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Topic: Carbon sequestration

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	Carbon dioxide sink - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The carbon or plankton cells have to sink to the deep water in 2000 to 4000 meter to be sequestered for ca.
		Beyond this, one of the of the most likely early applications of carbon capture is the capture of carbon dioxide from flue gases at power stations (in the case of coal, this is known as "clean coal").
		As of April 2005, BP are considering a trial of large-scale sequestration of carbon dioxide stripped from power plant emissions in the Miller oilfield as its reserves are depleted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CO2_sink (2098 words)

	Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases 2003 - 4. Carbon Sequestration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Carbon sequestration projects were the third most numerous type reported on the long form, representing 23 percent of the projects reported for 2003.
		Sequestration of carbon is accomplished through the planting of fruit trees and cash-producing indigenous trees in the 143,000-acre Mbaracayu forest tract, which, according to AES, would have been sold to a timber company in the absence of the project.
		The reported carbon sequestration for this project was estimated by defining a reference case that assumes a profile of carbon releases that would have occurred if the project had not been undertaken and the forest had been converted to agriculture over a 5-year period (1995-1999).
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/1605/vrrpt/chapter4.html (3255 words)

	Global Carbon Cycle - The Woods Hole Research Center
		The second reason that carbon is of interest is because carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide (CO), is the major greenhouse gas released to the atmosphere as a result of human activities.
		The difference between the total amount of carbon released to the atmosphere and the total amount withdrawn from the atmosphere determines whether the land is a net source or sink for atmospheric carbon.
		When considered with the other terms in the global carbon equation (the atmosphere, fossil fuels, and the oceans), there is an apparent imbalance in the global accounting, and considerable effort has gone into explaining and finding this residual sink, or missing sink, of carbon.
	www.whrc.org /carbon (731 words)

	Carbon sequestration archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Carbon sequestration is being evaluated internationally as a means of long-term carbon dioxide storage.
		The idea that carbon sequestration via forests is a sustainable option for reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has come under attack in recent years.
		Although carbon dioxide emissions are up almost 40 percent in the past 20 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has decreased or remained the same, according to an article in Science (July 6, 2001).
	globalwarming.org /article.php?uid=893 (492 words)

	Carbon Sequestration
		Carbon sequestration refers to the provision of long-term storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, underground, or the oceans so that the buildup of carbon dioxide (the principal greenhouse gas) concentration in the atmosphere will reduce or slow.
		Enhancing the Natural Terrestrial Cycle: Identifying ways to enhance carbon sequestration of the terrestrial biosphere through CO removal from the atmosphere by vegetation and storage in biomass and soils.
		Carbon Sequestration in the Oceans: Enhancing the net oceanic uptake from the atmosphere by fertilization of phytoplankton with nutrients, and injecting CO to ocean depths greater than 1000 meters.
	cdiac2.esd.ornl.gov (409 words)

	Carbon Management Science
		Carbon Sequestration in the Oceans: The ocean represents a large potential sink for sequestration of anthropogenic CO emissions.
		Two strategies for enhancing carbon sequestration are 1) the enhancement of the net oceanic uptake from the atmosphere by fertilization of phytoplankton with micro- or macronutrients, and 2) the direct injection of a relatively pure CO stream to ocean depths greater than 1000 meters.
		Research areas relevant to DOE's mission in carbon management include: 1) environmental consequences of long term ocean fertilization; 2) effectiveness of ocean fertilization on a large scale; 3) environmental consequences of direct injection of CO into the ocean in midwater or deep sea habitats; and 4) effectiveness of direct injection of CO for carbon sequestration.
	cdiac2.esd.ornl.gov /scienceman.html (461 words)

	Increasing carbon sequestration through agriculture
		This would pull more carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it into plant matter, which is largely carbon -- a process called carbon sequestration.
		Carbon sequestration can be used to partially offset a country's carbon dioxide emissions, helping it meet its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, the mechanism for implementing the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
		The report Soil carbon sequestration for improved land management was produced as part of an ongoing land-management project run by FAO and the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
	www.fao.org /news/2002/020305-e.htm (942 words)

	Carbon Sequestration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Carbon sequestration is another popular option, along with emissions reduction, for reducing the CO concentration in the atmosphere.
		Based on the cost estimates of carbon sequestration that are enumerated in the table below, and on the discussions in the literature, sequestration should be part of the overall scheme to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [1, 15, 19].
		Continue reading for a background discussion of carbon sequestration studies and a table of the unit costs of carbon sequestration.
	www.spea.indiana.edu /richards/Welfare_Economics/new_page_5.htm (1002 words)

