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Topic: Carboniferous period

	The Carboniferous
		One of the greatest evolutionary innovations of the Carboniferous was the amniote egg, which allowed for the further exploitation of the land by certain tetrapods.
		The North American Upper Carboniferous environment was alternately terrestrialand marine, with the transgression and regression of the seas caused by glaciation.
		The chart at left shows the major subdivisions of the Carboniferous Period.The Lower Carboniferous of Europe corresponds roughly to the Mississippian of North America, and the Middle and Upper Carboniferous are roughly equivalent to the Pennsylvanian.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /carboniferous/carboniferous.html (536 words)

	CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM - LoveToKnow Article on CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In prosecuting the study of this part of British geology it is soon discovered, and it is essential to bear in mind, that, during the Carboniferous period, the land whence the chief supplies of sediment were derived rose mainly to the north and north-west, as it seems to have done from very early geological time.
		The close of the early Carboniferous period was marked by an augmentation of the orogenic movements.
		Granites, porphyries and porphyrites belonging to this period occur in the Saxon Erzgebirge, the Harz, Thuringerwald, Vosges, Brittany, Cornwall and Christiania.
	24.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CARBONIFEROUS_SYSTEM.htm (4708 words)

	Carboniferous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The second is lower sea levels in the Carboniferous compared to the Devonian Period which allowed for the development of extensive lowland swamps and forests in North America and Europe.
		The Carboniferous An overview of the period from the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.
		Carboniferous Human Bones A discussion and thorough critique of claims that human bones have been found in context with Carboniferous age geological formations.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Carboniferous.html (661 words)

	Carboniferous period - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Carboniferous period
		Period of geological time roughly 362.5 to 290 million years ago, the fifth period of the Palaeozoic Era.
		In the USA it is divided into two periods: the Mississippian (lower) and the Pennsylvanian (upper).
		Amphibians were abundant, and reptiles evolved during this period.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Carboniferous%20period (123 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pennsylvanian
		In North America where the early Carboniferous beds are primarily marine limestones, it is treated as a full fledged geologic period between the Mississippian and the Permian.
		The Pennsylvanian is the upper part of the Carboniferous in North America.
		Refer to the Carboniferous Period article for further information on faunal stages and climate.
	www.internet-encyclopedia.org /wiki.php?title=Pennsylvanian (215 words)

	Chapter 12 Study Guide
		The Carboniferous Period is used in the British Isles to describe the same interval as the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods; a name which captures the significance of this geologic time with coal formation.
		The reef framework was a loose construction of bryozoa, brachiopods, and crinoids that baffled and trapped fine-grained sediment, encasing the reef in mud.
		Since the Carboniferous Period is named after the plant-derived coal for which itís known, terrestrial plants obviously diversified during this period (see figure 15-12).
	www.uvm.edu /~cmehrten/courses/historical/ch15sg.html (1871 words)

	Climate during the Carboniferous Period
		Throughout the Carboniferous Period, continental drift was rearranging most (but not all) of the Earth's landmasses into a single supercontinent stretching from the south polar region to the north polar region.
		Throughout the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Period, Pangea drifted northward to drier, cooler climates and by the mid-Permian North America and Northern Europe had become desert-like as continued mountain-building caused much of the interior of the vast Pangean Supercontinent to be in rain shadow.
		Coal beds of the Carboniferous Period are almost all ranked bituminous, or higher, because of their great age and the great burial depth and moderate tectonic forces that were applied since their deposition.
	mysite.verizon.net /mhieb/WVFossils/Carboniferous_climate.html (3263 words)

