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Topic: Carbon trading

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	USATODAY.com - Green gambit: Carbon-trading programs help underwrite renewable energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These were originally the domain of large corporations looking to underwrite the development of renewable energy elsewhere —such as solar or wind power — to make up for their own carbon emissions.
		Consumer-friendly carbon-offset programs allow individuals to calculate their own "carbon footprint" and underwrite enough renewable energy to make up for the carbon their energy consumption spews into the atmosphere in a year.
		The costs are between $4 and $10 per metric ton of carbon, depending on the program.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/climate/2006-06-01-carbon-offsets_x.htm (352 words)

	'Obscenity' of carbon trading
		We are being asked to believe that the flexibility and efficiency of the market will ensure that carbon is reduced as quickly and as effectively as possible, when experience has shown that lack of firm regulation tends to create environmental problems rather than solve them.
		Carbon trading isn't an effective response; emissions have to be reduced across the board without elaborate get-out clauses for the biggest polluters.
		Market-based mechanisms such as carbon trading are an elaborate shell-game of global creative accountancy that distracts us from the fact that there is no viable "business as usual" scenario.
	www.carbontradewatch.org /news/0611_obscenity_of_carbon_trading.html (985 words)

	Carbon emissions trading-Key text
		Carbon (in the form of CO and methane) is emitted by volcanoes and by rotting vegetation and other organic matter.
		Carbon sinks can’t keep up, and concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have risen dramatically leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect.
		The largest carbon sink is in the fossil fuels in the ground, but we are currently using them as a major source of energy and emitting CO into the atmosphere as a result.
	www.science.org.au /nova/054/054key.htm (2074 words)

	Emissions trading - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emissions trading (or cap and trade) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants [1].
		Because emissions trading uses free markets to determine how to deal with the problem of pollution, it is often touted as an example of effective free market environmentalism.
		Green tags are a kind of reverse carbon trading scheme, available in the U.S. A renewable energy provider is issued one green tag for each 1000KWh of energy it produces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emissions_trading (909 words)

	Environmental Service: Carbon: Carbon Trading
		Carbon trading, or more generically emissions trading, is the term applied to the trading of certificates representing various ways in which carbon-related emissions reduction targets might be met.
		The simplest type of carbon trade involves an entity preparing a contract that describes and specifies the kind of activity they are undertaking to either reduce or offset emissions.
		Products traded on a market are generally more homogeneous; for example, all types of carbon sequestration that meet the rules defining the creation of a "carbon sequestration certificate" may be deemed to be identical in the market.
	www.forest.nsw.gov.au /env_services/carbon/trading/Default.asp (1335 words)

	Durban Declaration
		Carbon trading follows in the footsteps of this history and turns the earth’s carbon-cycling capacity into property to be bought or sold in a global market.
		Through this process of creating a new commodity – carbon - the Earth’s ability and capacity to support a climate conducive to life and human societies is now passing into the same corporate hands that are destroying the climate.
		Without a viable commodity to trade, the CDM market and similar private sector trading schemes are a total waste of time when the world has a critical climate crisis to address.
	www.carbontradewatch.org /durban/durbandec.html (925 words)

	Carbon emissions trading - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A country (or group of countries) caps its carbon emissions at a certain level (this is known as cap and trade) and then issues permits to firms and industries that grant the firm the right to emit a stated amount of carbon dioxide over a time period.
		The idea behind carbon trading is that firms that can reduce their emissions at a low cost will do so and then sell their credits on to firms that are unable to easily reduce emissions.
		With the creation of a market for trading carbon dioxide emissions within the Kyoto Protocol, it is likely that London financial markets will be the centre for this potentially highly lucrative business; the New York and Chicago stock markets would like a share (which is unlikely as long as the US rejects Kyoto).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbon_trading (564 words)

	MaxSpeak, You Listen!: EMISSIONS TRADING AND CARBON TAXES - By Gar W. Lipow
		In a previous post I touched lightly on problems with carbon trading, and aside from the current disaster, suggested that any system that relying heavily on emissions trading for carbon was unworkable.
		Emissions trading is the new kid on the block; regulation and public works have a long honorable history of successfully achieving environmental goals.
		One symptom of the inefficiency of a Carbon Tax is (as I said back in May-2006) that energy demand has a high inelasticity in response to price increases[1].
	maxspeak.org /mt/archives/002600.html (1313 words)

	Climate Justice: Carbon Trading
		OilWatch criticized the direction of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations stating, "Trade in carbon emissions, CDMs and the World Bank's Prototype Carbon Fundâ¦ are viewed by [industrialized countries] as an opportunity to evade their obligations, and by the countries of the G77 as an opportunity to channel their resources.
		In response to the focus on a carbon market as a "solution" to global warming, in early October, 2004 organizations and social movements from around the world came together in Durban, South Africa to discuss carbon trading and to look at potential alternatives.
		Before carbon trading they had free access to the atmosphere, now they are being given the 'right' to it.
	www.ienearth.org /cj-carbon_trading.html (3084 words)

