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Topic: Carbon equivalent

	Equivalent carbon content - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The equivalent carbon content of a steel alloy refers to method of measuring the maximum hardness and the weldability of the alloy based on the chemical composition of the alloy.
		The equivalent carbon content is the most common such standard, but others exist, such as the equivalent nickel content and the equivalent chromium content (usually used together and in conjunction with the Schaeffler-Delong diagram and considered more accurate for measuring weldability).
		The resulting equivalent carbon coefficient allows the alloy to be categorized alongside plain carbon steels, and have their weldability and hardness properties compared with them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equivalent_carbon_content (215 words)

	Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 1999 - Carbon Dioxide Emissions
		Since 1990, carbon dioxide emissions attributable to energy use in the transportation sector have grown annually at a rate of 1.6 percent, increasing by a total of 64.3 million metric tons carbon equivalent and representing 39.6 percent of the growth in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from all sectors.
		In 1999, it is estimated that a combined total of approximately 29.3 million metric tons carbon equivalent was emitted from international bunker fuels (26.6 million metric tons carbon equivalent) and military bunker fuels (assuming the latter was close to the 1998 estimate).
		Carbon dioxide is also released during aluminum smelting, when carbon anodes (with the carbon derived from nonfuel use of fossil fuels) are vaporized in the presence of aluminum oxide.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/1605/gg00rpt/carbon.htm (5032 words)

	Steel Encyclopedia Articles @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Carbon acts as a hardening agent, preventing iron atoms, which are naturally arranged in a crystal lattice, from sliding past one another (dislocation).
		One way for carbon to leave the austenite is for cementite to precipitate out of the mix, leaving behind iron that is pure enough to take the form of ferrite, and resulting in a cementite-ferrite mixture.
		The carbon monoxide produced by the charcoal reduced the iron oxides to metallic iron, but the bloomery was not hot enough to melt the iron.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/Steel (3798 words)

	Greenhouse gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and three groups of fluorinated gases are the subject of the Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force in 2005.
		This is the case for CO, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification,) (CO is chemically stable in the atmosphere).
		Carbon monoxide concentrations are both short-lived in the atmosphere and spatially variable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greenhouse_gas (2047 words)

	PPT Slide
		Carbon dioxide emissions from energy use are projected to increase at an average annual rate of 1.4 percent between 1999 and 2020.
		Projected carbon dioxide emissions increase from 1,511 million metric tons carbon equivalent in 1999 to 1,809 million metric tons carbon equivalent in 2010 and 2,041 million metric tons carbon equivalent in 2020.
		Carbon dioxide emissions are projected to grow at a slightly faster rate than total energy demand because nuclear generation is projected to decline over the forecast period and renewable energy use is expected to penetrate slowly.
	tonto.eia.doe.gov /FTPROOT/presentations/aeo2001/sld015.htm (153 words)

	California Climate Change Glossary - LETTER C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as "million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCDE)" or "million short tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MSTCDE)" The carbon dioxide equivalent for a gas is derived by multiplying the tons of the gas by the associated GWP.
		Carbon may also be used as the reference and other greenhouse gases may be converted to carbon equivalents.
		Carbon dioxide equivalents can then be converted to carbon equivalents by multiplying the carbon dioxide equivalents by 12/44 (the ratio of the molecular weight of carbon to carbon dioxide).
	www.climatechange.ca.gov /glossary/letter_c.html (1283 words)

	Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron - Base Chemical Composition
		The tensile strength of gray iron is influenced by both the normal elements present in plain irons such as carbon, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and manganese, and the presence of alloying additions and trace elements.
		Carbon and silicon are very important elements and are combined, usually with phosphorus, in a carbon equivalent expression.
		Gray irons with less than 4.3 carbon equivalent are hypoeutectic and of higher strength because the amount and size of the graphite flakes decrease with the CE value.
	www.atlasfdry.com /grayiron-chemical.htm (390 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Emissions of U.S. greenhouse gases in 1998 increased by 0.2 %
		Carbon dioxide accounts for 83 % of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, and 98 % of carbon dioxide emissions are attributable to the combustion of fossil fuels.
		Carbon dioxide emissions from all sources totalled 1,495.5 mm metric tons of carbon.
		Transportation emissions of carbon dioxide grew by 2.4 % compared with 1997, while the carbon dioxide emissions of regulated electric utilities expanded by 3.2 %, paced by a hotter than normal summer.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntn00490.htm (571 words)

	Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 - 5. Halocarbons and Other Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Carbon tetrachloride is regulated by the Clean Air Act Amendments as a known carcinogen and under the Montreal Protocol as an ozone-depleting chemical.
		Carbon monoxide emissions from residential fuel use and forest fires also declined in 1997, by 0.9 million (25 percent) and 1.9 million (35 percent) metric tons, respectively, compared with 1990.
		Carbon monoxide emissions are expected to decrease through the year 2000 as a result of more stringent tailpipe standards and other factors.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/04/03685/halocarbons.html (4525 words)

	Global warming - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Climate models, driven by estimates of increasing carbon dioxide and to a lesser extent by generally decreasing sulphate aerosols, predict that temperatures will increase (with a range of 1.4 to 5.8 °C for change between 1990 and 2100 [6]).
		Thick layers of abiotic carbonate sediment which can be found on top the glacial rocks from this period are believed to be formed by this rapid carbon dioxide removal process.
		The primary effect of global warming is increasing carbon dioxide and increasing global average temperature.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/l/o/Global_warming.html (4825 words)

	Greenhouse gas emissions - summary
		It is only possible to produce regional estimates for Carbon Dioxide (CO) emissions, the principal greenhouse gas, which accounted for 86 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions (in carbon equivalent) in 2003.
		The East of England emitted 13.6 million tonnes carbon equivalent of carbon dioxide (CO) in 2003; the fifth highest amount of the regions.
		London emitted 13.9 million tonnes carbon equivalent of carbon dioxide (CO) in 2003; the fourth highest amount of the regions.
	www.sustainable-development.gov.uk /regional/summaries/01.htm (485 words)

	Machinability of Gray Cast Iron - results and discussion
		A summary of the carbon equivalent, total carbon, the weight percent free carbon and the weight percent combined carbon is presented in Table 4.
		The carbon equivalent was lowest in the iron G2 at 3.77% followed by 3.80% in iron G3 and was highest at 3.87% in iron G1.
		No correlation between carbon equivalent or carbon concentration and the volume of metal removed at 6.5 mils of wear with a turning speed of 650 sfm was found.
	www.atlasfdry.com /machinability-results.htm (2179 words)

	CRSI / Engineering Data Report\Number 34 - ASTM A706 Reinforcing Bars Technical Information (Concrete Reinforcing Steel ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		The carbon equivalent is limited to 0.55 percent.
		For bars with a carbon equivalent up to 0.55 percent, little or no preheat is required under normal working temperatures for bar size #11 and smaller.
		For #14 and #18 bars with a carbon equivalent of 0.40 to 0.55 percent, a somewhat higher preheat is required.
	www.aecinfo.com /1/resourcefile/00/24/91/crsieb02.htm (718 words)

	86.144-94 Calculations; exhaust emissions.
		−carbon atom), assuming an average carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:1.85, at 68 °F (20 °C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) pressure.
		−carbon atom), where H/C is the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the hydrocarbon components of the test fuel, at 68 °F (20 °C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) pressure.
		(iv)(A) CO e = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilute exhaust volume corrected for water vapor and carbon dioxide extraction, in ppm.
	www.setonresourcecenter.com /CFR/40CFR/P86A_265.HTM (2199 words)