	Life of the Carboniferous
		Carboniferous rock formations often occur in patterns of stripes with shale and coal seams alternating, indicating the cyclic flooding and drying of an area.
		Seedless plants such as lycopsids were extremely important in this community and are the primary source of carbon for the coal that is characteristic of the period.
		Anthracosaurs (basal tetrapods and amniotes with deep skulls and a less sprawling body plan which led to increasing agility) appeared during the Carboniferous and were quickly followed by diapsids which divided into two groups: the marine reptiles, lizards, and snakes versus the archosaurs (crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /carboniferous/carblife.html (945 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic: Carboniferous: The Carboniferous Period
		The terms Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods were then used by American geologists and palaeontologists instead of the one Carboniferous Period.
		By early Late Carboniferous, the South American-North African margin of Gondwanaland had collided with the northern Devonian supercontinent of Euramerica becomes Laurasia by the late Carboniferous.
		The early part of the period is mostly warm, but there is a pronounced cooling and glaciation during the second half, triggered by Gondwanaland's southward migration.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htm (1113 words)

	A Golden Age of Sharks
		The Carboniferous (meaning "coal forming") gets its name from the thick layer of plant matter, laid down when shallow seas drowned northern continents, that were later squeezed into coal.
		Although located in the middle of the what is now the North American continent, during the Carboniferous Period much of this region was covered by a shallow sea.
		But when the placoderms were all but decimated at the dawn of the Carboniferous, the marine playing field was leveled and the dogfish had their day.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/evolution/golden_age.htm (1691 words)

	Mississippian - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This article is about the geologic period; for the North American culture, see Mississippian civilization.
		In North America, where the interval consists primarily of marine limestones, it is treated as a full-fledged geologic period between the Devonian and the Pennsylvanian.
		In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are lumped together as the Carboniferous period.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Mississippian (155 words)

	Climate during the Carboniferous Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Throughout the Carboniferous Period, continental drift was rearranging most (but not all) of the Earth's landmasses into a single supercontinent stretching from the south polar region to the north polar region.
		Throughout the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Period, Pangea drifted northward to drier, cooler climates and by the mid-Permian North America and Northern Europe had become desert-like as continued mountain-building caused much of the interior of the vast Pangean Supercontinent to be in rain shadow.
		Coal beds of the Carboniferous Period are almost all ranked bituminous, or higher, because of their great age and the great burial depth and moderate tectonic forces that were applied since their deposition.
	www.clearlight.com /~mhieb/WVFossils/Carboniferous_climate.html (3245 words)

	Carboniferous Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the Lower Carboniferous, continued movement along the fault lines uplifted parts of Nova Scotia and trapped reservoirs of magma in the crust to form large subterranean deposits of granite.
		In the later part of the Lower Carboniferous (315-310 mya) the climate changed from dry to very wet, as the sea flooded some low lying areas and evaporated into the hot air.
		Vegetation flourished in the warm climate of the Upper Carboniferous Period, particularly the large trees which could reach heights of 30 metres and swamp plants found at Joggins.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /fossils/geol/carb.htm (519 words)

	Urantia Book, Paper 59: Section 5 -- The Crustal-Shifting Stage The Fern-Forest Carboniferous Period The Age Of Frogs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The appearance of fish during the preceding period marks the apex of marine-life evolution.
		The deposits of this early Carboniferous age are from 500 to 2,000 feet thick, consisting of sandstone, shale, and limestone.
		period marks the beginning of the modern mountains of North America, both in the Appalachian regions and in the west.
	www.urantiabook.org /newbook/ppr059_5.html (1212 words)

	FERN FOSSILS
		During the Carboniferous Period, a large portion of Europe and North America was on the equator.
		Periodic changes in the sea levels caused the rivers that traversed these forests to flood, depositing massive amounts of sand and mud thereby burying the forest along the banks.
		In a period of one million years, several thousand meters of sediment would be deposited, densely packing and pressing the abundant vegetation into flattened rock fossil impressions.
	www.paleodirect.com /pl-006.htm (234 words)

