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Topic: Carbonatation

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	Carbonatation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carbonatation is a chemical reaction where calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate:
		Since carbonatation causes a lower pH (acidic) this may lead to corrosion of the steel reinforcing rods and damage to the construction.
		The carbonatation process is used in the production of sugar from sugar beet, It is the introduction of milk of lime (calcium hydroxide suspension) and carbon dioxide enriched gas into the "raw juice", the sugar rich liquid prepared from the diffusion stage of the process, to form calcium carbonate and to precipitate and remove impurities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbonatation (560 words)

	Carbonatation in papaeosols. Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Carbonatation in palaeosols formed on terraces of the Tormes river basin (Salamanca, Spain)
		The carbonate accumulations, as well as the subsequent recrystallization and replacement, tended to increase with the age of the soils.
		In addition, the secondary carbonatation and dissolution of carbonate observed indicate the genetic complexity of these soils.
	edafologia.ugr.es /comun/trabajos/co3geod/abstact.htm (354 words)

	Tongaat-Hulett Sugar \| Retail - Speciality - Industrial Supplier
		The carbonatation station consists of two sets of first and second stage saturators arranged in parallel, each set handling half the melt throughput.
		Both saturator tails feed into a common vessel equipped with a shell and tube calandria for raising the temperature of carbonatated liquor back up to 85 deg C prior to filtration.
		Boiler flue gas with a carbon dioxide content of 10 % to 11 %, after having been scrubbed for sulphur dioxide removal, is compressed and fed proportionally to the saturators.
	www.huletts.co.za /default.asp?pp=operations/refinery/carbonation.htm (155 words)

	Air Liquide - Carbonatation, boissons gazeuses, eau gazeuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Carbonatation• Un véritable océan gazeux …Dans les pays développés, chaque personne consomme en moyenne quelque 150 litres de soda par an.
		Cette carbonatation est obtenue naturellement lors de la fermentation des sucres en alcool (vins pétillants, bière, etc.) ou bien artificiellement par l'injection de dioxyde de carbone dans le liquide.
		La carbonatation se produit lorsque l'on ajoute du dioxyde de carbone à un liquide à base d'eau.
	www.airliquide.com /fr/products/food/applications/carbonation.html (463 words)

	:: Géo-Topics ::
		The most common analyses are : determining the water/cement ratio, demonstrating nocive neoformations (alkali-silica reactions, carbonatation, sulfatation, etc.).
		Concrete petrography enables the study of formulations, diagnose of aging and expertise in case of litigation.
		When applied on the formwork it enables the formation of a hard, dense and resistant blowhole free concrete surface which confers to the concrete a low porosity to liquids (e.g.
	www.geo-topics.be /EN/GT_AutresActivites.htm (291 words)

	Process for refining a raw sugar, particulary raw sugar from the sugar cane sugar industry - Patent 5865899
		The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the carbonatation or phosphatation, flocculation and tangential microfiltration and/or tangential ultrafiltration steps are implemented at a temperature of 70.degree.
		As concerns the refined sugar (high-grade products), it is subjected to an additional purification comprising the steps of remelting, carbonatation (treatment using calcium oxide or lime milk and carbon dioxide) or phosphatation (treatment using calcium oxide or lime milk and phosphoric acid), front filtration or clarification, decolorization and crystallisation.
		It will be further noted that the steps of carbonatation or phosphatation, flocculation, and tangential microfiltration and/or tangential ultrafiltration will be advantageously implemented at a temperature of the order of 70.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5865899.html (1797 words)

	Hallelujah Acres: the Biblical natural diet
		Higher grades of plantation white are produced by a carbonatation purification process, in which carbon dioxide gas (scrubbed flue gas) is injected into juice and reacted with lime to form calcium carbonate, which absorbs and adsorbs nonsugars and is filtered off.
		The carbonatated liquors are filtered in pressure leaf filters with the use of diatomaceous earth, a filter aid invented for sugar processing.
		Raw juice (containing 10 to 14 percent sucrose) is purified in a series of liming and carbonatation steps, often with filtration or thickening being conducted between the first and second carbonatation.
	www.hacres.com /forums/display_message.asp?mid=2409 (3038 words)

	Western States - Chemical Centrifuges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This process is comprised of two steps: carbonatation and phosphotation, which remove non-sugar components from the sugar liquor.
		With carbonatation, milk of lime (calcium hydroxide) and carbon dioxide are added to the liquor and form clumps of calcium carbonate that collect much of the non-sugars.
		Phosphotation is similar to carbonatation but uses phosphoric acid to adhere to the solids.
	www.westernstates.com /processing.htm (2003 words)

