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Topic: Carbon fixation

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	What is carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems
		Predictions of global energy use in the next century suggest a continued increase in carbon emissions and rising concentrations of CO in the atmosphere unless major changes are made in the way we produce and use energy—in particular, how we manage carbon.
		Carbon sequestration refers to the provision of long-term storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, underground, or the oceans so that the buildup of carbon dioxide (the principal greenhouse gas) concentration in the atmosphere will reduce or slow.
		Carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems can be defined as the net removal of CO from the atmosphere into long-lived pools of carbon.
	www.fws.gov /southeast/news/2004/images/carbon-factsheet.html (324 words)

	Carbon Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Some carbon may be held for a longer period of time in the bodies of organism.
		Carbon is also stored in rocks, like limestone and is dissolved in the oceans as carbonate ions.
		There is evidence of an increase of carbon dioxide as the result of burning of carbon dioxide as the result of burning fossil fuels.
	www.cas.muohio.edu /~mbi-ws/biogeochemicalcycles/Carbon/carboncycle.htm (356 words)

	Oral Fixation -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An oral fixation (also oral craving) is a fixation in the oral stage of development and manifested by an obsession with stimulating the mouth (oral), first described by Freud.
		C3 carbon fixation is a pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
		Plants that survive solely on C3 fixation tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and ground water is plentiful.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/108/oral-fixation.html (1136 words)

	Plant Physiology
		Carbon dioxide is limiting to plants that photorespire - for evidence see: (a) plot of carbon dioxide fixation vs. carbon dioxide concentration for maize and red clover (photorespires); and (b) plot of carbon dioxide uptake vs. fluence for tobacco and maize at ambient oxygen at varying carbon dioxide levels.
		The purpose of this pathway is to metabolize and reclaim the carbon in phosphoglycolate
		carbon dioxide is released in the mitochondria and is hence the reason this is a type of "respiration".
	employees.csbsju.edu /ssaupe/biol327/Lecture/photosyn-carbon.htm (1788 words)

	Rising Carbon Dioxide is Great for Plants
		Carbon dioxide is the basic raw material that plants use in photosynthesis to convert solar energy into food, fiber, and other forms of biomass.
		Indeed, the conventional wisdom in public policy circles is that carbon dioxide is a terrible pollutant that threatens the fate of the earth.
		The carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere begins to fall in the spring, and continues to fall through the summer months, as CO2 is removed by the vegetative cover of the north.
	www.purgit.com /co2ok.html (3536 words)

	ABIOTIC FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The non-volatile radiocarbon that was left in the flask was measured in a scintillation counter and the fraction of incorporation of mineral carbon was calculated.
		The degree of new carbon fixation was in proportion the ability of the particular substrates to form free radicals.
		Since the new carbon is incorporated as a carboxyl group this process would tend to solubilize unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in oil spilled on the sea.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /general/project/ocdgh1.html (511 words)

	19: Biogeochemical Cycles
		Most of the carbon within organisms comes from the carbon dioxide (CO in the air.The atmosphere is 0.03 mol % in CO However, the greatest physical reservoir of carbon is not atmospheric carbon dioxide but instead is located in the Earth's crust and is not easily accessible to biological organisms.
		Photosynthetic carbon fixation is responsible for the vast majority of the carbon fixed in nature.
		Carbon fixation involves the incorporation ("fixation") of carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules and its subsequent reduction to the level of an alcohol.
	www.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~mgonzalez/Micro521/19.html (2211 words)

	Carbon Conservation
		Younger forests are more efficient at fixing carbon than older forests because they grow at faster rates and not as many trees are dying, rotting and thereby putting carbon back into the atmosphere.
		From a carbon point of view, it's at this age that decadent and declining trees need to be removed, and put into long-term carbon storage in the form of building materials and furniture, or used to replace fossil fuel fuels.
		Carbon risk management therefore involves identifying the stands that are at higher risk of catastrophic storm damage.
	www.daviesand.com /Choices/Carbon_Conservation (1272 words)

	Marine Microbiology Group - Research - Regulation of Carbon Fixation
		Although the primary intracellular carbon fixation pathway operating in phytoplankton is the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, which employs Rubisco, the molecular inefficiency of this enzyme makes it a very poor CO -trapping mechanism.
		The Rubisco-based carbon fixation pathway evolved early in evolutionary history, when CO levels were high and oxygen levels were very low.
		Tabita FR (1995) The biochemistry and metabolic regulation of carbon metabolism and CO2 fixation in purple bacteria, Vol.
	www.marine.usf.edu /microbiology/regulation.shtml (482 words)

	AWI: Research - The Carbon Group: calcification
		The uptake of atmospheric CO by the oceans is driven by physicochemical processes as well as biological fixation of inorganic carbon species.
		The biogenic production of organic material and carbonate minerals in the surface ocean and their subsequent transport to depth are termed the "biological carbon pumps".
		Photosynthetic carbon fixation and the flux of organic matter to depth, termed organic carbon pump, generates a CO sink in the ocean.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Carbon/calcif.html (515 words)

