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Topic: Carbon star

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	carbon star
		Carbon stars, also known as C stars, have carbon/oxygen ratios that are typically four to five times higher than those of normal red giants and show little trace of the light metal oxide bands that are the usual red giant hallmark.
		Carbon stars lose a significant fraction of their total mass in the form of a stellar wind which ultimately enriches the interstellar medium – the source of material for future generations of stars.
		Carbon stars were previously classified as stars of spectral type R (hotter, with surface temperatures of 4,000 to 5,000 K) and N (up to 10 times more luminous but cooler, with a temperature of about 3,000 K).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/carbon_star.html (311 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The non-classical kinds of carbon stars are believed to be binary stars, where one star is observed to be a giant star (or occasionally a red dwarf) and the other a white dwarf.
		The star presently observed to be a giant star accreted carbon-rich material when it was still a main sequence star from its companion (that is, the star that is now the white dwarf) when the latter was still a classical carbon star.
		Carbon stars were discovered already in the 1860's when spectral classification pioneer Pater Angelo Secchi erected the Secchi class IV for the carbon stars, who in the late 1890's were reclassified as N class stars.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=carbon_star (1128 words)

	Carbon star - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In "normal" stars (such as the Sun), whose atmospheres are rich in oxygen and relatively poor in carbon, the upper layers are conversely abundant in helium and nitrogen.
		These late stars are cool, with typical surface temperatures ranging from 2000-3000 kelvins; they emit most of their energy in the form of infrared radiation with higher energies (i.e., the blue part of the visible spectrum) being absorbed by the atmospheric carbon.
		All carbon stars are variable stars, with irregular or semiregular variables; that is, they vary in brightness and appear to pulsate, an indication of these stars' internal instability.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbon_star (429 words)

	Stellar classification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Class R and N stars are carbon stars (red giants thought to reach the end of their life) which run parallel to the normal classification system from roughly mid G to late M. These have more recently been remapped into a unified carbon classifier C, with N0 starting at roughly C6.
		For stars cool enough for CO to form that molecule tends to "eat up" all of whichever element is less abundant, resulting in "leftover oxygen" on the normal main sequence, "leftover carbon" on the C sequence, and "leftover nothing" on the S sequence.
		Since the radius of a giant star is much larger than a dwarf star while their masses are roughly comparable, the gravity and thus the gas density and pressure on the surface of a giant star are much lower than for a dwarf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blue_star (2049 words)

	Carbon star - Definition, explanation
		In "normal" stars (such as the Sun), whose atmospheres are rich in oxygen and relatively poor in carbon, the upper layers are conversely abundant in helium and nitrogen.
		These late stars are cool, with typical surface temperatures ranging from 2000-3000 kelvin; they emit most of their energy in the form of infrared radiation with higher energies (i.e., the blue part of the visible spectrum) being absorbed by the atmospheric carbon.
		All carbon stars are variable stars, with irregular or semiregular variables; that is, they vary in brightness and appear to pulsate, an indication of these stars' internal instability.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ca/carbon_star.php (535 words)

	Carbon star -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The abundance of carbon is thought to be a product of (additional info and facts about helium fusion) helium fusion within the star, a process which red giants reach towards the end of their lives.
		Many carbon stars are really (A system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation) binary stars, where one star is a giant star and the other a (A faint star of enormous density) white dwarf.
		The star's remnants, carbon-rich "dust" similar to (Used as a lubricant and as a moderator in nuclear reactors) graphite, therefore become part of the (additional info and facts about interstellar dust) interstellar dust.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/carbon_star.htm (366 words)

	Carbon star list (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carbon stars are evolved cooling giants (and some dwarfs) with outer shells or clouds of carbon dust.
		Carbon stars are also classified into N and R series.
		N9 stars are redder and cooler than N1 stars.
	www.belmontnc.4dw.net /carbonstar.htm (263 words)

	Spectra
		Stars are made of the same stuff as found in the Earth (though not in the same proportions), and contain all of nature's chemical elements.
		The ionizing stars of the Orion Nebula (
		R and N are now lumped together under class "C" for "carbon." The exception to the "giant-star rule" is a rare class of main-sequence carbon stars that have been contaminated by evolving companions.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~kaler/sow/spectra.html (6309 words)

	* Star - (Astronomy): Definition
		Star maps show Aquarius as a young man pouring water from a jar, although Ovid, in his Fasti, says it is a mixture of water and nectar, the drink of the gods.
		Stars produce their energy through nuclear reactions: in normal stars, hydrogen is being converted to helium, and this process releases energy.
		This is the star that is nearest to the North Celestial Pole.
	en.mimi.hu /astronomy/star.html (3055 words)

