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Topic: Carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle

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	CNO cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The net result of the cycle is to fuse four protons into an alpha particle plus two positrons and two neutrinos, releasing energy in the form of gamma rays.
		The carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen nuclei serve as catalysts and are regenerated.
		Like the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen involved in the main branch, the fluorine produced in the minor branch is merely catalytic and at steady state, does not accumulate in the star.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CNO_cycle (192 words)

	Oxygen (O) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun.
		Oxygen is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora (a luminous phenomenon that consists of streamers or arches of light appearing in the upper atmosphere of a planet's magnetic polar regions).
		Oxygen is frequently prescribed for patients with respiratory ailments.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/oxygen (79 words)

	CNO cycle
		The CNO (carbon-nitrogen-oxygen) cycle is one of two fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton-proton chain.
		The CNO cycle may also be the dominant cause of nitrogen and oxygen production.
		Ordinary carbon serves as a catalyst in this set of reactions and is regenerated.
	www.fastload.org /cn/CNO_cycle.html (155 words)

	The Changing Atmosphere Affects Earth's Climate
		Humans are affecting the equilibrium and Earth’s cycles such as the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, fundamentally influencing the planet as a whole.
		These activities are affecting Earth’s cycles such as the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, influencing the planet as a whole.
		These activities affect Earth’s cycles such as the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, and affect the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /earth/climate/cli_atmchem.html (698 words)

	Triple-alpha process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As such, it occurs in older stars, where helium produced by the proton-proton chain and the carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle has accumulated in the center of the star.
		One consequence of this is that no carbon was produced in the Big Bang because the temperature rapidly fell below the temperature necessary for nuclear fusion.
		This creates a situation in which stellar nucleosynthesis produces large amounts of carbon and oxygen but only a small fraction of these elements is converted into neon and heavier elements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Triple-alpha_process (774 words)

	Oxygen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Oxygen was prepared by several workers, including Bayen and Borch, but they did not know how to collect it, did not study its properties, and did not recognize it as an elementary substance.
		Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle.
		Oxygen as a gaseous element forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume from which it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation.
	www.muhlenberg.edu /depts/chemistry/pertable/oxyinfo.htm (166 words)

	Chemical Cycles - Cycles - Themepark
		But this oxygen is fed again and again through the world's living systems in a never-ending circle called the oxygen cycle.
		Enormous quantities of oxygen are taken in by plants and animals every day, and huge quantities of oxygen are returned to the air by plants.
		Nitrogen atoms are constantly moving in a giant circle from the air, through the soil, into the bodies of plants and animals, and eventually back to the air.
	www.uen.org /themepark/cycles/chemical.shtml (1482 words)

	nucleosynthesis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		There are two chains of reactions by which the conversion of hydrogen to helium is effected: the proton-proton cycle and the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle (sometimes referred to simply as the carbon cycle).
		In the proton-proton cycle, two hydrogen nuclei (protons) are fused and one of these protons is converted to a neutron by beta decay (see radioactivity) to make a deuterium nucleus (one proton and one neutron).
		Four protons are added, one by one, to a carbon nucleus to form a succession of excited (unstable) nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
	www.bartleby.com /65/nu/nucleosy.html (608 words)

	The Universe, seen under the Gran Sasso mountain, seems to be older than expected
		In Luna, protons (which means hydrogen nuclei) are made collide against nitrogen nuclei: a reaction that leads to the formation of an oxygen nucleus with the contemporary emission of energy.
		Cycle velocity is determined by the slowest of the reactions that form it, the one that leads to an oxygen nucleus as a result of the fusion between an azote nucleus and a proton.
		Luna's results offer also another information: neutrinos provided with high energy produced by carbon — nitrogen — oxygen cycle are the half part of what expected, because this last one is responsible of only the 0,8% of the energy emitted by the Sun (and not the 1,6%, as believed).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-05/indf-tus051304.php (570 words)

	Carbon Cycle
		Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble and is absorbed into bodies of water such as the ocean and lakes.
		The carbonate sediments are constantly being formed and redissolved in the depths of the oceans.
		During combustion in the presence of air (oxygen), carbon dioxide and water molecules are released into the atmosphere.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/306carbon.html (629 words)

	Where did Cactus come from (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the Earth’s atmosphere.
		Oxygen is needed on Earth because it is the air that our bodies need in order to function.
		Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the universe.
	www.azwestern.edu /astro/Student_web_pages/Cactus.htm (463 words)