	ODU Biology 108N: Photosynthesis - Dark Reactions
		Carbon dioxide fixation, the second phase of photosynthesis, does not require light energy and therefore can occur in the light or dark.
		Carbon dioxide fixation is a process which uses in one reaction what is produced in another.
		You have examined the fate of the carbon dioxide from the time it enters into the dark reactions until it is fixed into a molecule of carbohydrate.
	www.lions.odu.edu /~knesius/miniunits/epsilon/epsilon12.html (3034 words)

	Ocean Carbon Sequestration Abstracts
		Carbon dioxide (CO) sequestration is being considered as a mechanism for reducing the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
		The long-term effectiveness of the "biological pump" depends on a net transfer of C from the upper ocean-atmosphere system to the deep ocean where the C is removed from contact with the atmosphere for an extended period of time.
		fixation and the sequestration of anthropogenic CO in the ocean.
	cdiac2.esd.ornl.gov /ocean.html (4363 words)

	carbon fixation - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The light-independent reaction requires the presence of carbon dioxide molecules, which enter the plant through pores in the leaf, diffuse through...
		A broad range of organic matter, including manure from plant-eating animals, grass clippings, and dead leaves or garden plants, provides a veritable...
		Rice and wheat provide 41 percent of the calorie intake of the world; conventional varieties of cereal have been bred with long-stemmed varieties to minimize weed competition and to...
	encarta.msn.com /carbon+fixation.html (185 words)

	C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		C4 carbon fixation is one of three methods, along with C3 and CAM photosynthesis, used by land plants to "fix" carbon dioxide (binding the gaseous molecules to dissolved compounds inside the plant) for sugar production through photosynthesis.
		Along with CAM photosynthesis, C4 fixation is an improvement over the simpler and more ancient C3 carbon fixation strategy used by most plants.
		C4 carbon fixation has evolved on several occasions in different groups of plants, so is an example of convergent evolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C4_carbon_fixation (502 words)

	Top Story - SATELLITE DATA HELP RESEARCHERS TRACK CARBON IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE FORESTS - December 11, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scientists hope to understand to what extent carbon is stored in the Earth's forests because of the need to account for the fate of the carbon released into the Earth's atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion.
		The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is considered to be the primary forcing agent for global climate change, so forecasts of future climate require that the fate of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere be understood.
		Right now, scientists have inferred that there is a sink of 1 to 2 billion tons of carbon into the land regions of the northern hemisphere, which corresponds to some 15 to 30 percent of the global annual industrial carbon emissions.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20011204carbonsink.html (902 words)

	Effects of N-Fertilization on Instantaneous Carbon Fixation Ability of Douglas-Fir Foliage: Relative Importance of Leaf ...
		A branch’s instantaneous carbon fixation ability was calculated as the sum of the products of light saturated photosynthetic rate and leaf area for each age class of foliage on a branch.
		Then increased carbon fixation production through N fertilization was partitioned into two parts: carbon production due to increased photosynthetic rate and carbon production due to increased foliage area.
		In terms of current year foliage, more than 90% of the increased carbon fixation ability was contributed by increased leaf area and less than 10% was contributed by increased photosynthetic rates and the relative contribution of increased photosynthetic rates increased as one goes from top to the bottom of the crown (Figure 4).
	www.cfr.washington.edu /research.smc/research/zuo1st99.htm (831 words)

	Stable Carbon Isotopic Fractionations Associated with Inorganic Carbon Fixation by Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing ...
		Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide.
		Carbon isotope fractionation by autotrophic bacteria with three different CO fixation pathways.
		Biosynthetic effects on the stable carbon isotopic compositions of algal lipids: implications for deciphering the carbon isotopic biomarker record.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/6/3785 (2116 words)

	BIO 120
		Carbon is Fixed CO + RuBP -> 2 PGA molecules (1 + 5 = 2 X 3) Animation
		This is the 5-Carbon molecule to which Carbon (CO) is fixed.
		These 2 molecules are formed from the breakdown of the product of Carbon Fixation.
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/Biol120/images/Calvin_cycle.htm (232 words)

	C3 carbon fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		C3 carbon fixation is a metabolic pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
		Plants that survive solely on C3 fixation (C3 plants) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and ground water is plentiful.
		C3 plants must be in areas with high concentrations of carbon dioxide because RuBisCO often incorporates an oxygen molecule into the RuBP, instead of a carbon dioxide molecule.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/C3_carbon_fixation (278 words)

	Carbon fixation-photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		During the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced by NADPH and ATP produced during the light-dependent reactions.
		This process, often referred to as “carbon fixation,” results in the production of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other organic molecules.
		Generally, the first-formed products of carbon fixation are carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose.
	www.northern.edu /ramsayj/Botany/carbonfixlab.html (677 words)

