli.
	www.nap.edu /html/biomems/mjones.html (4565 words)

	Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
		This reaction occurs in the cytosol and is catalyzed by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS-II).
		Remember that carbamoyl phosphate is formed as part of the urea cycle by a different reaction which occurs in the mitochondria and uses carbon dioxide and ammonia as reactants.
		The formation of carbamoyl phosphate to be used in the synthesis of pyrimidines occurs in the cytosol.
	www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk /biochem/uttb/PYRSYN.HTM (835 words)

	GLS - Glutaminase, kidney isoform, mitochondrial precursor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Immunoreactivity for the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) and that for phosphate- activated glutaminase (PAG) were examined in the trigeminal (TG), dorsal root (DRG), nodose (NG), superior cervical, celiac, and pelvic ganglia of the rat.
		In fimbria and corpus callosum levels of synaptic proteins, synapsin I and synaptophysin were 15-20% of those in cortex; the activities of glutamine synthetase and phosphate- activated glutaminase, enzymes involved in metabolism of transmitter glutamate, were 11-25% of cortical values, and activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases were 50-70% of cortical values.
		The hippocampal levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase were unaffected by valproate treatment, whereas the levels of synapsin I and phosphate- activated glutaminase were reduced by valproate treatment, suggesting that the increase in glutamate transporters was not caused by astrocytosis or increased synaptogenesis.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gg/88670.html (5336 words)

	Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Chem*4520 Metabolic Processes
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I exists in the mitochondrion, and uses NH directly to produce carbamoyl phosphate for the urea cycle.
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II acts in the cytoplasm, and uses glutamine as the N donor to produce carbamoyl phosphate for pyrimidine synthesis.
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2 represents one of the common strategies for addition of amino N in synthesis:
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /educmat/chm452/lectur30.htm (564 words)

	Nucleotide Metabolism
		The carbamoyl phosphate used for pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is derived from glutamine and bicarbonate, within the cytosol, as opposed to the urea cycle carbamoyl phosphate derived from ammonia and bicarbonate in the mitochondrion.
		The urea cycle reaction is catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I) whereas the pyrimidine nucleotide precursor is synthesized by CPS-II.
		Carbamoyl phosphate utilized in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis differs from that synthesized in the urea cycle; it is synthesized from glutamine instead of ammonia and is synthesized in the cytosol.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/nucleotide-metabolism.html (2966 words)

	Human protein: P31327 - Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase [ammonia], mitochondrial precursor (EC ) (Carbamoyl-phosphate ...
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (EC 6.3.4.16) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of the hepatic urea cycle.
		Prenatal diagnosis of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency by identification of a missense mutation in CPS1.
		Novel mutations (H337R and 238-362del) in the CPS1 gene cause carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency.
	harvester.embl.de /harvester/P313/P31327.htm (1367 words)

	The Urea Cycle
		The formation of carbamoyl phosphate occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
		Note that 2 high energy phosphate bonds are required for the formation of carbamoyl phosphate making this an essentially irreversible reaction.
		The formation of carbamoyl phosphate in the mitochondria from ammonia and carbon dioxide is an irreversible reaction.
	www.db.uth.tmc.edu /faculty/amoretti/alevine/1521_2000/ureacyc.htm (953 words)

	Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, while ribose phosphate is an early reactant in purine nucleotide synthesis (Figure 36-2), attachment of the ribose phosphate moiety to N-3 of a pyrimidine base occurs much later than in purine biosynthesis (Figure 36-11).
		This reaction is catalyzed by cytosolic carbamoyl phosphate synthase II, an enzyme distinct from the mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthase I functional in urea synthesis (Figure 31-14).
		The close association of these activities ensures that almost all of the carbamoyl phosphate produced by ATC, which is termed ATC-II to distinguish it from the ATC-I functional in urea biosynthesis (Chapter 31), is channeled to pyrimidine biosynthesis.
	www.geocities.com /tisa_pa03 (776 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.79 (2001)
		As depicted in Figure 1, carbamoyl phosphate is directly involved in joining with aspartate for the synthesis of the pyrimidine base orotate, or in linking with ornithine to form citrulline.
		In 1955 it was completely unclear as to whether the synthesis began with the formation of carboxyphosphate and whether this came from bicarbonate or from a carboxyl group on an amino acid, because it was already established that N-acetyl-glutamate was a necessary factor in the synthesis of citrulline.
		A glutamine-dependent enzyme for the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate for pyrimidine biosynthesis in fetal rat liver.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309075726/html/182.html (4910 words)

