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Topic: Carboniferous

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	The Carboniferous
		One of the greatest evolutionary innovations of the Carboniferous was the amniote egg, which allowed for the further exploitation of the land by certain tetrapods.
		The North American Upper Carboniferous environment was alternately terrestrialand marine, with the transgression and regression of the seas caused by glaciation.
		The chart at left shows the major subdivisions of the Carboniferous Period.The Lower Carboniferous of Europe corresponds roughly to the Mississippian of North America, and the Middle and Upper Carboniferous are roughly equivalent to the Pennsylvanian.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /carboniferous/carboniferous.html (536 words)

	Carboniferous period - Encyclopedia.com
		The Carboniferous period was marked by vast, coal-forming swamps (see also bog) and a succession of changes in the earth's surface that, continuing into the Permian period, ended the Paleozoic era.
		The Carboniferous is often split into two divisions, the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian; in the United States the break in the geologic sequence is so sharp that each division is commonly considered an independent period.
		The Upper Carboniferous was a period of marked disturbances caused by collisions of crustal plates.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Carbonif.html (967 words)

	Carboniferous system - LoveToKnow 1911
		Carboniferous rocks are present in North and South Africa, and in India and Australasia; in China they cover thousands of square miles, and in the United States and British North America they occupy no less than 200,000 sq.
		The close of the early Carboniferous period was marked by an augmentation of the orogenic movements.
		Within the Carboniferous rocks, but due to the action of various agencies long after their deposition, are important ore formations; such are the Rio Tinto ores of Spain, the lead and zinc ores and some haematite of the Pennine and Mendip hills and other British localities, and many ore regions in the United States.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Carboniferous_system (4018 words)

	Carboniferous system - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carboniferous rocks are present in North and South Africa, and in India and Australasia; in China they cover thousands of square miles, and in the United States and British North America they occupy no less than 200,000 sq.
		The close of the early Carboniferous period was marked by an augmentation of the orogenic movements.
		Within the Carboniferous rocks, but due to the action of various agencies long after their deposition, are important ore formations; such are the Rio Tinto ores of Spain, the lead and zinc ores and some haematite of the Pennine and Mendip hills and other British localities, and many ore regions in the United States.
	1911encyclopedia.org /Carboniferous_system (4018 words)

	Carboniferous period. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Carboniferous period was marked by vast, coal-forming swamps (see also bog) and a succession of changes in the earth’s surface that, continuing into the Permian period, ended the Paleozoic era.
		The Carboniferous is often split into two divisions, the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian; in the United States the break in the geologic sequence is so sharp that each division is commonly considered an independent period.
		The Upper Carboniferous was a period of marked disturbances caused by collisions of crustal plates.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/Carbonif.html (693 words)

	Palaeozoic Forests
		After the surprisingly fast radiation of land plants in the Devonian, the Carboniferous is characterised rather by a further diversification of the already existing groups, than by the appearance of new groups.
		During the Carboniferous large parts of Europe and North America were situated in an equatorial position and extensive swamp forests developed in the wetland areas at the continental margins.
		The Carboniferous coal floras of Europe and North America are well studied, not at least because of the interests of the mining industry.
	www.uni-muenster.de /GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/ewald1.htm (1092 words)

	The Elements of Geology - CHAPTER XIX - THE CARBONIFEROUS
		When the Carboniferous was ended the waste which had been removed from the land and laid along its margin in the successive formations of the Paleozoic had reached a thickness of between thirty and forty thousand feet.
		The Carboniferous strata, nearly two miles thick, are all infolded in the Appalachian ridges, while the next deposits found in this region--those of the later portion of the first period (the Trias) of the succeeding era--rest unconformably on the worn edges of the Appalachian folded strata.
		The Carboniferous was the age of lycopods and amphibians, as the Devonian had been the age of rhizocarps and fishes.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/Geology/00000032.htm (4250 words)

	The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era
		The term "Carboniferous" is used throughout the world to describe this period, although this period has been separated into the Mississippian (early Carboniferous from 360-320 mya) and the Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous from 320-286 mya) in the United States.
		The Carboniferous is separated from the earlier Devonian by the appearance of the conodont Siphonodella sulcata or Siphondella duplicata.
		Carboniferous rock formations often occur in patterns of stripes with shale and coal seams alternating, indicating the cyclic flooding and drying of an area.
	www.science501.com /PTCarboniferous.html (2332 words)