	Office of Science Notice 00-04
		This information is critical to understanding carbon fixation and sequestration in ocean margin ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles.
		The goals of such collaborative research projects are to enhance the research capabilities of both institutions, to promote significant interactions between institutions, to foster long-term collaboration among investigators, and to advance understanding at the molecular and biogeochemical level of the linkages between nitrogen cycling and carbon fixation and sequestration in coastal oceans.
		The Center is performing research necessary to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and environmental acceptability of sequestration of carbon in the ocean, either through direct injection of carbon dioxide to ocean depths or by fertilization of the ocean with limiting nutrients such as iron.
	www.research.vt.edu /oakridge/fr00_04.html (1830 words)

	DARK REACTIONS
		Every carbon atom of every organic molecule in your body was once a CO molecule that passed through plant enzymes to make it a genuine organic molecule.
		The carbohydrates formed during carbon fixation is the dominant stable chemical energy form resulting from the light energy capturing reactions.
		Taking carbon dioxide from the air and making it into an organic molecule (carbon fixation).
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~goochv/CellBio/lectures/darkrxn/darkrxn.html (1057 words)

	Volatile organic compound emissions in relation to plant carbon fixation and the terrestrial carbon budget
		A substantial amount of carbon is emitted by terrestrial vegetation as biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), which contributes to the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, to particle production and to the carbon cycle.
		With regard to the carbon budget of the terrestrial biosphere, a release of these carbon compounds is regarded as a loss of photosynthetically fixed carbon.
		We estimate the amount of VOC carbon emitted in relation to the CO taken up, based on our own enclosure and micrometeorological flux measurements of VOC emissions and CO exchange within the Mediterranean area and the tropical rainforest in Amazonia and on literature data.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001GB001813.shtml (432 words)

	PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Carbon Fixation
		Calvin (Nobel prize 1961) found first stable substance formed after CO was incorporated into a molecule was a three carbon acid called 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).
		Looked for 2 carbon compound but found a 5 carbon sugar, phosphorylated at each end.
		Fixation (reduction) is preceded by a carboxylation with phosphoenlpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (OAA) + Pi
	www.lhup.edu /smarvel/biol300/pscarbon.htm (277 words)

	AIMS AIMS/IBM Carbon Fixation and Storage in Mangroves
		This concern has focused the interest of scientists in carbon fixation and storage in individual ecosystems and their overall performance as a sink or source for atmospheric CO Today, mangrove forests cover an area of about 160,000 km
		However, if we are to actively utilize ecosystems for the enhancement of CO sequestration, our focus should be place on their ability to produce and store organic carbon.
		Ayukai, T. Introduction: Carbon fixation and storage in mangroves and their relevance to the global climate change - a case study in Hinchinbrook Channel in northeastern Australia.
	www.aims.gov.au /ibm/reports/carbon/carbon-01.html (628 words)

	Record: Solutions sought for carbon sequestration, hydrogen production
		The challenges are carbon sequestration and hydrogen production; the organisms that could provide answers are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae); and the leader of the program is Himadri Pakrasi, Ph.D., professor of biology in Arts and Sciences.
		Pakrasi is leading a grand challenge project in membrane biology that is using a systems approach to understand the network of genes and proteins that govern the structure and function of membranes and their components responsible for photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in two species of unicellular cyanobacteria, specifically Cyanothece and Synechocystis.
		Because cyanobacteria make significant contributions to harvesting solar energy, planetary carbon sequestration, metal acquisition and hydrogen production in marine and freshwater ecosystems, the genetics and biochemistry of these organisms are particularly suitable for such an approach.
	record.wustl.edu /news/page/normal/6773.html (725 words)

	Evidence for Autotrophic CO2 Fixation via the Reductive Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle by Members of the {varepsilon} ...
		Outline of the reductive citric acid cycle for autotrophic CO fixation.
		fixation or for assimilation of organic carbon (10).
		Carbon assimilation by the autotrophic thermophilic archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/187/9/3020 (4850 words)

	How Do Algae Concentrate CO2 to Increase the Efficiency of Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation? -- Moroney and Somanchi 119 ...
		McKay RML, Gibbs SP, Espie GS (1993) Effect of dissolved inorganic carbon on the expression of carboxysomes, localization of Rubisco and the mode of inorganic carbon transport in cells of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625.
		Smith EC, Griffiths H (1996) The occurrence of the chloroplast pyrenoid is correlated with the activity of a CO -concentrating mechanism and carbon isotope discrimination in lichens and bryophytes.
		Williams TG, Colman B (1995) Quantification of the contribution of CO, and external carbonic anhydrase to photosynthesis at low dissolved inorganic carbon in Chlorella saccharophila.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/119/1/9 (4502 words)

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