	Abstract of 2000 Meeting
		The paper discusses the stages of the modification of the carbonatation process and the direct effect to its performance as well as to the filtration station at Al Khaleej Sugar (AKS) refinery located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
		The original set up of the carbonatation process is composed of two parallel CO scrubbing towers and two lines of three carbonator columns with individual recirculation pumps.
		The experiences at AL Khaleej Sugar (AKS) refinery confirm that the modification undertaken significantly improved the performance of the carbonatation process as well as to the whole refinery plant, which consequently improved the color removal; improved filtration rate and saved power consumption due to the elimination of the recirculation pump.
	www.sucrose.com /sit/2000.html (3855 words)

	SOCLI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Slaked by humidification and water addition, it can be used in the construction, and transformed into mortar by mixing water and sand.
		The water evaporates and the carbonic gas of the ambient air fixes in the mortar reforming exactly the origin limestone.
		The calcic lime not agglomerated to the hydraulic binders begins its carbonatation with air contact.
	www.socli.fr /version_anglaise/la_pierre.asp (129 words)

	SOCLI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Used in mortar, it makes its setting or carbonatation in the contact of the air over a prolonged period.
		The pure natural and hydraulic lime is obtained by calcination of rock essentially carbonate of calcium (the limestone) mixed with elements which get transform, during the burning, into silicates and aluminates of calcium.
		It reacts therefore with water; while limestone, is being transformed into calcic lime, begins its setting or carbonatation at ambient air.
	www.socli.fr /version_anglaise/diff_chaux.asp (187 words)

	Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris - Thèses
		Water and brines are introduced in some of the experiments to test their influence on the carbonatation reaction.
		Mineralogical study of the reacted samples using SEM and TEM allowed the identification of the mechanisms of carbonatation and the observation of magnesite crystals.
		Strong differences in carbonate textures and carbonatation rates were reported between NaCl-containing and NaCl-free samples.
	www.ipgp.jussieu.fr /pages/021509.php?version=print (1541 words)

	THE SUPPLY OF INTRICATE FILTRATION PACKAGES FOR SUGAR PROCESSING APPLICATIONS (MIDDLE EAST SUGAR)
		In this particular installation they will be filtering very hot syrup-like raw material for which they are ideally suited due to a superior, patented sluicing design which maintains its full-rated capacity even where heavy or sticky material is encountered.
		The first combination of six filters is used in the carbonatation process with two units dedicated to the polishing stage.
		A ninth module was designed with dual functionality and is capable of being assigned to either carbonatation and polishing operations.
	www.amafiltergroup.nl /vanpipe/case8.htm (834 words)

	Carbonated serpentinite (listwanite) at Atlin, British Columbia: a geological analogue to carbon dioxide sequestration
		Les deux premières réactions ensemble rendent compte d’environ la moitié du potentiel de carbonatation de la serpentinite, et présentent un faible augmentation du volume des solides, ce qui limite la perte en porosité.
		La magnétite a progressivement été détruite au cours de la carbonatation, ce qui nous a permis d’utiliser la susceptibilité magnétique comme indicateur du progrès de la carbonatation.
		Ceci a facilité la cartographie de la structure des zones de perméabilité dans ces systèmes et a permis la délinéation de variations subtiles en progrès de la réaction qui autrement auraient bien pu nous échapper sur le terrain.
	pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /mineral/tcm-22543-1.html (721 words)

	Treatment of Sugar Carbonatation Sludge for Reuse and Flue Gas Desulphurisation
		In this work sugar refinery carbonatation sludge is treated in a pilot scale facility for two purposes: reuse in the carbonatation process, mixed with fresh calcium hydroxide, and flue gas desulphurisation.
		The sludge is first dried, and then calcinated in a batch kiln with a capacity of 100 kg, designed for the purpose.
		All text, graphics, and HTML code on this server are protected by International Copyright Laws, and may not be copied, reprinted, published, translated, hosted, or otherwise distributed by any means without explicit permission.
	www.environmental-expert.com /articles/article978/article978.htm (229 words)

	Carbonatation du béton
		La carbonatation commence donc à la surface du béton et concerne une certaine épaisseur (dite profondeur de carbonatation) de ce matériau.
		Il est communément admis que la profondeur de carbonatation correspond à une valeur particulière de la teneur en dioxyde de carbone dans le béton.
		Cette pénétration de la carbonatation correspond ainsi à une diffusion du dioxyde de carbone.
	www.concretecorrosion.net /html/mecanism/carbona.htm (217 words)

	DMB - Carbonatation
		Réparation des bétons et assainissement durable contre la carbonatation, restructuration des bétons dégradés, réparation de la maçonnerie
		Examen de l'état des structures, contrôle de la carbonatation du béton.
		Application d'une peinture définitive avec propriété de protection du béton contre la carbonatation.
	www.dmbsa.ch /carbonatation-texte.html (163 words)

	(WO/1986/004785) CARBONATING DEVICE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The second relief valve operates independently of the bridge by indicating by sound the effect of depression on the bridging member.
		(FR) Un dispositif de carbonatation d'eau dans des bouteilles ordinaires en plastique de boissons non alcoolisées comprend deux soupapes de sûreté (6, 33) séparées et une soupape (22a) de décharge de gaz.
		Lorsque l'on continue à appuyer sur l'organe de connexion, celui-ci maintient le système en état de fonctionner et actionne la soupape qui permet au gaz de s'écouler du cylindre de haute pression, à travers le dispositif, jusqu'à l'eau, afin de la carbonater.
	www.wipo.int /pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=1986/04785 (329 words)