	Environmental Decision Making, Science, and Technology
		Early in the evolution of the Earth, oxygen is believed to have been released from water vapor by UV radiation and accumulated in the atmosphere as the hydrogen escaped into the earth's gravity.
		The role of oxygen in life is describe in the unit on Biological Systems.
		If enough oxygen is not available for these bacteria, for example, because of enormous quantities of wastes in a body of water, they die and anaerobic bacteria that do not need oxygen take over.
	telstar.ote.cmu.edu /environ/m3/s4/cycleOxygen.shtml (362 words)

	The CNO Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The mass-12 isotope of Carbon captures a proton and emits a gamma-ray, producing the mass-13 isotope of Nitrogen.
		The mass-13 isotope of Carbon captures a proton and emits a gamma-ray to become the mass-14 isotope of Nitrogen.
		The mass-15 isotope of Nitrogen captures a proton and emits an alpha-particle (that is, a nucleus of helium) to close the cycle and return to C-12.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/energy/cno.html (397 words)

	Environmental Biology Sequence - Ecosystems
		Oxygen is present in the carbon dioxide, in the carbohydrates, in water, and as a molecule of two oxygen atoms.
		The nitrogen cycle is one of the most difficult of the cycles to learn, simply because there are so many important forms of nitrogen, and because organisms are responsible for each of the interconversions.
		This cycle will occur over and over until at last the phosphorous is lost at the bottom of the deepest parts of the ocean, where it becomes part of the sedimentary rocks forming there.
	www.marietta.edu /~biol/102/ecosystem.html (5620 words)

	carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Carbon Cycle (astronomy) Carbon Cycle (astronomy), or carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle, one of the two series of nuclear reactions that provide...
		Carbon Cycle (astronomy) Carbon Cycle (astronomy), or carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle, in astronomy, one of the two series of nuclear reactions...
		The CNO (carbon-nitrogen-oxygen) cycle is one of two fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton...
	nitrogen.hdvforum.net /carbon-nitrogen-oxygen-cycle.php (264 words)

	NSRT Reference: The CNO Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The CNO cycle is the more efficient mechanism for fusing hydrogen into helium in high mass stars because it is very temperature dependant.
		The carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen that appear in the reaction do not get used up, so they are called catalysts.
		In the first step, a carbon nucleus and a hydrogen nucleus come together to form nitrogen-13 (an isotope of nitrogen) and a gamma ray (highly energetic electromagnetic radiation).
	astrwww.astr.cwru.edu /Reference/CNOcycle.html (246 words)

	Fusion Brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The sequence of atomic collisions in the proton-proton cycle is:
		The PP cycle and the CNO cycle compete with each other for the purpose of producing energy on stars.
		Most of the heavy elements from oxygen up through iron and nickel are thought to have come from fusion on stars of this type.
	edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov /99invest.Site/science-briefs/ace/ed-fusion.html (946 words)

	SUN
		The p-p chain and the CNO cycle are shown in Table 1-3; there the third column indicates the percentage of the solar terminations of the p-p chain in each reaction.
		At the present stage in the evolution of the Sun, the CNO cycle is believed to play a rather small role in the energy and neutrino production budget (Bahcall 1989).
		The energy generated by thermonuclear reactions in the form of gamma rays is streaming (actually, diffusing) toward the solar surface, thereby getting scattered, absorbed and reemitted by nuclei and electrons.
	www.columbia.edu /~ah297/unesa/sun/sun-chapter4.html (554 words)

	Oxygen Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The atmospheric oxygen cycle: The oxygen isotopes of atmospheric CO an
		Next: Introduction The atmospheric oxygen cycle: The oxygen isotopes of atmospheric CO and O and the O/N ratio Ralph F. Keeling Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of...
		Oxygen and carbon are necessary to sustain life.
	www.piedmontbike.com /oxygen-cycle.html (251 words)

	Nitrogen fixation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		So, nitrogen is often the limiting factor for growth and biomass production in all environments where there is suitable climate and availability of water to support life.
		The total biological nitrogen fixation is estimated to be twice as much as the total nitrogen fixation by non-biological processes.
		So, the only nitrogen available to support new growth will be that which is supplied by nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere (pathway 6 in the diagram) or by the release of ammonium or simple organic nitrogen compounds through the decomposition of organic matter (pathway 2).
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm (2449 words)

