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Topic: Carbon arc lamp

	Why are light bulbs & lamps colored? (incandescence)
		Carbon arc lamps saw extensive use throughout the USA and the world from the late 1870s on.
		Arc lamps come from almost the exact historical point when electricity went from being a scientific curiosity to being part of everyday life.
		The "Brush arc lamp" from GE accomplished this "spacing" issue, and became commercially successful by the late 1870s ushering in the era of electric light.
	webexhibits.org /causesofcolors/3.html (648 words)

	Brush's Arc Lamp
		The carbon holder rod is sized to freely pass through the central hole of the ring clutch as long as the clutch is perfectly horizontal.
		The upper carbon holder is free to move through the central hole of the ring clutch and the upper electrode is maintained in contact with the lower electrode by the weight of the upper electrode assembly.
		The upward movement of the upper carbon electrode establishes a gap and the arc of the lamp is "struck".
	www.lafavre.us /brush/lamparc.htm (2739 words)

	Streetlight Terminology
		The carbon arc lamp had the electricity jumping between a pair of carbon rods since these did not melt as metal electrodes did given the heat produced.
		Arc lights still used for theater spotlights today have automatic means of moving the rod ends back together as they wore away.) Mercury and sodium lights are technically arc lights since they contain small arcs passing through mercury or sodium vapor, respectively.
		The principle behind the incandescent electric lamp is to maintain a component (the filament) in a white-hot glowing state by the use of electricity flowing through it.
	hometown.aol.com /ajaynejr/jiteglos.htm (2351 words)

	Troubled Times: Carbon Arc Lamps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The light of the arc lamp was particularly kind to the color of the human complexion and the stone of historic buildings.
		In most arc lamps the light results from the luminescence of the gas; however, in the carbon arc lamp the light is produced by the incandescence of one or both electrodes.
		The lamp is either open, enclosed, or an intensified arc with incandescence at the electrodes and some light from the luminescence of the arc.
	www.zetatalk.com /energy/tengy23d.htm (595 words)

	Arc lamp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An arc lamp is the general term for a class of lamps that produce light by an electric arc (or voltaic arc).
		The common fluorescent lamp is actually a low-pressure mercury arc lamp where the inside of the bulb is coated with a light-emitting phosphor.
		The electric arc in an arc lamp consists of gas which is initially ionized by a voltage and is therefore electrically conductive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbon_arc_lamp (1149 words)

	IEE - Archives - Arc Lamps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		However, no arc lamp produced during this period could be an economic success, as the batteries then available were too costly a source of electricity.
		The first arc lamp to be used in large numbers was the 'Jablochkoff Candle', developed in 1876 by a Russian telegraph engineer.
		The light from arc lamps is too harsh for indoor home use, so the lamps were used for lighting public buildings, exhibition halls, railway yards and the like, and on 14 October 1878 a football match was played under arc lamps in Sheffield.
	archives.iee.org /about/Arclamps/arclamps.htm (366 words)

	Micrographia Article: The Ideal Microscope Lamp. Page 1. Background. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The carbon arc lamp shown in the diagram ran from a DC (!) mains supply through a large heat-dissipating resistor (on the right) which reduced the mains voltage to the operating voltage (20V-65V) of the unit.
		In spite of the ideal nature of the source itself, the lamp envelope was too large to allow the approach of a high-power condenser, thus creating difficulties in the illumination of low power objectives.
		This lamp is typical of a generation of free-standing microscope lamps substantially similar to those in use today, using a low voltage bulb with a compact filament in an envelope small enough to allow the use of a high power condenser.
	www.micrographia.com /articlz/artmicgr/lmpideal/lmpi0100.htm (1008 words)

	History of Electric Lighting Technology
		The world of Arc Lights can be further divided into the world of high pressure arc lights (in which light is produced in a physically small bulb of high pressure gasses) and low pressure arc lights, where a physically big tube of low pressure gas plasma is employed.
		Mercury vapor arc lamps are roughly 20% efficient in turning electricity into light, Unfortunately, their light is particularly cold, harsh, blue-green in color.
		Their lamp is, however, about four times as efficient in turning light into electricity than all other bicycle lamps (which are all incandescent).
	www.sheldonbrown.com /marty_light_hist.html (2224 words)

	Service, Parts, Repair and Restorations of Searchlights, Spotlights and Floodlights
		These Carbon Arc Searchlights were originally used during Wolrd War II in aircraft defense systems as
		Carbon arc searchlights also became well known for Hollywood grand openings and celebrity appearances and have become an icon for beams of intense light attracting attention for miles around against a night sky.
		Night Lights are used for floodlight, halide, halogen, high-voltage, skyview, illuminate, illumination, incandescent, lamp, lamp arc, light, lighting, lumens, luminaries, luminance, lux, pan, par, parabolic reflectors.
	www.carbonarcsearchlights.com (705 words)