	[No title]
		This is made from bicarbonate and ammonia by an enzyme called carbamoyl phosphate synthase I. In mammals, there are two carbamoyl phosphate synthase genes, CPS I and CPS II.
		However, a portion of this energy is used in the first step of the cycle, when ornithine reacts with carbamoyl phosphate to form citrulline catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamylase.
		Citrulline is activated by addition of an AMP group to the oxygen that came from carbamoyl phosphate.
	drnelson.utmem.edu /aadeg.html (3956 words)

	BIFC 3521: Lecture
		Free ammonia is incorporated into carbamoyl phosphate via carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I which is found in the mitochondria and is not directly part of the cycle.
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthase basically uses energy from ATP to fuse a carbon dioxide molecule with an ammonia molecule and a phosphate to make an active form of ammonia that can be added to an acceptor molecule to eventually make urea.
		Carbamoyl phosphate in turn reacts with ornithine to produce a mass action effect on the arginase reaction.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /~davis/Biochem_3521/lect23/lect23.html (3141 words)

	In Lactobacillus plantarum, Carbamoyl Phosphate Is Synthesized by Two Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetases (CPS): Carbon ...
		Carbamoyl phosphate (CP) is an intermediate in pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis.
		Channeling of carbamoyl phosphate to the pyrimidine and arginine biosynthetic pathways in the deep sea hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi.
		The structure of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase determined to 2.1 Å resolution.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/12/3416 (3913 words)

	Pfam 18.0 : CPSase_L_chain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The small chain promotes the hydrolysis of glutamine to ammonia, which is used by the large chain to synthesise carbamoyl phosphate.
		The large subunit consists of four structural units: the carboxyphosphate synthetic component, the oligomerization domain, the carbamoyl phosphate synthetic component and the allosteric domain MEDLINE:10089390.
		The structure of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase determined to 2.1 A resolution.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=CPSase_L_chain (464 words)

	Citrulline - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The chemical compound citrulline is an amino acid whose structure is:
		N-CONH-CH L-citrulline is made from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle.
		It is also produced from L-arginine as a by-product of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme NO synthase.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Citrulline (80 words)

	The carbamate kinase-like carbamoyl phosphate synthetase of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, a ...
		The carbamate kinase-like carbamoyl phosphate synthetase of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, a missing link in the evolution of carbamoyl phosphate biosynthesis -- Durbecq et al.
		Microbial carbamoyl phosphate synthetases (CPS) use glutamine as nitrogen donor and are composed of two subunits (or domains),
		carbamoyl phosphate (CP) from bicarbonate, ATP, and ammonia.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/94/24/12803 (578 words)

	[No title]
		CPS I Carbamoyl phosphate synthase type I is the committed step and the regulated step in the urea cycle.
		Something interesting about the usage of carbamoyl phosphate as an initial precursor is that if we have a deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC), carbamoyl phosphate from the urea cycle will build up in high concentrations.
		Since the enzymes of pyrimidine synthesis have no way of determining whether a carbamoyl phosphate is originally mitochondrial (urea cycle) or cytosolic (pyrimidine biosynthesis), these carbamoyl phosphates are turned into orotate and uracil.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~spark/notes/M1/mcb/20011217-mcb-05-lyons.doc (5030 words)

	Nucleotide Sequence and Tissue-specific Expression of the Multifunctional Protein Carbamoyl-phosphate ...
		Carbamoyl phosphate formation as the first step of the pyrimidine nucleotide pathway is catalyzed by CPSase II.
		In ureoosmotic elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates, and rays), carbamoyl phosphate formation in the urea cycle is catalyzed by a different type of CPSase, CPSase III (Anderson, 1980, 1991, 1995a).
		The absence of the pyrimidine pathway in liver may be related to the exclusive mitochondrial localization of glutamine synthetase in liver of shark where it is coupled with the glutamine-dependent CPSase III to provide an efficient system for uptake of ammonia and its conversion into glutamine and then into carbamoyl phosphate for urea synthesis.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/23/14130 (6523 words)