	MIT Global Change Joint Program Report 45
		At present, soil carbon sequestration that might occur if agricultural practices were changed or land were abandoned is ruled out until agreed methods of measurement and verification are determined and, even then, these action would have to be in addition to what might have occurred otherwise.
		Thus although the role of terrestrial ecosystems in balancing the carbon budget is important in understanding the carbon cycle, [17], [18] the magnitude of a natural land sink is irrelevant to Kyoto accounting.
		That is, the carbon emissions must be reduced by enough to cover the growth in the other gases between the base year and the commitment period.
	web.mit.edu /globalchange/www/rpt45.html (5979 words)

	Cast irons
		It will be noted that either a high carbon and low silicon or low carbon and high silicon content give grey iron; the fracture can, therefore, be misleading as to analysis, especially if the rate of cooling is not considered.
		With carbon contents progressively less than 4,3% normal graphite is formed in diminishing quantities until a mottled or white iron range is reached.
		Naturally other elements, especially silicon and phosphorus, affect the composition of the eutectic point in a complex alloy and a carbon equivalent value is suggested as an index which converts the amount of these elements into carbon replacement values.
	www.key-to-steel.com /articles/art20.htm (1253 words)

	Cast irons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		The carbon equivalent (CE) of a cast iron helps to distinguish the grey irons which cool into a microstructure containing graphite and and the white irons where the carbon is present mainly as cementite.
		A high cooling rate and a low carbon equivalent favours the formation of white cast iron whereas a low cooling rate or a high carbon equivalent promotes grey cast iron.
		However, annealing causes the carbon in the pearlite to precipitate on to the existing graphite or to form further small graphite particles, leaving behind a ferritic matrix.
	www.msm.cam.ac.uk /phase-trans/2001/adi/cast.iron.html (1527 words)

	Defra, UK - Forms and Regulation - Environmental Impact Guidance - Impacts on climate change
		The increase of 857 tonnes of carbon is already given in terms of carbon, so he doesn't need to do anything to this.
		The 1.2 tonnes of nitrous oxide is equivalent to (1.2 x 296) = 355.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide.
		Thus the total impact of his policy is an increase in emissions of (857 + 0.8 + 96.9) = 955 tonnes of carbon equivalent.
	www.defra.gov.uk /corporate/regulat/ria/envguide/ccimpact/step3.htm (404 words)

	FCCC/AGBM/1997/MISC.1/Add.4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		"Tonne of carbon equivalent" means one metric tonne of carbon, or a quantity of one or more other greenhouse gases equivalent to one metric tonne based on the global warming potentials decided by the Parties in accordance with Annex C of this Protocol.
		At the end of a budget period applicable to a Party, any amount of tonnes of carbon equivalent emissions allowed that is borrowed from the subsequent budget period shall be subtracted at a rate of [1.2:1] from the subsequent budget period.
		With respect to any tonnes of carbon equivalent emissions allowed that are acquired or transferred under Articles 6 or 7, the Party shall specify the quantity, Party of origin or destination, and the relevant budget period.
	unfccc.int /cop3/misc01a4.htm (4096 words)

	Jean-Marc Jancovici - doing one's good deed regarding climate change : what is the impact of individual actions ?
		Carbon content of a selection of foods, in kg carbon equivalent per kg of food (non processed).
		If the return trip to work is 30 km long (20 miles roughly) the corresponding emission is close to 450 kg carbon equivalent (european cars), and therefore the economy is of 0,2 tonne carbon equivalent per person for a sharing at two, and 0,3 tonne for a sharing at three.
		Greenhouse gases emissions in grams carbon equivalent per passenger.km (that is one person traveling one km), in train, depending on the country.
	manicore.com /anglais/documentation_a/greenhouse/individual_acts.html (4628 words)

