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Topic: Carbonic anhydrase

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	Carbonic anhydrase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase) is a family of metalloenzymes (enzymes that contain one or more metal atoms as a functional component of the enzyme) that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions.
		In plants, carbonic anhydrase helps raise the concentration of CO within the chloroplast to increase the carboxylation rate of the enzyme Rubisco.
		The rate of reaction of carbonic anhydrase is limited by the diffusion rate of its substrates, meaning carbonic anhydrase is part of an elite group of enzymes catalysing exceptionally rapid reactions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase (515 words)

	Carbonic Anhydrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Carbonic anhydrases are enzymes that catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide and the dehydration of bicarbonate:
		Carbon dioxide generated by metabolism in all cells is removed from the body by red blood cells that convert most of it to bicarbonate for transport, then back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled from the lungs.
		Carbonic anhydrase isozymes are metalloenzymes consisting of a single polypeptide chain (Mr ~ 29,000) complexed to an atom of zinc.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/molecules/carbonic_anhydrase.html (284 words)

	A Plant-Type (beta -Class) Carbonic Anhydrase in the Thermophilic Methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ...
		Carbonic anhydrase, a zinc enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, is nearly ubiquitous in
		Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc-containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO
		Kinetic and spectroscopic characterization of the gamma carbonic anhydrase from the methanoarchaeon Methanosarcina thermophila.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/181/20/6247 (3902 words)

	History
		Carbonic anhydrase II was discovered as a result of the interest in the carbon dioxide
		Carbonic anhydrase II (EC number 4.2.1.1), also known as carbonic dehydratase, is an isozyme of the carbonic anhydrase family found in both plants and animals (6).
		As carbonic anhydrase II is a member of a family of isozymes, it is important to note the differences in carbonic anhydrase II from the other isozymes.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~obrien21/bcmb8010/history.html (548 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used to treat glaucoma.
		However, studies in animals have shown that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause birth defects.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the elderly with use in other age groups, these medicines are not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than they do in younger adults.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202114.html (1973 words)

	NEJM -- Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency in 12 families with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with ...
		Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency in 12 families with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification
		Virtual absence of the carbonic anhydrase II peak on high-performance liquid chromatography, of the esterase and carbon dioxide hydratase activities of carbonic anhydrase II, and of immunoprecipitable isozyme II was demonstrated on extracts of erythrocyte hemolysates from all patients studied.
		These observations demonstrate the generality of the findings that we reported earlier in one family and provide further evidence that a deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II is the enzymatic basis for the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/313/3/139 (641 words)

	A wheel invented three times
		Shortly thereafter the enzyme was purified from erythrocytes (Meldrum and Roughton, 1933; Stadie and O’Brien, 1933).
		When carbonic anhydrase from plants and certain bacteria was characterized and sequenced, it turned out to be oligomeric and its amino acid sequence had no similarity to the previously studied enzymes (Hewett-Emmett and Tashian, 1996).
		These publications illustrate that all of the carbonic anhydrases are completely different from one another at the level of their tertiary and quaternary structures, but that the active sites show essential features of remarkable similarity.
	www.nature.com /embor/journal/v1/n1/full/embor621.html (1007 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Impact of Egg Storage on Carbonic Anhydrase Activity During Early Embryogenesis in the Turkey
		Carbonic anhydrase activity, which was not affected by egg storage for 21 days at 18C, was initially seen in the area just below the perimeter of the embryo after 24 hr incubation.
		Technical Abstract: Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that plays important roles in the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, acid-base balance, and in sub- embryonic fluid formation in the early Japanese quail embryo.
		Carbonic anhydrase activity, which was not affected by egg storage for 21 days at 18C, was first observed in the germ wall, that area of yolk subjacent to the area opaca, after 24 hr incubation.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=130127 (511 words)

	Human protein: P00918 - Carbonic anhydrase 2 (EC ) (Carbonic anhydrase II) (Carbonate dehydratase II) (CA-II) (Carbonic ...
		Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in a Belgian family is caused by a point mutation at an invariant histidine residue (107 His-->Tyr): complete structure of the normal human CA II gene.
		Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome (osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and brain calcification): novel mutations in CA2 identified by direct sequencing expand the opportunity for genotype- phenotype correlation.
		Defects in CA2 are the cause of carbonic anhydrase II deficiency (CA2 deficiency) [MIM:259730].
	harvester.embl.de /harvester/P009/P00918.htm (1080 words)

	Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes -- Smith et al. 96 (26): 15184 -- Proceedings of the ...
		Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes -- Smith et al.
		Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes
		Carbonic anhydrases catalyze the reversible hydration of CO
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/96/26/15184 (637 words)

	Nishimori I, et al. Diminished Cellular Immune Response to Carbonic Anhydrase II in Patients with Sjögren’s ...
		Conclusion Carbonic anhydrase II may not be a major target antigen for the immunological process in the pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis.
		Serum antibody to carbonic anhydrase II may be detected in these patients as a consequence of the immune reaction against other antigens which mimic carbonic anhydrase II.
		Serum antibodies to carbonic anhydrase I and II in patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis and Sjögren’s syndrome.
	www.joplink.net /prev/200407/05.html (2973 words)

	Carbonic anhydrase: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) is an enzyme enzyme quick summary:
		Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms....
		The primary function of the enzyme is to catalyse carbon dioxide and is found on red blood corpusles.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/carbonic_anhydrase.htm (216 words)

	Roger Rowlett: Research Projects Description
		Carbonic anhydrase may be unique among enzymes in that it has independently arisen during evolution on at least four separate occasions.
		Human α-Carbonic Anhydrase II The γ-enzyme (Figure 3), which was discovered in an archaebacterium in 1994, is a trimeric protein of 69 kD, and has an unusual left-handed β-helix architecture.
		The Catalytic Mechanism of Carbonic Anhydrase: Implications of a Rate-Limiting Protolysis of Water.
	departments.colgate.edu /chemistry/rowlett_research.html (1172 words)

	Structural and Kinetic Characterization of an Archaeal beta -Class Carbonic Anhydrase -- Smith et al. 182 (23): 6605 -- ...
		Discovery of an algal mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase: molecular cloning and characterization of a low-CO -induced polypeptide in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
		Purification and characterisation of an intracellular carbonic anhydrase from the unicellular green alga Coccomyxa.
		The catalytic mechanism of carbonic anhydrase: implications of a rate-limiting proteolysis of water.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/23/6605 (4367 words)

	Silverman page
		The carbonic anhydrases comprise many isoforms in humans that convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate to form secretory fluids, and in the red cells function during respiration.
		There is a proton shuttle residue, His64 in many carbonic anhydrase isozymes, that accepts a proton from the zinc-bound water through intervening hydrogen-bonded water bridges and transfers it to solution.
		She has prepared site-specific mutants of human carbonic anhydrase and bacterial as well as human manganese superoxide dismutase.
	www.med.ufl.edu /pharm/facdata/Silvermn/silvermn2004.html (988 words)

	Carbonic anhydrase in the premature -- Poblete et al. 42 (3): 429 -- Pediatrics
		Carbonic anhydrase in the premature -- Poblete et al.
		Carbonic anhydrase activity was measured in the blood of
		carbon dioxide gradient was related to low levels of carbonic anhydrase.
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/3/429 (138 words)

	References - carbonic anhydrase - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape ...
		Bozzo GG, Colman B 2000 The induction of inorganic carbon transport and external carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is regulated by external CO2 concentration.
		Kim HJ, Bracey MH, Bartlett SG 1994 Nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding carbonic anhydrase in Arabidopsis thaliana.
		Lane TW, Morel FM 2000 Regulation of carbonic anhydrase expression by zinc, cobalt, and carbon dioxide in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/carban.htm (2041 words)

	Branchial membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase activity maintains CO2 excretion in severely anemic dogfish -- Gilmour ...
		Extracellular carbonic anhydrase and an acid-base disequilibrium in the blood of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias.
		Purification and characterization of a carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor from porcine plasma.
		Carbonic anhydrase injection provides evidence for the role of blood acid-base status in stimulating ventilation after exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/286/6/R1138 (6080 words)

	E0032: Beta-Carbonic Anhydrase Active Site Architecture is a MIRror Image of that of Alpha-Carbonic Anhydrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Carbonic anhydrases, enzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of CO to HCO
		Within (-carbonic anhydrases, two distinct patterns of conservation of critical active site residues are observed, implying two - potentially mechanistically distinct - classes of (-carbonic anhydrases.
		Comparison of the (-carbonic anhydrase active site with that of (-carbonic anhydrase reveals that the substrate binding groups have a one to one correspondence.
	www.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA/ACA00/abstracts/text/E0032.html (373 words)

