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Topic: Carbon nanofoam

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	Physics News Update
		Discovered a few years ago, carbon nanofoam is the fifth known allotrope of carbon, the others being graphite, diamond, fullerene (e.g., C-60 molecules), and carbon nanotubes.
		Unlike other forms of carbon, such as graphite and diamond, freshly produced carbon nanofoam is ferromagnetic; that is, it is initially attracted strongly to a permanent magnet at room temperature.
		One possible application of the carbon nanofoam is in biomedicine, as tiny ferromagnetic clusters that could be injected in blood vessels may significantly increase the quality of magnetic resonance imaging pictures.
	www.aip.org /enews/physnews/2004/split/678-1.html (433 words)

	Encyclopedia: Carbon nanofoam
		Carbon nanofoam is the fifth known allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra.
		Unlike other forms of carbon, such as graphite and diamond, freshly produced carbon nanofoam is ferromagnetic; that is, it is initially attracted strongly to a permanent magnet at room temperature.
		One possible application of the carbon nanofoam is in biomedicine, as tiny ferromagnetic clusters that could be injected in blood vessels may significantly increase the quality of magnetic resonance imaging pictures.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Carbon-nanofoam (731 words)

	Carbon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6.
		Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry.
		The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by living things, and a common volatile elsewhere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbon (2277 words)

	Encyclopedia article: Carbon nanofoam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Carbon nanofoam is an allotrope of carbon (additional info and facts about allotrope of carbon) discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University (additional info and facts about Australian National University) in Canberra (The capital of Australia; located in southeastern Australia).
		This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerene (A spheroidal fullerene; the first known example of a fullerene) s, in which carbon sheets are given positive curvature by the inclusion of pentagon (The United States military establishment) s.
		Unlike carbon aerogels, carbon nanofoam is a poor electrical conductor (additional info and facts about electrical conductor).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/carbon_nanofoam.htm (173 words)

	Carbon nanofoam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Carbon nanofoam is an allotrope ofcarbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra.
		The large-scale structure of carbon nanofoam is similar to that of an aerogel, butwith 1% of the density of previously produced carbon aerogels - only a few times the density of air at sea level.
		The nanofoam contains numerous unpaired electrons,which Rode and colleagues propose is due to carbon atoms with only three bonds that are found at topological and bonding defects.This gives rise to what is perhaps carbon nanofoam's most unusual feature; it is attracted to magnets, and below -183°C canitself be made magnetic.
	www.therfcc.org /carbon-nanofoam-288837.html (213 words)

	Nanofoam Exhibits Surprising Magnetic Properties
		The material, called carbon nanofoam for its low density and web-like structure, is the only form of pure carbon known to be ferromagnetic.
		Carbon nanofoam is structurally distinct from the other four known forms of carbon—graphite, diamond, fullerenes (buckyballs), and nanotubes.
		A collaboration of researchers from Greece and Australia produced the carbon nanofoam by shooting a high-powered, ultra-fast laser at disordered solid carbon in an argon-filled chamber.
	www.pa.msu.edu /~tomanek/publicity/magfoam-14may04.html (518 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Carbon
		Carbon is a vital component of all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see carbon chauvinism).
		Carbon is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.
		Carbon (Latin carbo meaning "charcoal") was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen (making charcoal).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Carbons (2020 words)

	Allotropes of carbon Definition / Allotropes of carbon Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon Alternative meaning: Carbon (computing) Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6.
		carbon nanofoamCarbon nanofoam is an allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra.
		It is not an allotrope of carbon because the sheet is of finite size and other elements appear at the edge in nonvanishing stoichiometric ratios; a typical graphene would have the chemical formula C62H20.
	www.elresearch.com /Allotropes_of_carbon (465 words)

	What is Carbon Nanofoam?
		Carbon nanofoam, the 5th allotrope of carbon, was discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and his team at the Australian National University in Canberra, in collaboration with Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St Petersburg.
		Carbon nanofoam is similar in some respects to carbon and silicon aerogels produced before, but with about 100 times less density.
		The carbon nanofoam is produced by firing a high-pulse, high-energy laser at graphite or disordered solid carbon suspended in some inert gas such as argon.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-carbon-nanofoam.htm (322 words)