	Q7: Carbon equivalent
		What is the carbon equivalent of this steel and what processing route would you use to achieve a grain size of about 7µm in a structural (HSLA) steel plate? (TMCR - thermo-mechanically controlled rolling) ;
		of 0.21 and hot rolling incorrect, your choice of processing route is wrong and as we are using a modern low carbon microalloyed steel we must use the other equation.
		Carbon equivalent of the steel and processing route to obtain a fine ferrite grain size:C
	matter.org.uk /steelmatter/applications/plate/carbon_equivalent.html (278 words)

	Joseph L
		To avoid participants “gaming the system,” complex and probably unenforceable rules would be needed to determine that emission reductions are genuine, entity-wide, and net of any increases in emissions caused by higher energy use or other emission-generating activity in some other division of a plant or company, either concurrently or at some later time.
		Note that this is the most authoritative source of estimates for carbon emissions and sequestrations, being produced in compliance with guidelines from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and used to produce the IPCC’s global greenhouse gas inventory.
		USDA’s estimate of total sequestration in agricultural soils is 73 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (20 million metric tons of carbon), approximately five times as much as EPA.
	epw.senate.gov /108th/Bast_070803.htm (1432 words)

	The Greenhouse Gas Effect
		Because energy-related carbon emissions are a large portion of total greenhouse gas emissions, any efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will likely have a significant impact on the energy sector; however, as discussed later, there are a number of factors outside the domestic energy market that also affect emissions levels.
		As a result, global carbon emissions from energy use are expected to increase at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent from 1996 through 2010, reaching 8.3 billion metric tons, to which the United States would contribute about 22 percent.
		U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2002 - Gas 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Carbon dioxide 4,969.4 5,130.4 5,224.4...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0004686.html (891 words)

	CRS Report: 98-235 - Global Climate Change: US Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Status, Trends, and Projections - NLE
		Once the baselines are set, uncertainties in factors affecting sources of emissions-e.g., the rate of economic growth, changes in energy prices, the rate at which nuclear facilities are retired, and the rate of adoption of energy-efficient technologies will have to be overcome in determining the actual magnitude of the reductions required.
		Carbon dioxide accounts for about 85% of the greenhouse effect of the 6 greenhouse gases; about 98% of this C0 comes from fossil fuel combustion.
		In estimating reductions necessary to meet the Kyoto commitment, a net increase in human-induced carbon sequestration from forestry practices between 1990 and 2008-2012 would be subtracted from emissions during the period, thereby reducing the amount of actual emissions that will have to be curtailed.
	www.cnie.org /nle/crsreports/climate/clim-13.cfm (4220 words)

	Statute: § 86.144-90 Calculations; exhaust emissions.
		(ii) Density[sub]HC =Density of hydrocarbons is 16.33 g/ft[sup]3 (0.5768 kg/m[sup]3), assuming an average carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:1.85, at 68 [degrees]F (20 [degrees]C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) pressure.
		(ii) Density[sub]co =Density of carbon monoxide is 32.97 g/ft[sup]3 (1.164 kg/m[sup]3), at 68 [degrees]F (20 [degrees]C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) pressure.
		(ii) Density CO[sub]2 =Density of carbon dioxide is 51.81 g/ft[sup]3 (1.830 kg/m[sup]3), at 68 [degrees]F (20 [degrees]C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) pressure.
	www.arb.ca.gov /bluebook/bb05/40cfr/40cfr86_144-90.htm (2283 words)

	Committee Staff:
		No later than January 1, 2006, the office shall complete an inventory and analysis of the emissions of equivalent carbon dioxide from city government operations during the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1994, which shall include both direct and indirect emissions.
		The city shall achieve, at minimum, a twenty percent reduction in total emissions of equivalent carbon dioxide from city government operations for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 2009, relative to such emissions for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1994.
		The office shall implement or help to implement those measures identified in the report required pursuant to subdivision b of this section that are feasible, with the goal of maximizing the reduction of citywide emissions of equivalent carbon dioxide, including achieving at least a 7% reduction in such emissions below 1990 levels by 2012.
	webdocs.nyccouncil.info /attachments/67162.htm (5504 words)

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