	Carbon Arcs
		The carbon arc is quite an old technology predating the invention of the incandescent lamp.
		Because of the possibility of carbon monoxide as well as other noxious gases and fumes, it is recommended not to operate a carbon arc indoors for more than a few seconds unless ventillation is very good.
		In carbon arc searchlights and projection systems, a DC arc is usually used so that most of the light is emitted from only one spot, the crater in the tip of the positive electrode.
	members.misty.com /don/carbarc.html (2550 words)

	1947- Recent Developments of Arc - SMPE
		The negative carbon head is mounted on arms which allow it to be moved to carbon trim burning angles from coaxial alignment to 90 deg.
		When the arc switch is turned on, the negative carbon is caused to be fed forward until it contacts the positive carbon, thus establishing the arc.
		The flame carbon arc is used in general lighting units for front light, fill light, and to illuminate backings.
	www.mole.com /aboutus/history/smpte/1947-07p37.html (2985 words)

	Storia delle lampade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From this knowledge the enclosed arc lamp was born in 1893 (Jandus and Mark) and had a lifetime of 150 hours, or three to five times that of lamps burning in free air.
		In the 1980’s the first low voltage capsule lamps integrated or not in compact reflectors were put on the market, while infrared-reflecting coatings were tried at the beginning of the 1990’s in an attempt to further decrease the thermal losses of the filaments.
		The introduction of the color-corrected mercury lamp was made possible with the elaboration of manganese activated magnesium germanate and fluorogermanate in 1950, which improved greatly the color rendering index and had a beneficial effect of the lamp efficacy.
	www.ricambiolampade.it /storia.htm (6114 words)

	Brush Arc Lighting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the late 1870's Brush arc lamp installations were being purchased by individuals, department stores, theaters, and factories.
		Arc lamps survived for decades despite the predominance of incandescents.
		This is the type of double lamp was designed to burn unattended through the night, someting that the earlier Brush single carbon lamps could not do.
	www.electricmuseum.com /exhibits/arclamps/brush.shtml (883 words)

	Brush (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Extended operation of the lamp requires the maintenance of a specific gap between the electrodes, which can be effected by moving the electrodes during operation with a regulating device.
		There were other arc lamps before Brush's that utilized electromagnets as part of a regulation system but it was the combination of the electromagnet with the ring clutch that made Brush's design superior in regulating the arc.
		The arc light preceded Edison's incandescent light bulb in commercial use and was suited to applications where a bright light was needed, such as street lights and lighting in commercial and public buildings.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/brush.html (9255 words)

	Carbon
		Carbon is not fl, or transparent, or soft, or hard, or a conductor, or a nonconductor--it all depends on structure.
		Carbon monoxide is created when carbon is burned in a deficiency of oxygen, as in charcoal fires, internal combustion engines, poorly drafted and vented heaters and furnaces, fuel gases, and in methane explosions in coal mines.
		The composition of a carbon fuel is given by a proximate analysis in terms of fixed carbon, volatiles, ash and moisture, or by an ultimate analysis of the dry fuel in terms of percentages of C, H, S, O, N and ash.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/carbon.htm (16790 words)

	Designing Efficient and Effective Kitchen Lighting - StarCraft Custom Builders
		Incandescent lamps are known for their warm colour, resulting from the fact that they emit more lower frequency red and orange light than high frequency blue and violet.
		The tubular flourescent lamp is the common household application of the electrical discharge or arc lamp.
		The newest incarnation of the halogen lamp for household use is the xenon lamp.
	starcraftcustombuilders.com /kitchen.lighting.htm (2402 words)

	Carbon Ash / Carbon 60 - A Boon to Humanity
		The next scientific breakthrough came in 1990 when a German / American group and a British group independently showed that carbon 60 could be made in quantities using a carbon arc in an apparatus similar to a carbon arc lamp that might well have been available back in 1890.
		The project is using carbon 60 to develop methods for the deactivation of viruses, treatment of cancerous tumors and of miocardisishemia.
		They are also experimenting with carbon 60 in an applicable form as in a gel, film, or liniment, in the treatment of cancers with easily accessible tumors.
	edgarcaycehouston.org /CarbonAsh(4).htm (502 words)