	CTRADE - Carbon Trading & Sequestration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Carbon sequestration credits or offsets are calculated by the amount of carbon emissions that would have been emitted if a diesel or other traditional polluting electric generator was used to produce the same amount of electricity.
		The overall goal is for the development of a pilot project to achieve poverty reduction through the provision and efficient use of sustainable renewable energy supply in support of promoting livelihood systems for the poor local communities in off-grid areas of the country within the framework of public-private-civil society partnership.
		C TRADE designs carbon sequestration projects that are monitored, verified and certified to facilitate carbon funding through agencies such as the International Utility Efficiency Partnership, Climate Trust, and the Protype Carbon Fund.
	www.ctrade.org (1194 words)

	Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases 1999 - 4. Carbon Sequestration
		At the same time, carbon is released to the atmosphere from vegetative respiration, combustion of wood as fuel, degradation of manufactured wood products, consumption of biomass for food by animals, and the natural decay of expired vegetation.
		Carbon sequestration projects typically are considerably smaller than projects that reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (such as electricity supply and energy end use).
		The Rio Bravo Carbon Sequestration Pilot Project, a forest preservation project in Belize, was included in the reports submitted by 28 utilities, each of which reported its prorated share of the total sequestration for the project.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/1605/vr99data/chapter4.html (2639 words)

	Farm Economics: Carbon Sequestration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This may present opportunities both for landowners currently employing management practices that sequester (remove) carbon from the air and store that carbon in the soil and those who are willing to make management changes to increase their storage of carbon.
		The Carbon sequestration differences under various crops in the Chariton River Valley, Iowa research is approximately two years from being published.
		Is carbon sequestration, the physical conversion of CO2 into carbon in organic forms in the soil part of the same mineral rights package that allows landowners to remove minerals from the soil?
	www.extension.iastate.edu /feci/carbon/homepage.html (966 words)

	Is Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture Economically Feasible? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse” gases have contributed to the gradual rise in global temperatures over the last 50 years.
		Two options for reducing the amount of carbon in the atmosphere are to increase the amount of land planted with permanent grassland or forest vegetation and to reduce the frequency or intensity of tillage operations.
		Using different incentive payment structures, ERS researchers analyzed the economic feasibility of increasing carbon levels in soils and vegetation by providing various levels of payments to convert croplands and pasture to trees, shift cropland to permanent grasses, and/or increase the use of conservation tillage systems.
	www.ers.usda.gov /Amberwaves/April04/Findings/IsCarbon.htm (470 words)

	MGSC: Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide
		Carbon "sequestration" is the isolation of carbon dioxide (CO) from the Earth's atmosphere.
		Sequestration can play a significant role in preventing continued CO buildup in the atmosphere.
		As we continue to better understand the potential for global climate change due to the burning of fossil fuels and the resulting release of CO, it makes sense to research the ways in which we can isolate CO from the atmosphere.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /mgsc/sequester.htm (177 words)

	WDNR - Quantification Example - Forest Carbon Sequestration
		As evident in the workbook output, the annual increase, or total carbon sequestered in any one given year does not exceed the registration threshold until 1998, when 25.43 tons of carbon dioxide are sequestered by the whole population of trees planted from 1991 until 1998.
		The key fact to remember is that both of the trees (the 11 year old and 2 year old) are actively sequestering carbon in 2002, and the DOE workbook provides a simple mechanism to calculate emission reductions that account for tree classification, age, and growth rate.
		The Urban Forestry Carbon Sequestration Handbook PDF helped Andy identify the characteristics of the trees he planted so the workbook output is as accurate as possible.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/aw/air/registry/quantexamples/example10.html (866 words)

	Earthbeat - 30/09/00: Carbon Sequestration
		Sequestration is a different approach: it doesn’t try to produce less CO2, it just stops it from entering the atmosphere; in effect the carbon dioxide’s removed from our industrial emissions and put somewhere else.
		And the use of carbon sinks is still controversial, that is, whether countries get credits for the carbon absorbed by their forests.
		Taxing carbon is one way to do this; those Norwegian oilmen didn’t sequester CO2 out of the goodness of their hearts, it was just cheaper than paying the tax.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/earth/stories/s197984.htm (2824 words)

	Soil Carbon Sequestration: Farm Management Practices Can Affect Greenhouse Gases, from the MSU Extension Service
		Carbon dioxide is released mainly due to combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, gasoline, diesel, and natural gas, and is also produced when solid wastes, wood, and wood products are burned.
		Carbon dioxide is used as the baseline greenhouse gas and assigned a value of 1.
		Carbon sequestration refers to the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into a long-lived stable form that does not affect atmospheric chemistry.
	www.montana.edu /wwwpb/pubs/mt200404.html (1725 words)