	References - carbamoyl or carbamyl - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape ...
		Nicoloff H, Hubert JC, Bringel F 2000 In Lactobacillus plantarum, carbamoyl phosphate is synthesized by two carbamoyl-phosphate synthetases (CPS): carbon dioxide differentiates the arginine-repressed from the pyrimidine-regulated CPS.
		Rubio V, Llorente P, Britton HG 1998 Mechanism of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli--binding of the ATP molecules used in the reaction and sequestration by the enzyme of the ATP molecule that yields carbamoyl phosphate.
		Thoden JB, Raushel FM, Benning MM, Rayment I, Holden HM 1999 The structure of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase determined to 2.1 A resolution.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/carbam.htm (3228 words)

	W0093: Structural Studies on Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase from Escherichia coli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		W0093: Structural Studies on Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase from Escherichia coli
		Structural Studies on Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase from Escherichia Coli.
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate, MgATP, and glutamine or ammonia.
	www.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA/ACA98/abstracts/text/W0093.html (272 words)

	ipedia.com: Citrulline Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The chemical compound citrulline is an amino acid whose structure is: H 2 N - C ONHNH -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CHNH 2 -COOH L-citrulline is made from L- ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the centr...
		N-CONHNH-CH L-citrulline is made from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle.
		L-citrulline, while being an amino acid, is not involved in protein synthesis and is not one of the amino acids coded for by DNA.
	www.ipedia.com /citrulline.html (148 words)

	Max
		The chimera consists of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase/aspartate transcarbamoylase cDNA except that the portion encoding the aspartate binding domain has been replaced by the ornithine binding domain sequence of porcine ornithine transcarbamoylase in order to alter substrate specificity.
		Native OTCase is always monofunctional, but ATCase can be found as part of bi- and trifunctional polypeptide chains that include carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) as the first enzymatic activity.
		The carbamoyl phosphate synthetase activity present with ATCase in a single polypeptide guarantees that the ammonia captured in carbamoyl phosphate will be channeled to the active site of the chimeric transcarbamoylase and rapidly incorporated into a more stable compound.
	mark.asci.ncsu.edu /SwineReports/2001/02manjeanne.htm (1653 words)

	Plant Gene Register PGR98-087 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase; EC 6.3.5.5) carries out the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia, bicarbonate and ATP and provides this substrate for the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and arginine in all living organisms (Markoff and Radford 1978).
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.5.5), small subunit; pyrimidine nucleotide and arginine biosynthesis
		Markoff AJ, Radford A (1978) Genetics and biochemistry of carbamoyl phosphate biosynthesis and its utilization in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
	www.tarweed.com /pgr/PGR98-087.html (1174 words)

	Intestinal Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase I in Human and Rat: Expression During Development Shows Species Differences and ...
		Charles R, de Graaf A, Moorman AFM (1980) Radioimmunochemical determination of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (ammonia) content of adult rat liver.
		Dubois N, Cavard C, Chasse J-F, Kamoun P, Briand P (1988) Compared expression levels of ornithine transcarbamylase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in liver and small intestine of normal and mutant mice.
		Ryall J, Quantz MA, Shore GC (1986) Rat liver and intestinal mucosa differ in the developmental pattern and hormonal regulation of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I and ornithine carbamoyl transferase gene expression.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/46/2/231 (4435 words)

	Repression of the pyr Operon in Lactobacillus plantarum Prevents Its Ability To Grow at Low Carbon Dioxide Levels -- ...
		Carbamoyl phosphate is a precursor for both arginine and pyrimidine
		Carbamoyl phosphate (CP) is a common precursor in arginine and pyrimidine biosynthesis.
		Carbamoyl phosphate is required for arginine and pyrimidine
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/187/6/2093 (5596 words)

	[No title]
		Carbamoyl phosphate and Asp will then enter the urea cycle and be excreted as urea.
		Remember: That the amino groups come from carbamoyl phosphate in the ornithine transcarbomylase step and from Asp in the argino ssuccinyl synthetase step.
		If there is a complete block in the carbomoyl phosphate synthetase (beginning of the cycle) that child will die due to the build up of toxic ammonia.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/cell34.html (1800 words)

	W0018: A Tunnel Runs Through It: Structural Studies of Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A Tunnel Runs Through It: Structural Studies of Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase.
		Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, hereafter referred to as CPS, catalyzes perhaps one of the most remarkable reactions ever described in biological chemistry by assembling carbamoyl phosphate from one molecule of bicarbonate, two molecules of Mg
		The carbamoyl phosphate so produced is subsequently employed in the biosynthesis of both arginine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
	www.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA/ACA99/abstracts/text/W0018.html (321 words)

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