	Carbonic anhydrase in the midgut of larval Aedes aegypti: cloning, localization and inhibition -- del Pilar Corena et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Carbonic anhydrase in the midgut of larval Aedes aegypti: cloning, localization and inhibition -- del Pilar Corena et al.
		The presence of carbonic anhydrase in the midgut of the larval
		The carbonic anhydrase of larval Aedes aegypti (A-CA) is inhibited
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/205/5/591 (5953 words)

	Properties of Intramolecular Proton Transfer in Carbonic Anhydrase III -- Tu et al. 74 (6): 3182 -- Biophysical Journal
		Carbonic anhydrases III and V lack histidine at position 64 and are less active than CA II, in part because of their slower
		Glutamate and aspartate as proton shuttles in carbonic anhydrase.
		Carbon dioxide hydration activity of carbonic anhydrase in mixtures of water and deuterium oxide.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/74/6/3182 (4282 words)

	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Systemic) - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have not been studied in pregnant women.
		Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may pass into the breast milk.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in children with use in other age groups, these medicines are not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than they do in adults.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR202114 (1932 words)

	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Drug Information
		Children-Although there is no specific information comparing use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in children with use in other age groups, these medicines are not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than they do in adults.
		Type 2 diabetes mellitus-Use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may increase the patient's blood and urine sugar concentrations
		Liver disease-Use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may increase the risk of electrolyte imbalance and may make the condition worse
	www.drugs.com /cons/Carbonic_Anhydrase_Inhibitors.html (2200 words)

	Carbonic Anhydrase in Mammalian Vascular Smooth Muscle -- Berg et al. 52 (8): 1101 -- Journal of Histochemistry and ...
		Conroy CW, Maren TH (1995) The effect of temperature on the binding of sulfonamides to carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II, and IV.
		Maren TH (1960) A simplified micromethod for the determination of carbonic anhydrase and its inhibitors.
		Swenson ER (2000) Role of carbonic anhydrase in respiration and acid-base regulation.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/52/8/1101 (3133 words)

	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Systemic): Drug Info: medical health network
		Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used to treat glaucoma.Acetazolamide is also used as an anticonvulsant to controlcertain seizures in the treatment of epilepsy.
		Children—Although there is no specificinformation comparing use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inchildren with use in other age groups, these medicines arenot expected to cause different side effects or problems inchildren than they do in adults.
		Although there is no specific informationcomparing use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the elderlywith use in other age groups, these medicines are notexpected to cause different side effects or problems in olderpeople than they do in younger adults.
	www.medical-health-network.com /Drug_Info--Acetazolam--901.html (1759 words)

	Carbonic anhydrase II and IV mRNA in rabbit nephron segments: stimulation during metabolic acidosis -- Tsuruoka et al. ...
		Carbonic anhydrase II and IV mRNA in rabbit nephron segments: stimulation during metabolic acidosis -- Tsuruoka et al.
		Carbonic anhydrase II and IV mRNA in rabbit nephron segments: stimulation during metabolic acidosis
		Carbonic anhydrase (CA) facilitates renal bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/274/2/F259 (635 words)

	Carbonic anhydrase XII mRNA encodes a hydratase that is differentially expressed along the rabbit nephron -- Schwartz ...
		Carbonic anhydrase XII mRNA encodes a hydratase that is differentially expressed along the rabbit nephron -- Schwartz et al.
		Carbonic anhydrase histochemistry in rabbit and mouse kidneys.
		Role of basolateral carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubular fluid and bicarbonate absorption.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/2/F399 (7185 words)

	Worthington Carbonic Anhydrase
		Mammalian carbonic anhydrases are of several forms differing in enzymatic properties, amino acid sequences and inhibitor binding.
		Mondrup, M., and Anker, N.: Carbonic Anhydrase Isoenzymes in the Erythrocytes of New-Born Premature and Full-Term Infants, Clin Chim Acta 61, 127, 1975
		Pocker, Y., Meany, J., and Davis, B.: alpha-Keto Esters as Substrates of Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase.
	www.worthington-biochem.com /CA (2905 words)

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