	Carboniferous Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the Lower Carboniferous, continued movement along the fault lines uplifted parts of Nova Scotia and trapped reservoirs of magma in the crust to form large subterranean deposits of granite.
		In the later part of the Lower Carboniferous (315-310 mya) the climate changed from dry to very wet, as the sea flooded some low lying areas and evaporated into the hot air.
		Vegetation flourished in the warm climate of the Upper Carboniferous Period, particularly the large trees which could reach heights of 30 metres and swamp plants found at Joggins.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /fossils/geol/carb.htm (519 words)

	carboniferous diorama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the Carboniferous land flora and fauna develop and it is called the...
		By the Carboniferous Period, the evolution of terrestrial plants and animals had advanced to the...
		Edicarian - Permian) Hemidiscosa (extinct) (Carboniferous - Cretaceous) Amphidiscosa / Amphidiscosida (Ordovician...
	www.1st-in-models.com /71/carboniferous-diorama.html (454 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pennsylvanian
		World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west...
		Refer to the Carboniferous period article for information on faunal stages, climate, etc. The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 340 million years ago (mya), to the beginning of the Permian period, about 280 mya.
		Categories: Carboniferous The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 340 million years ago (mya), to the beginning of the Permian period, about 280 mya.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pennsylvanian (516 words)

	carboniferous
		{Carboniferous age} (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds.
		This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian.
		{Carboniferous formation} (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period.
	www.beetfoundation.com /words/c/carboniferous.html (181 words)

	Geological Time Capsule Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Earth was characterized by lowlands and shallow seas in the Mississippian Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era, 345 million years ago.
		During the Pennsylvanian Carboniferous Period, which began 35 million years later, North America and Europe were aligned along the equator.
		During the Permian Period, 290 million years ago, all the continents except what is now China were a single landmass the geologists call Pangaea.
	www.southsloughestuary.org /EFS/geotime2.htm (418 words)

	Carboniferous Period
		The Carboniferous was proposed in 1822 by William Coneybeare and William Phillips.
		The Carboniferous is divided into Lower and Upper units; in the United States these are recognised as the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods, respectively.
		The Mississippian was erected by Alexander Winchell in 1870, based on a type section in the Mississippi Valley, and the Pennsylvanian by Henry S. Williams in 1891, based on a type section in Pennsylvania.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /paleontology/Carboniferous.html (107 words)

	TheGlasgowStory: Sphenopteris
		This Sphenopteris was a seed fern which grew during the Carboniferous Period.
		The period is sometimes referred to as the Coal Age and lasted from 360 to 290 million years ago.
		True ferns, a group which have survived from the Carboniferous Period, reproduce by means of minute spores which are usually situated on the under sides of the leaves.
	www.theglasgowstory.com /image.php?inum=TGSE00548&t=2&urltp=search.php%3Fstart%3D0%26end%3D20%26what%3D%26where%3D%7Ctollcross%26who%3D%26period%3D0%26collection%3D0%26search%3D99 (96 words)

	Mississippian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As with most older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified, but the exact date of the start and end of the periodare uncertain by a few million years.
		In North America where the interval is primarily marine limestones, it is treatedas a full fledged Geologic Period between the Devonian and the Pennsylvanian.
		In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more or less continuous sequence of lowland continentaldeposits and are lumped together as the Carboniferous Period.
	www.therfcc.org /mississippian-124899.html (144 words)

	Pennsylvanian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In North America where the early Carboniferous beds are primarily marine limestones, it is treated as afull fledged geologic period between the Mississippian and the Permian.
		ThePennsylvanian is the upper part of the Carboniferous in North America.
		InEurope, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more or lesscontinuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are lumped together as the Carboniferous Period.
	www.therfcc.org /pennsylvanian-115002.html (148 words)

	Metal in the Killarney Landscape
		To the north, beyond Killarney town, the undulating lowlands are formed by rocks belonging to the younger Carboniferous period.
		This limestone is composed of calcium carbonate formed when the skeletons of marine organisms and fragments of coral settled on the ocean floor.
		The Carboniferous period came to an end about 295 million years ago when great continental land masses collided and mountains rose over much of western Europe.
	www.nuigalway.ie /ross_island/metal_killarney.htm (305 words)

	Joggins Fossil Cliffs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the Carboniferous period, Joggins was positioned at the equator, which gave it the appearance of the present day Amazon forest.
		This period is most well known for its abundance of plant life, but not known as well for its flood plains and series of rivers.
		The idea of the Carboniferous period allows us to realize a truly different place and time.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /fundycoast/carbon.htm (155 words)

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