	Xenon arc lamp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When the lamp reaches the end of its useful life, the protective shield is put back on the lamp, and the spent lamp is then removed from the equipment and disposed of.
		In a pure xenon lamp, the majority of the light is generated within a tiny, pinpoint-sized cloud of plasma situated where the electron stream leaves the face of the cathode.
		For this reason, xenon arc lamps of smaller sizes, down to 10 watts, are used in optics and in precision illumination for microscopes and other instruments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp (1382 words)

	1946 - The M-R Brute - Am. Cinematographer
		The new Mole-Richardson Type 450 carbon arc lamp was designed and built as a result of the insistent demand from cinematographers for a light source with twice the intensity of the present Type 170 M-R Hi-Arc.
		The arc control motor, motor rheostat, arc switch and pin plugs were all removed from the beat of the body of the unit and located in a separate compartment on the rear lamp casting.
		Inasmuch as the balance of the carbon feeding mechanism is mounted on the front of this same casting, the whole forms an integral unit which may easily be removed for servicing.
	www.mole.com /aboutus/history/asc/1946-12-438.html (1411 words)

	A Leitz 'Edinger Apparatus' photomicrography
		Carbon arc lamp in relation to the microscope stage.
		The large brass handle is for moving the entire lamp up or down, which concentrates the light onto the iris and condenser assembly.
		The carbon arc lamp operates on 110 volts, wired through a 4 amp rheostat.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artapr02/edinger.html (1142 words)

	ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY
		Carbon arc searchlights illustrated in one of the crypts under the ancient Egyptian temple at Denderah
		The flames shooting up to the rounded point of the negative carbon from the typical crater generated by the positive one, which is likely to flame badly, lights up the altar of the Goddess of Light Hathor, also known as Isis.
		In D, four electric lamps with flower reflectors on a cornice seem to be connected in series with wire nuts, but internal wires in their cables may connect them in parallel instead.
	ancientskyscraper.com (2350 words)

	About Geeks
		The Carbon Arc has three components, the power supply, the ballast, and the carbon arc itself.
		The normal Ohms law relationship between voltage and current does not have a unique and stable solution in the Carbon Arc because the resistance of the plasma is not linear, it changes and even takes on a negative slope in regions.
		The addition of a ballast resistance in series with the arc tames the negative resistance of the arc and sets a non-destructive limit on the current.
	www.aboutgeeks.com /print.php?sid=33&POSTNUKESID=ec33e4c7f54a41745e71f2ef86c57320 (604 words)

	The carbon arc lamps which have been used in the lighting of U
		The carbon arc lamps which have been used in the lighting of U
		The carbon arc lamps which have been used in the lighting of U.S. motion picture sets since the silent film era were
		The modern fresnel lighting fixture uses either a tungsten halogen or a discharge type of lamp.
	www.klieglbros.com /fluf.htm (1066 words)

	Xenon Lamp, Retrofitting 35 mm Projector, 35 mm Projector, Single Phase Stabilizer, SMPS Automatic Battery Chargers, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		With our past experience in handling Xenon Lamps continuous updation of our knowledge about Xenon Lamps and constant efforts to offer more affordable solutions has resulted into offering solution of installing your projector with ZENARC Lamp house replacing carbon arc lamp.
		This solution uses your existing carbon arc rectifier as prime power source.
		A power booster unit is required to be interconnected with the existing rectifier to supply adequate power and ensure safety of the lamp.
	www.joshielectronics.com /cinema3.htm (142 words)

	A Brief History of Stage Lighting
		This was difficult in 1899 when the primary lighting equipment consisted of foot lights, rows of border lights and perhaps a dozen lime lights (or arc lamps).
		Overhead lamps located at a forty-five-degree angle in front of the curtain line produced modeling in facial features, and life to the eyes, which neither border nor footlights could achieve.
		The new method provided high intensity individual lamps, which could be focused on any area of the stage floor or scenery, in any color, with a variable amount of light due to individual dimmer control.
	www.northern.edu /wild/LiteDes/ldhist.htm (5076 words)

	L1-01.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		DESCRIPTION: A 10cm focal length lens is used to project a side view of the arc of a carbon arc lamp onto a screen.
		The shield protects the class from the direct light of the arc.
		Remember that due to the inversion of the image by the lens, the image of the arc is upside down!
	www.physics.umd.edu /lecdem/services/demos/demosl1/l1-01.htm (100 words)

	Color
		The sunset demo shows Raleigh scattering by using a fish tank, sodium-thiosulfate, a catalyst, and a carbon arc lamp.
		A particulate is created when the catalyst is added to the water / sodium-thiosulfate solution.
		The light that is projected to the wall changes from blue to orange red as the particulate increases.
	www.physics.wsu.edu /demos/optics/color.htm (156 words)

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