	IRC Americas Program \| Carbon Trading or Climate Justice?
		A carbon sink is anything that keeps greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere either by preventing their release or by sequestering them.
		The carbon trade's supporters claim it is a “win-win” solution that offsets polluting emissions while providing badly needed funds for sustainable development and forest conservation in the South.
		The document points out that the carbon trade's players include the very culprits of global warming, and denounces that these same institutions are using the environmental crisis they themselves caused as a rationale to evade real reductions in emissions and appropriate for themselves more natural resources.
	americas.irc-online.org /am/728 (1500 words)

	Carbon as a Commodity
		Suddenly, carbon emissions became a liability and carbon reductions an asset.
		Carbon dioxide (CO) is absorbed (sequestered) by the tree from the air during photosynthesis.
		The carbon, or C part, is used by the tree as a building block in it's cellular structure.
	www.carbonexchange.com /emissions/commodity.asp (388 words)

	Carbon Trading and Carbon Tax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Carbon Trading is an integral part of the Kyoto Protocol and a direct result of the Kyoto summit on climate change in 1997.
		UK organisations can be amongst the first to obtain vital experience of trading in emissions, in short, it is designed for countries to buy and sell their quotas for CO2 emissions.
		The Carbon Trading initiative is completely voluntary – but the government is currently allocating resource in order to ensure that the necessary framework is in place for the future implementation of such a scheme on a mandatory level.
	www.biu.com /carbonTrading1.html (532 words)

	The Kyoto Protocol and carbon finance [EBRD - Sectors: Energy efficiency]
		'Carbon finance' is the term used for carbon credits to help finance GHG reduction projects such as the recent biomass conversion at Bulgaria's PFS paper mill.
		Because of projected shortfalls and higher relative carbon abatement costs, it is anticipated that OECD countries will fail to meet their Kyoto target by 2012.
		Governments will also have to buy Carbon Credits because the 'cap and trade' mechanisms will initially only apply to a fraction of each state's economy and Governments are responsible under the Kyoto Protocol for meeting their country targets.
	www.ebrd.com /carbonfinance (1223 words)

	Carbon Emissions Trading: The Next CFO Worry...or Just a Lot of Methane?
		The trading of carbon permits originates from the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement to fight climate change through reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
		Carbon permit trading is projected to exceed $120 billion as compliance obligations grow.
		Seriously, the bottom line is that carbon trading of permits is the fastest growing market in the world, one that every business manager and entrepreneur should be aware of and be taking advantage of.
	www.afponline.org /pub/res/news/ns_20061117_carbon.html (1415 words)

	Climate Justice: Indigenous Resistance to Carbon Trading
		Carbon trading follows in the footsteps of this colonial history and turns the earth’s carbon-cycling capacity into property to be bought or sold in a global market.
		Many of the negotiations setting into place these carbon trading regimes, including the Kyoto Protocol, were done at the exclusion of Indigenous Peoples, local communities and the grassroots people of the world.
		Thus, the sequestration of carbon is cheap because it absorbs labour and environmental costs in Ecuador, while unverifiable carbon credits are sold to companies and governments with industrialized economies.
	www.ienearth.org /carbon_trading-resist.html (4451 words)

	What is the carbon trade?
		The carbon trade is an idea that came about in response to the Kyoto Protocol.
		The idea behind carbon trading is quite similar to the trading of securities or commodities in a marketplace.
		The value of the carbon would be based on the ability of the country owning the carbon to store it or to prevent it from being released into the atmosphere.
	www.investopedia.com /ask/answers/04/060404.asp (451 words)

	Carbon trading, carbon market - Eurocarbon LTD
		Eurocarbon LTD operates within three regulatory market-based and project-based mechanisms (Emissions trading, JI and CDM) as well as the voluntary market and is aimed at achieving cost effective emissions reductions whilst at the same time contributing to sustainable development.
		The International Emissions Trading (IET) and The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) are cap and trade programs that specify the level of emission reductions, the deadlines, and methodologies that signatory countries are to achieve.
		When a company emits less than it is allocated, that company can trade the surplus of emission rights to other companies, that have a shortage of rights or on the market.
	www.eurocarbonltd.com /carbon_trading.htm (878 words)

	Carbon Emission Trading Can Bring Worldwide Benefits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Carbon trading allows industries in developed countries to off-set their emissions of carbon dioxide by investing in reforestation and clean energy projects in developing countries.
		The report argues that carbon projects could potentially recover habitat on millions of hectares of heavily populated forest and farmlands.
		Using carbon finance to reforest critical wildlife habitat, The Nature Conservancy's project in the unique Atlantic Forest of Brazil, could sequester 60 tons of carbon yearly for every hectare of land converted.
	www.progress.org /trade11.htm (964 words)

	Green Car Congress: Carbon Trading for Consumers: TerraPass for your Car (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A startup born out of a project at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania is offering an early form of a carbon trading system for auto consumers: the TerraPass.
		First, the mileage categories and carbon remediated per category are out of synch with EPA data, for example, and a bit mismatched.
		If carbon trading for consumers delays that shift, then it is not a good thing in the long-term, despite its short term benefits.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2004/12/carbon_trading_.html (1199 words)