	Electronic Version 2001
		Carbon stars are recognized in the optical spectral region from the Swan bands of the C
		The carbon stars thus found were abstracted as lists of exclusively carbon stars, in the papers just cited, and were duplicated in longer lists containing all red stars found; the D numbers given in Table 1 refer to the short lists, with one or two exceptions spelled out in the notes to the table.
		Most of the carbon stars discussed by Rybski were found on objective-prism plates by Henize, and by him assigned the numbers which Rybski refers to as Hen numbers and Stephensone quote in Table 1.
	www.astr.lu.lv /CGCS/cgcs.htm (2756 words)

	carbon star concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		Carbon stars resemble S stars in the relative proportion of heavy and light metals, but they contain so much carbon that these bands dominate their spectra.
		C star (7 kinds, 36 facts) - A class of carbon star, defined by Morgan and Keenan to replace the Harvard R and N spectral classes., Late type giant with strong bands of carbonated molecules (C
		CS star (3 facts) - Group characteristics are: strong bands of CN, outstandingly strong absorption near the Na D lines, usually sufficient structure in the 6400-6500 Å region to suggest ZrO., Star exhibiting combined characteristics of C- and S-type stars - i.e.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/carbonstar.html (312 words)

	C Stars
		Carbon stars are typically evolved cool giants with some circumstellar material in the form of shells, soot, disks, or clouds.
		Carbon compounds are present in the photosphere after a star enters the red-giant evolutionary phase, when heavy elements (such as carbon) are dredged up from the stellar interior.
		The CH stars are high-velocity Population II halo carbon stars, with enriched CH.
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /~pberlind/atlas/htmls/cstars.html (496 words)

	A Moderate-Resolution Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars: R, J, N, CH, and Barium Stars
		Except for the early R stars, most carbon stars have spectra so densely occupied by bands of carbon compounds that nearly all the atomic lines that normally provide the criteria for spectral classification are either distorted or obliterated.
		For the red region Gordon (1967) defined a J star as one in which the strength of the 6168 C2 band is half the strength of 6122, and we assign isotopic indices of j=4.5 or greater to the J stars from this ratio and that of the CN bands at 6260 and 6206.
		The C-Hd stars are easily recognized; their spectral features resemble those of late G-type supergiants of luminosity class Ib except for the presence of CN and C2 and the almost complete absence of the G-band of CH and the lines of hydrogen.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /niagara/data/nasa/ApJS_105_419.xml (1350 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Lehi downs Carbon in star battle
		Carbon led for three and a half quarters but couldn't hold on down the stretch.
		Carbon went to the boards early and used a mixed zone defense to fluster Lehi's high-powered attack, taking an 11-10 lead at the end of the first.
		Carbon's Brittany Pollastro was tough inside, grabbing rebounds and racking up 17 of her own points before fouling out with 1:18 remaining.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,590039132,00.html (538 words)

	SPACE.com -- Diamond Planets: Rich Possibilities for Other Worlds
		Carbon planets could survive at high temperatures near a star, they say.
		Carbon planets might also be common near the center of the galaxy, where stars are known to contain more carbon than out here on the spiral arms where our solar system resides, some 26,000 light-years from the galactic middle.
		Carbon planets might have smoggy atmospheres laden with carbon dioxide, and a surface covered with tar-like precipitation.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/diamond_planets_050208.html (533 words)

	The origin of the elements of life (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The overabundant carbon must have come from internal nucleosynthesis, but these so-called "carbon stars" are not contributing the bulk of the interstellar carbon.
		Indeed, the nomenclature "carbon star" is rather misleading since carbon is still a fairly minor constituent of such stars, compared to hydrogen or helium.
		Carbon is made mainly at a very slightly earlier stage in the life of these stars, and released in strong stellar winds.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/14/article1/article1.html (2954 words)

	NASA - Star shows it has the right stuff - Marshall Space Flight Center Photo Release 04-013 (01-30-04)
		The peak in the spectrum due to carbon ions is much smaller in the giant star than in the Sun-like star, whereas the carbon peak in V471 is intermediate between the two.
		When the fuel in the core of the star is exhausted, the core collapses, triggering more energetic nuclear reactions that cause the star to expand and transform into a red giant before eventually collapsing to become a white dwarf.
		If the companion star manages to survive, it will bear the marks of its ordeal in the form of contamination by carbon-poor material that it accreted while it was inside the red giant envelope.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/multimedia/photos/2004/photos04-013.html (496 words)

	Star Wars: Kids \| Games
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		Star Wars is a whole universe filled with characters, locations, aliens and creatures and stories -- so many stories -- told in hundreds of books, video games and even cartoons.
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	www.starwars.com /kids/explore (181 words)

	2MASS Atlas Image Gallery
		Carbon stars are evolved stars, similar to the Sun, which are nearing the ends of their lives, in the so-called asymptotic giant branch phase.
		The latitude and faintness of this star imply that it is in the Galactic halo, and either evolved from a Pop I precursor ejected from the Galactic disk or is a obscured halo carbon star of Pop II.
		The red "stars" trailing to the south in decreasing brightness are ghost artifacts of the bright OH/IR star.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu /2mass/gallery/images_iras.html (876 words)