	Carbon Atom
		In addition, carbon is a very special element because it plays a dominant role in the chemistry of life.
		Carbon, discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material making charcoal.
		Carbon is used for control rods in nuclear reactors.
	www.edinformatics.com /math_science/c_atom.htm (539 words)

	Aerogel Carbon Paper
		Nanofoam carbon paper is an alternative to woven carbon cloth for electrodes and are superior to woven carbon fiber electrodes in many applications because of their high surface area, low resistance and high relative capacitance.
		The macro porosity of the standard sheet is about 20% and the ratio nanofoam to carbon fiber is about 80% by weight.
		Carbon nanofoams precursors can be infiltrated into a carbon fiber mat that, when carbonized, will result in paper-like electrode material 0.007 to 0.050" thick.
	www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com /forsale/store/aerogel_carbon_paper.htm (411 words)

	Allotropes of carbon - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take.
		Amorphous carbon is among the easiest materials to synthesize, but carbon nanotubes are extremely expensive to make.
		Amorphous carbon is completely isotropic, but carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials ever produced.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Allotropes_of_carbon (189 words)

	Carbo Nanofoam
		Electrically conductive carbon nanofoams are a new material with many of the properties of traditional aerogel material.
		Carbon nanofoams precursors can be infiltrated into a carbon fiber mat that, when carbonized, will result in paper-like electrode material 0.007 to 0.050" thick.
		Nanofoam carbon paper is an alternative to woven carbon cloth for electrodes and are superior to woven carbon fiber electrodes in many applications because of their high surface area, low resistance and high relative capacitance.
	www.mkt-intl.com /aerogels/pages/carbon.html (375 words)

	Physics News 678, March 26, 2004
		PHYSICS NEWS UPDATE The American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News Number 678 March 26, 2004 by Phillip F. Schewe, Ben Stein
		The foam is, along with aerogel, one of the lightest known solid substances (with a density of ~2 mg/cm^3).
		In a new experiment conducted at Bell Labs/Lucent, a liquid drop was maneuvered around a special surface consisting, at the microscopic level, of a forest of tiny stalks.
	newton.ex.ac.uk /aip/physnews.678.html (806 words)

	C&EN: LATEST NEWS - MAGNETIC NANOFOAM
		Dubbed carbon nanofoam, the substance is the first all-carbon structure to display positive ferromagnetism.
		"Carbon nanofoam was first created about five years ago, but the magnetism was only discovered last year," says Andrei V. Rode, professor of physical sciences and engineering at Australian National University and a lead researcher on the team.
		When the vapor in the experiment chamber reaches a threshold density, carbon clusters ranging from 6 to 9 nm in diameter begin to form near the hottest point and diffuse through the argon.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/8213/8213nanofoam.html (361 words)

	Carbon Nanofoam Produced By Greek, Australian and Russian Physicists - New Technology
		The material is a nanofoam of carbon clusters with the lowest density recorded for a solid, 2 milligrams per cubic centimetre.
		The material is also the first form of pure carbon to display ferromagnetism at room temperature and shows promise for use in spintronic applications and in medical imaging.
		The nano-foam has randomly interconnected carbon clusters with average diameters of between 6 to 9 nanometres in a web-like structure and was semiconducting in a band gap of 0.5 to 0.7 electronvolts.
	www.azonano.com /details.asp?ArticleID=695 (227 words)

	SciTecLibrary - Scientific News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This new form of carbon nanoparticle, called nanofoam, surprised the researchers as it was the first type of carbon to have magnetic properties.
		The researchers made this new form of carbon using a laser system that fired up to 76 million pulses a second at graphite in a chamber filled with argon gas.
		The researchers made the nanofoam accidentally, as a byproduct in experiments involving the production of other forms of carbon, namely carbon nanotubes and buckyballs or carbon atoms arranged in a sphere.
	www.sciteclibrary.ru /eng/catalog/pages/7369.html (366 words)

	New Page 2
		Carbon is found in three allotropes graphite, diamonds, amorphous carbon, nanofoam, and fullerenes.
		All five allotropes occur, because in each of the forms the structures, in which the carbon atoms are arranged, are different.
		The amorphous carbon allotrope is formed when a material that contains carbon goes through a combustion reaction in which there is not enough oxygen for a complete reaction.
	web1.caryacademy.org /chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/ElementWebSites/carbon/carbonallotropes.htm (377 words)

	leftside (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The most striking characteristic of the new carbon, is not its weight, but that it is magnetic, a characteristic lacking in all other carbon allotropes.
		Nanofoam would be injected into the bloodstream, and because of its magnetic properties, would trace the path of blood flow.
		Nanofoam: The carbon atoms are in a heptagonal structure with unpaired eletrons.
	ciitn.missouri.edu /testsite/www/cgi-bin/pub_view_project_ind.cgi?g_num=5&c_id=2004001 (986 words)