	Sustainability Dictionary: Carbon Trading
		Any trading system designed to offset carbon emissions from one activity (such as burning fossil fuels in manufacturing, driving, or flying) with another (such as installing more efficient technologies, planting carbon-reducing plants, or establishing contracts with others not to partake in carbon-releasing activities).
		The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) is the first and biggest carbon trading market in existence and is modeled on a stock market.
		When activities that reduce or capture carbon are paired successfully with those that produce it, these are said to be carbon neutral or climate neutral.
	www.sustainabilitydictionary.com /c/carbon_trading.php (308 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| 'Obscenity' of carbon trading
		We are being asked to believe that the flexibility and efficiency of the market will ensure that carbon is reduced as quickly and as effectively as possible, when experience has shown that lack of firm regulation tends to create environmental problems rather than solve them.
		Carbon trading isn't an effective response; emissions have to be reduced across the board without elaborate get-out clauses for the biggest polluters.
		Market-based mechanisms such as carbon trading are an elaborate shell-game of global creative accountancy that distracts us from the fact that there is no viable "business as usual" scenario.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/6132826.stm (1103 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Climate changes on carbon trading
		There was nothing preventing individual states in the US trading carbon.
		He believes that California, which is considering adding greenhouse gases to its already strict system of limits, might want to join the EU or global carbon trading scheme.
		And with carbon trading, Mr Cameron and other advocates believe it will create the economic incentives for development of new and emerging technologies like fuel cells and clean coal processes like gasification.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4684029.stm (659 words)

	Carbon emissions trading-Print version
		Plant growth and carbon dioxide – graphing the effect of CO on plant growth.
		An increase in the natural process of the greenhouse effect, brought about by human activities, whereby greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide are being released into the atmosphere at a far greater rate than would occur through natural processes and thus their concentrations are increasing.
		Carbon dioxide produced by coal-fired electricity stations and other industrial sources is compressed to form a liquid and injected into deep underground geological formations Possible storage sites include saline aquifers, coal seams, and used oil and gas reservoirs.
	www.science.org.au /nova/054/054print.htm (5397 words)

	[No title]
		Carbon trading is a key part of the European Union's strategy to cut emissions of heat-trapping gases under the Kyoto Protocol.
		Under the scheme, 230 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, which is blamed for global warming, have been traded.
		A major initiative in trading of emission credits is the clean development mechanism that gives companies credits for funding environmentally friendly projects in developing nations.
	www.climateark.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=49717 (1067 words)

	Climate: Europe Tries Carbon Trading
		The nations of the European Union last week began to submit their plans for carbon trading to try to reach emissions limits set by the Kyoto agreement on global climate change -- even though the future of that agreement is much in doubt.
		Emissions trading, which is included in the treaty as a mechanism to reach the Kyoto targets, is an attempt to internalize the costs of pollution -- to avoid the so-called tragedy of the commons, as coined by philosopher Garrett Hardin in 1968.
		Essentially, each nation sets a cap on its carbon emissions, and each emitter is given a permit to put a specified amount of carbon into the atmosphere.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/climate-04r.html (1032 words)

	RSA - Our Work - Personal Carbon Trading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In this project, the RSA will explore the potential for personal carbon trading and find out whether we really will be carrying around a carbon credit card in the not too distant future.
		Personal carbon trading could offer a way of developing emissions trading schemes such as the one now operating in Europe (the EU Emissions Trading Scheme) to involve individual level action and to capture a greater percentage, if not all, of greenhouse gases emitted by a nation.
		Personal carbon trading operates by dividing up that allocation of carbon equally amongst the population so that we have an equal ‘share of the air’.
	www.rsa.org.uk /projects/carbon_trading.asp (627 words)

	Carbon trading for all will save the planet! \| The Register
		But she doesn’t want to be handling two currencies so she cashes in all her carbon permits as soon as she receives them.
		The notion of a widespread 'people's market' in carbon allowances meanwhile will certainly have traction in some areas, but we could perhaps think of it as analogous to the 'shareholders democracy' of the Thatcher years.
		But given that what is proposed is effectively a carbon tax, you could say precisely the same thing about a carbon tax, using real money, if that were imposed instead.
	www.theregister.co.uk /2006/07/20/miliband_carbon_trading (1691 words)

	ENVIRONMENT-EU: Carbon Trading Scheme Challenged
		As the European Commission, the European Union (EU) executive, released data on emissions from installations covered by the EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) Monday (May 15), environmental groups said most member states have granted their industries far too generous carbon emission allowances in the period 2005-07.
		According to the EU figures, carbon dioxide emissions last year by 21 of the 25 member states were 44 million tonnes below a quota of 1.829 billion tones -- the level permitted in 2005.
		Launched in January 2005, the EU trading regime is designed to help the region comply with the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement among nations to curb output of greenhouse gases, which are blamed for global warming.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=33233 (964 words)

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