	HST Observations of the Chromosphere of a Carbon Star
		HST Observations of the Chromosphere of a Carbon Star
		[5.06] HST Observations of the Chromosphere of a Carbon Star
		Ultraviolet spectra from the first Hubble Space Telescope observations of a carbon star are presented, as well as line identifications and an initial analysis of the velocity structure of the emitting region.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v26n2/aas184/abs/S506.html (314 words)

	Wired News: Star Wants Out of Milky Way (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A companion star may once have traveled with the speeding star and contributed to its velocity before being trapped by the fl hole.
		Carbon planets would stand a better chance of surviving a close encounter with a star than would a silicate planet.
		Carbon planets could also form from the dust left behind after the destruction of a carbon-based star, the scientists reasoned.
	www.wired.com /news/print/0,1294,66542,00.html (856 words)

	Alden Star 22 Carbon Rowing Shell \| Mercantila (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Alden Star 22 Carbon Rowing Shell is the perfect open water racer from the experts in open water rowing, and is tailored to the experienced rower who prefers a boat with a lighter hull.
		The Alden Star 22 Carbon Rowing Shell's carbon hull offers a 10% reduction in hull weight than the Alden 22 Fiberglass model, and is the perfect Rowing Shell for open water racing.
		The Alden Star 22 Carbon Rowing Shell has won numerous open water and recreational class races, and is equally at home in the four-foot swells of the Santa Cruz to Monterey race, or the flatter conditions of the Charles River in Boston.
	www.mercantila.com /catalog/store/Alden_Star_22_Carbon_Rowing_Shell (730 words)

	Carbon Star - index page - Free MP3 downloads, CDs, Bio Info, Tour Dates, Lyrics and More!" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The origional members of Carbon Star, previously known as "Puke Daisies", formed in 1995 with Vocalist/guitarist Desiree Petersen, drummer Jess Johnson, and Bassist Niclole Kaszuba.
		Carbon Star has successfully played almost 200 shows together, in SIX of the continental States, and has received a conciderable amount of air-play.
		Carbon Star was also selected out of thousands of entries to be a Stand-By band for the 2001 North By North East World Music Conference, in Canada and listed in Pollstar for up-coming concert dates...
	www.iuma.com /IUMA/Bands/Carbon_Star (826 words)

	CarbonStar
		I had heard the term Carbon Star many times over the past few years, and it finally sunk down to the level of my conciousness that stars are made up of hydrogen and a bit of helium.
		Obviously if carbon is in the star, then the star is more than just a little old.
		The redness is actually enhanced in these stars because C2 absorbes blue from the spectrum thereby increasing the red color of the star.
	www.highenergyastro.homestead.com /CarbonStar.html (395 words)

	Carbon Footprint Calculator - Calculate Your Impact on Climate Change
		Carbon dioxide (CO) is the primary greenhouse gas in our atmosphere.
		This means that the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere directly influences how much of the sun’s heat stays in the atmosphere, which is a key factor in climate change.
		One ton of carbon dioxide is released when you travel 5,000 miles in an airplane, drive 2,500 miles in a medium-sized car, or cut down and burn a tree that was about one foot in diameter and 40 feet tall.
	nature.org /initiatives/climatechange/calculator/?src=f1 (1244 words)

	Discovery of Low-Luminosity Carbon Stars in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy with MOS at CFHT
		Discovery of Low-Luminosity Carbon Stars in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy with MOS at CFHT
		Our medium resolution slit-spectroscopy with various ESO telescopes to confirm the carbon star nature of a large number of objects coming from the complete C-star candidate sample known in Fornax at that time, allowed us to estimate at about 74 the total number of C-stars belonging to this system.
		As a matter of fact, given two stars of equal mass but different metallicities, the metal-poor one will become a C-star at a lower luminosity than the metal-rich one since less carbon has to be dredged up to the surface to get C/O>1.
	www.cfht.hawaii.edu /Reference/Proceedings/azzopardi (1210 words)

	Observing Carbon Star Variables
		These are giant stars with a large abundance of carbon left over from their years of nuclear fusion.
		Almost always these stars can be seen quite easily in a star field by their sharp red color.
		The cause for this reddening is that the star's outside layers contain quantities of the carbon molecules C2 (CC), CN and CH which creates an absorbtion spectrum blocking out most blue wavelengths from the star's interior.
	www.regulusastro.com /regulus/papers/carbon (415 words)

	NCKAS -Carbon Stars
		A collection of Carbon Stars - Carbon Stars are stars that are extremely red in color.
		A stark contrast to the blue-white stars in the vicinity.
		Carbon stars are evolved cooling giants (and some dwarfs) with outer shells or clouds of carbon dust.
	www.nckas.org /carbonstars (1658 words)

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