	Abstract of Current Meeting
		Refinery carbonatation is widely practiced in South Africa and about 80% of the refined sugar produced in South Africa has been clarified/decolourised using this method.
		Attempts have therefore been made to optimise the carbonatation process with regard to impurity removal.
		Some of the main factors that have been investigated to improve the decolourisation and filterability of the carbonated liquor are: -
	members.aol.com /SITorg/Abstract.html (3501 words)

	Beet Sugar
		The juice must now be cleaned up before it can be used for sugar production.
		This is done by a process known as carbonatation where small clumps of chalk are grown in the juice.
		The clumps, as they form, collect a lot of the non-sugars so that by filtering out the chalk one also takes out the non-sugars.
	www.berglundcenter.com /BeetSugar.htm (821 words)

	Sugar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-6.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An alkaline solution ("milk of lime" and carbon dioxide from the lime kiln) then serves to precipitate impurities (see carbonatation).
		This is the most common form of sugar in sugarcane growing areas, but does not store or ship well; after a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration and clumping.
		It is then further decolorized by filtration through a bed of activated carbon or bone char depending on where the processing takes place.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Sugar (4598 words)

	(WO/1991/000238) APPARATUS FOR MAKING OR DISPENSING DRINKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		L'eau introduite dans la rupture du film d'eau du réservoir principal maintient une vanne ouverte pendant le temps de remplissage de la chambre de carbonatation.
		Les réservoirs de concentré sont équipés d'indicateurs spécifiant le type de concentré qui s'y trouve et le degré de carbonatation de l'eau est commandé par le choix de cet indicateur.
		Le concentré situé dans les réservoirs de cet appareillage est refroidi par un réfrigérant utilisé pour le refroidissement de la chambre de carbonatation.
	www.wipo.int /pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=1991/00238 (352 words)

	carbonatation - French-English Dictionary WordReference.com
		We found no French translation for 'carbonatation' in our English to French Dictionary.
		Or did you want to translate 'carbonatation' from French to English?
		Forum discussions with the word(s) 'carbonatation' in the title:
	www.wordreference.com /enfr/carbonatation (41 words)

	USC Process Page 3
		The filtered liquor from Carbonatation is passed through two passes of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) which removes more colour.
		In USC we have 12 carbon columns to remove the colour from the liquor.
		Copyright © 2004 United Sugar Company, All rights reserved.
	www.unitedsugar.com /usc/en/enProc3.asp (67 words)

	LSU AgCenter . Bento, Luis
		Bento L.S.M. (1999b) “Study of colour formation during Carbonatation in Cane Sugar Refining using GPC with a ELS detector” Proc.
		Bento L.S.M., Ferraz A., Bártolo F., Barreto J., Rocha F., Mota M. (1999) “Utilisation of Cane Sugar Refinery Carbonatation sludge for recycling and boiler flue gas desulphurisation - preliminary studies” Proc.
		Bento L.S.M. (1998) “ Study of HMW compounds in sugar liquors from carbonatation amd ion-exchange resins using GPC chromatography with an evaporative light scattering detector” Proc.
	www.lsuagcenter.com /en/communications/authors/LBento.htm (1270 words)

	CEL International Ltd: Tate & Lyle Sugars - replacement of carbonatation plant
		For information on our food and consumer products capability, please contact Malcolm Sutton.
		London, UK CEL was awarded the fast-track contract to design, procure and construct a new carbonatation plant on an existing manufacturing site.
		This included special finishes and a bespoke control system.
	www.cel-international.com /projects/tatelyle2.htm (81 words)

	Building / Construction Pathology Glossary (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-6.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Capillarity (F capillarity, R capilaritate) Absorbtion of a liquid due to surface tension _ "rising damp" (R Igrasie) in walls is caused by capillary rise of the water in small pores of the walling materials
		Carbonation (F carbonatation, R carbonare, carbonatie) C: The transformation of the free alkali and alkali-earth hydroxides existent in the cement matrix into carbonates, due to a reaction with carbon dioxide available in the atmosphere.
		Cell Test cells of 500 feet length are constructed for various combinations of bituminous, concrete and aggregate.
	www.angelfire.com.cob-web.org:8888 /biz/BuildingPathology/BldngPathGlsry.html (3413 words)

	Free High Resolution Environmental Science Images - IAN Image & Video Library - Bay and Watershed Use / Other ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sugar refining involves: Affination, Carbonatation, Decolourisation, Boiling, Recovery
		NB Registration is quick and easy and it\'s free!
		Free for any use if appropriate credit is reproduced with the image.
	ian.umces.edu /imagelibrary/displayimage-1098.html (185 words)

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