	Stellar Energy Generation and Nucleosynthesis - Science Articles :: Physics Post
		K. The CNO cycle is initiated by the conversion of a radioactive nitrogen isotope which is formed by the collision of a proton and carbon nucleus.
		The nitrogen becomes a carbon isotope by emitting a positron and a neutron.
		The carbon in a CNO cycle serves as the catalyst since it remains unchanged in the CNO cycle.
	www.physicspost.com /articles.php?articleId=117 (641 words)

	Stars may be older than we think (May 2004) - News - PhysicsWeb
		The results suggest that the cross-section for a crucial reaction in the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle inside stars is two times slower than the values used in current models (Physics Letters B to be published).
		In the proton-proton chain, four protons essentially combine to from a helium nucleus and two electrons (although the chain is quite complex, involving the creation of deuterium and helium-3 nuclei along the way).
		The slowest reaction in the CNO cycle is the fusion of a proton with a nitrogen-14 nucleus to produce oxygen-15 and a gamma-ray.
	physicsweb.org /article/news/8/5/11 (424 words)

	9.7 Astrophysics Page 3
		The sudden minima are due to the accumulation of clouds of carbon dust, which are then blown away and allow the star to return to its normal brightness.
		A pulsating variable undergoes a periodic cycle of contraction and expansion as the star oscillates between a state where the inward acting gravitational force is dominant and another where the outward acting radiation pressure is dominant.
		Throughout the lifetime of the main sequence star, the helium produced by the proton-proton chain reaction and CNO cycle accumulates in the centre of the star, since it is denser than the hydrogen.
	webs.mn.catholic.edu.au /physics/emery/hsc_astrophysics_page3.htm (6053 words)

	THE CNO FUSION CYCLE
		Here Carbon acts as a catalyst, it participates in the reaction but it is not "burned".
		The cycle involves a total of four protons that react one after the other with the heavy nucleus (Carbon first).
		After the first reaction Carbon is turned into Nitrogen, then Oxygen is produced that finally decays back into Carbon emitting an alpha particle (Helium nucleus).
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/sun/Solar_interior/Nuclear_Reactions/Fusion/Fusion_in_stars/CNO_cycle.html&edu=high (166 words)

	Signal + Noise: Solar Energy
		The became known as the p-p (proton-proton) chain and the CNO (Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen) cycle.
		Now that oscillation is understood, the neutrino detector data can be used to estimate the rates of the p-p chain and CNO cycle.
		In Bethe's 1939 paper, the model of the Sun led to the conclusion that the CNO cycle was dominant.
	signalplusnoise.com /archives/000073.html (673 words)

	CNO Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the CNO cycle, Carbon acts simply as a catalyst for the reactions.
		Well, note that the initial reaction involves a carbon nucleus (with 6 protons) and a hydrogen nucleus (1 proton).
		Because of the large electrical charge of the carbon nucleus, there is a stronger electrical repulsion.
	jersey.uoregon.edu /~imamura/208/feb6/CNO.html (152 words)

	Encyclopedia Galactica - Ca to Cd - Human (Anglic) Revised 351st Edition
		C stars, known as carbon stars, overlap with late G, K and M stars in most respects but are distinguished by compositional differences, typically an unusually high concentration of carbon.
		They are sometimes mined for carbon for large-scaled diamondoid and carbonite megastrures.
		Variation of polybuckminsterfullerene, with some of the carbon-carbon bonds selectively doped with picotech-engineered atoms (these have to be individually placed with nanobots to a high degree of precision), confering greater strength and flexibility than standard diamondoid.
	www.orionsarm.com /eg/c/Ca-Cd.html (3549 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Cosmos 'a billion years older' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The cycle they are studying - the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle - only supplies a tiny fraction of our Sun's energy.
		The result obtained suggests that the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle takes place at half the rate as was believed.
		The implications are that massive stars live longer than was first thought, a factor that affects estimates of the age of the Universe based on the ages of the oldest stars.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/science/nature/3732157.stm (297 words)

	carbon nitrogen cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The main component of the nitrogen cycle starts with the element nitrogen in the air.
		The nitrogen cycle represents one of the most important nutrient cycles found in terrestrial ecosystems (Figure 9s-1).
		Carbon Cycle The movement of carbon, in its many forms, between the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and geosphere is described by the carbon
	nitrogen.hdvforum.net /carbon-nitrogen-cycle.php (305 words)

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