	Climate during the Carboniferous Period
		Throughout the Carboniferous Period, continental drift was rearranging most (but not all) of the Earth's landmasses into a single supercontinent stretching from the south polar region to the north polar region.
		Throughout the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Period, Pangea drifted northward to drier, cooler climates and by the mid-Permian North America and Northern Europe had become desert-like as continued mountain-building caused much of the interior of the vast Pangean Supercontinent to be in rain shadow.
		Coal beds of the Carboniferous Period are almost all ranked bituminous, or higher, because of their great age and the great burial depth and moderate tectonic forces that were applied since their deposition.
	mysite.verizon.net /mhieb/WVFossils/Carboniferous_climate.html (3263 words)

	CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM - Online Information article about CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM
		Breaks in the Stratigraphic Sequence.—The sequence of Carboniferous strata is not everywhere one of unbroken continuity.
		Thickness of Carboniferous Rocks.—The great variety of conditions under which the sediments and limestones were formed naturally produced corresponding inequalities in the thickness.
		Life of the Carboniferous Period.—We have seen that in the Carboniferous rocks there are two phases of sedimentation, the one marine, the other continental; corresponding with these there are two distinct faunal facies.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CAL_CAR/CARBONIFEROUS_SYSTEM.html (5695 words)

	Chapter 12 Study Guide
		The Carboniferous Period is used in the British Isles to describe the same interval as the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods; a name which captures the significance of this geologic time with coal formation.
		The reef framework was a loose construction of bryozoa, brachiopods, and crinoids that baffled and trapped fine-grained sediment, encasing the reef in mud.
		Geologists hypothesize that temperature gradients were extreme in the Carboniferous: the equatorial region was tropical and the poles, polar.
	www.uvm.edu /~cmehrten/courses/historical/ch15sg.html (1871 words)

	Carboniferous-Rotliegend Total Petroleum System Description and Assessment Results Summary
		Carboniferous strata in the undeformed foreland basin north of the Variscan highlands emerged from the Paleozoic without having been buried sufficiently for maximum gas generation (fig.
		In the Carboniferous strata of northeastern England, the coals and shales constitute two distinct source rock components, with the coals containing approximately 60 percent total organic carbon (TOC) and type III kerogen, whereas the shales have approximately 1 percent TOC and mixed type II and type III kerogen.
		The prolific gas-prone source rocks of the Carboniferous Coal Measures, the abundance of closely associated channel sandstones and related valley-fill complexes, and the presence of shales and evaporitic rocks of the overlying Rotliegend, indicate that the Carboniferous should be an important exploration target.
	pubs.usgs.gov /bul/b2211/b2211.html (8731 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic: Carboniferous: The Carboniferous Period
		Alexander Winchell proposed the name Mississippian in 1869 for Lower Carboniferous strata along the Mississippi River drainage region, and later, in 1891 Henry S. Williams suggested Pennsylvanian for the Upper Carboniferous.
		By early Late Carboniferous, the South American-North African margin of Gondwanaland had collided with the northern Devonian supercontinent of Euramerica becomes Laurasia by the late Carboniferous.
		In the water and water margins the tetrapods flourish, are the dominant life form, and many different types inhabit the rivers, ponds, and swamps of the Carboniferous tropics, including many crocodile, eel, and salamander-like forms.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htm (1113 words)

	Carboniferous human bones -- an evaluation
		The syncline is surrounded by older Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) age rocks of the Mauch Chunk Formation (may have been raised to "Group" status).
		During the Carboniferous, land areas with enough water supply were covered with vegetation dominated by sphenopsids ("giant horsetails"), giant lycopod trees, both spore and seed tree ferns, and a few types of early conifer.
		Although this specimen is not from the Carboniferous, land vertebrate bone from that period is too valuable to sacrifice for destructive preparation, and a dinosaur bone shows basically the same microstructural features of fossil bone found from the Carboniferous.
	www.geo.ucalgary.ca /~macrae/t_origins/carbbones/carbbones.html (3138 words)

	carbfor
		By the Carboniferous Period, the evolution of terrestrial plants and animals had advanced to the point where true forests were developed in lowland, coastal sites.
		Although the Carboniferous swamp forests had small, herbaceous lycopods like those of today, the most impressive plants of these communities were several types of tree-sized (arborescent) lycopods like this Lepidodendron.
		Most of the plants and animals of the Carboniferous swamp forests were dependent on abundant supplies of water.
	taggart.glg.msu.edu /isb200/carbfor.htm (1135 words)

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