	Carbon Sequestration
		The goal of research on this topic was to quantify the changes in carbon stocks associated with land clearing and the establishment of different LUS.
		The net carbon dioxide (CO) flux from the tropics, which contributes to climate change, is largely a result of the conversion of forested land to other LUS (Woomer et al, 2000).
		As discussed in detail in the working group’s report (Palm et al, 2000), comparing the carbon sequestration potential of different LUS requires knowledge about the average C stored in each system over the period for which it remains in place, known as its ‘rotation time’.
	www.asb.cgiar.org /data/dataset/IDADCMZB.htm (1492 words)

	Environmental Defense - Press Release: Environmental Defense Praises Carbon Sequestration Incentive Act
		Carbon is stored in trees, plants, soil and fossil fuels.
		Reducing carbon dioxide emissions through reducing fossil fuel emissions and forest destruction are two major ways of reducing the global warming threat.
		Carbon sequestration and conservation projects only work if they meet strict environmental safeguards, which can be challenging to design and implement.
	www.environmentaldefense.org /pressrelease.cfm?ContentID=1204 (497 words)

	Center for Terrestial Ecosystem Carbon
		The CASMGS Carbon Measurement and Monitoring Forum was held October 15-17, 2003 in Manhattan, Kansas.
		If the amount of carbon in one part of the Earth is increasing, the amount of carbon in some other part of the Earth must be decreasing.
		All carbon is interconnected, and flows from one form to another in what is called the carbon cycle.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /ctec (166 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Scientists Looking at Ways to Trap Greenhouse Gases
		Burning fuel spews carbon dioxide (CO) into the air, which in turn traps heat and, most scientists believe, is accelerating global climate change that is melting glaciers, altering animals' breeding and migration patterns, and boosting temperatures around the globe.
		There are a number of ways to capture and store carbon dioxide, including pumping it into depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifers, converting it into stable carbonate minerals, and planting trees to absorb it.
		Scientists are also exploring liquefying carbon dioxide and pumping it into saltwater aquifers half a mile beneath the surface: The Norwegians are already storing CO under the North Sea, and similar potential reservoirs exist in the Midwest and elsewhere.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A42365-2005Feb21?language=printer (1283 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The total carbon sequestration and fossil fuel offset potential of U.S. cropland is estimated 154 million metric tons of carbon per year or 133 percent of the total emissions of greenhouse gases by agricultural and forestry activities.
		How accurately can we measure carbon sequestration in agricultural soils Changes in soil carbon stocks are difficult to verify because of their temporal and spatial heterogeneity.
		Keys to gaining international understanding of carbon sequestration include developing scientifically sound projections of the potential for sequestration from agricultural activities and developing agreed-upon methods for determining, reporting and verifying changes in soil carbon stocks.
	www.usda.gov /oce/gcpo/sequeste.txt (792 words)

	Carbon Sequestration in the Ocean
		One of the most promising places to sequester carbon is in the oceans, which currently take up a third of the carbon emitted by human activity, roughly two billion metric tons each year.
		Two sequestration strategies are under intense study at the Department of Energy's Center for Research on Ocean Carbon Sequestration (DOCS), where Jim Bishop of Berkeley Lab's Earth Sciences Division is codirector with Livermore Lab's Ken Caldeira.
		Water and carbon dioxide form carbonic acid, "but once diluted in sea water, carbonic acid is not the dominant chemical species," Bishop says, "because of seawater's high alkalinity and buffering capacity." If calcium carbonate sediments are involved, acidity is even less.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html (1251 words)

	Carbon Sequestration :: Home Page
		The Carbon Sequestration Conference was initiated in 2001 in order to facilitate the exchange of information and experience primarily between the engineers and scientists involved in projects funded by the National Energy Technology Laboratory and other Dept. of Energy programs.
		Following that action, the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum was created to facilitate U.S. cooperation with the international community to work to develop carbon capture, separation and sequestration technologies that would allow developed and ‘emerging economy’ nations to utilize their vast fossil resources but in a manner that would reduce carbon intensity.
		Facilitates the dialogue between technology developers/purveyors, carbon emitting industries and the public on the development and deployment of viable technologies and putting in place the necessary institutional and intergovernmental frameworks to move the technology forward.
	www.carbonsq.com (478 words)

	Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A major component of the program is the Carbon Sequestration Initiative, an industrial consortium launched in July 2000.
		As such, we hold an annual Carbon Sequestration Forum each fall.
		Other current outreach activities include participation in the IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum.
	sequestration.mit.edu (158 words)

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