	Applications for Synrad's CO2 Laser Technology
		Carbon nanofoam is a new type of electrically conductive material that exhibits many properties common to aerogels.
		Current uses of carbon nanofoams include applications for lightweight, high-temperature insulation; as coatings or absorbents; in specialty optics; and as flexible electrodes for deionization and fuel cells.
		When used as a flexible electrode, carbon nanofoam paper offers a large surface area, low resistance, and high capacitance with virtually no contact resistance with the carbon electrode structure.
	www.synrad.com /e-newsletters/03_18_04.htm (666 words)

	Synthstuff - music, photography and more...: Carbon Nanofoam
		Carbon was known to come in four configurations: diamond crystals, flat sheets of graphite, soccer-ball-shaped cages known as buckyballs and rolled-up cylinders called nanotubes.
		Giapintzakis's surprise discovery is that nanofoam, unlike the other four forms of carbon, is magnetic.
		In the first few hours after it forms, nanofoam is attractive enough to stick to a refrigerator.
	www.synthstuff.com /mt/archives/individual/2004/04/carbon_nanofoam.html (155 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The new carbon foam is unusually attracted to magnets.
		He says it is the fifth form of carbon known after graphite, diamond and two recently discovered types: hollow spheres, known as buckminsterfullerenes or buckyballs, and nanotubes.
		If the nanofoam were to be injected into the bloodstream, says Giapintzakis, it could highlight the areas where blood flows.
	www.nature.com /news/2004/040322/pf/040322-5_pf.html (348 words)

	Carbon nanofoam - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Carbon nanofoam - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Carbon nanofoam contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Carbon_nanofoam (272 words)

	Facts about topic: (Allotropes of carbon) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes (A structurally different form of an element)) that pure carbon (An abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds) can take.
		carbon nanotube (A fullerene molecule having a cylindirical or toroidal shape)
		Amorphous carbon is completely isotropic (additional info and facts about isotropic), but carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials ever produced.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/A/Al/Allotropes_of_carbon.htm (240 words)

	Research - Unique Ultra-Fast Laser Deposition installation
		The first experiments on the application of Ultra-Fast PLD for deposition of thin carbon films [11,12], demonstrated that extremely high surface quality could be obtained in the deposited carbon films with the total elimination of the particulates from the film.
		Ultrafast evaporation of a graphite target in atmosphere of inert gases led to a diffusion-limited aggregation of carbon atoms into a form of a fractal nanometer-size granular material.
		We have collected a range of structural data that together suggest the ablated carbon foams have a novel structure with well-defined structural units at the Å length scale, and a fractal ordering at larger micron length scale.
	laserspark.anu.edu.au /lpc/rode/~researchp1.html (699 words)

	Foaming carbon magnets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		At the American Physical Society in Montreal, March 22-26, physicists John Giapintzakis of the University of Crete/IESL-FORTH, Andrei Rode of the Australian National University, and colleague David Tománek of Michigan State University announced an intriguing new property of carbon nanofoams.
		They have discovered that carbon nanofoams are attracted by a magnet - they are ferromagnetic.
		Incredibly lightweight carbon nanofoams, essentially a fifth major allotrope of carbon, were discovered several years ago.
	www.reactivereports.com /38/38_2.html (344 words)

	Articles - Plastic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The vast majority of plastics are composed of polymers of carbon alone or with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfur in the backbone.
		The disadvantage of biodegradable plastics is that the carbon that is locked up in them is released into the atmosphere as the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide when they degrade, though if they are made from organic material there is no net gain in emissions.
		Some plastic alternatives are: graphite, fiberglass, carbon fiber, graphene, carbon nanotubes, diamond, aerogel, carbon nanofoam, cellulose soybean plastic (bioplastic), and other carbon-based, non-petroleum materials.
	www.fairsteps.com /articles/Plastic (5316 words)

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