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Topic: Carbonyl compounds

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carbonyl group

tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound

Carbonyl chloride

Carbonyl bromide

compound linguistics

aromatic compound

compound noun and adjective

inorganic compounds

English compounds

organometallic compounds

polyhedral compound

tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound

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	Process for the preparation of carboxyl compounds - Patent 4353832
		To achieve these and other objects, the invention provides to a process for the preparation of carboxyl compounds by reaction of the corresponding carbonyl compound with hydrogen peroxide in a liquid medium and in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the liquid reaction mixture is kept in a substantially anhydrous state.
		In general, the catalysts used are compounds of metals selected from amongst beryllium, magnesium, the elements of groups IIb, IIIa and b, IVb, Vb, VIb and VIII and the elements of periods 3, 4, 5 and 6 of groups IVa, Va and VIa, or compounds of hydrogen fluoride.
		If the carbonyl compound has a lower density than that of water, the compound is collected at the top of the separating vessel through line 13, while the water is collected at the bottom of the separating vessel through line 14; in the converse case, the take-offs are reversed.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4353832.html (4922 words)

	Carbonyl Reactivity
		Consequently, with the exception of formaldehyde, the carbonyl function of aldehydes and ketones has a π-bond energy greater than that of the sigma-bond, in contrast to the pi-sigma relationship in C=C. This suggests that addition reactions to carbonyl groups should be thermodynamically disfavored, as is the case for the addition of water.
		In contrast, both the endothermic addition of water to a carbonyl function, and the exothermic elimination of water from the resulting geminal-diol are fast.
		In this case the carbonyl functions are relatively hindered, but by using excess ethanedithiol as the solvent and the Lewis acid BF as catalyst a good yield of the bis-thioacetal is obtained.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm (4359 words)

	Preparation of .alpha.-methylsubstituted carbonyl compounds - Patent 4374274
		The process of claims 2 or 3, wherein the molar ratio of said carbonyl compound to formaldehyde is from 1:1 to 15:1, and the pressure of hydrogen is from 1-50 bar.
		Where the carbonyl compound to be reacted is liquid, it is not necessary to use a solvent.
		Using the novel process,.alpha.-methylsubstituted carbonyl compounds, which are mostly valuable intermediates for the preparation of dyes, crop protection agents or drugs, may be prepared in a technically simple and advantageous manner.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4374274.html (1840 words)

	Aldehydes, Ketones, Quinones and Derivatives
		Compounds RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
		Compounds containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
		Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/class/aldke.html (326 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for carbonyl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		carbonyl group CARBONYL GROUP [carbonyl group], in chemistry, functional group that consists of an oxygen atom joined by a double bond to a carbon atom.
		Aldehydes are compounds that contain a formyl group joined by a single bond to a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group.
		Concentrations and source characteristics of airborne carbonyl compounds measured outside urban residences.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=carbonyl (680 words)

	Introduction - Carbonyl Compounds
		The functional group on aldehydes and ketones is a carbonyl group (double bond oxygen to a carbon).
		In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is on the "end" of a carbon chain, while in ketones, it is in the "middle" of a carbon chain.
		A position number is needed for ketones since the carbonyl group may be on any number of several carbons in the "middle" of a chain.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/700carbonyls.html (258 words)

	Nickel, nickel carbonyl, and some nickel compounds (HSG 62, 1991)
		Nickel compounds are used in nickel-cadmium batteries, in electronic and computer equipment, and as constituents of pigments in the glass and ceramics industries.
		In polluted air, the predominant nickel compounds appear to be nickel sulfate, oxides, and sulfides, and, to a lesser extent, metallic nickel.
		In the case of nickel carbonyl, these should be kept in a cool, ventilated area away from heat and oxidizing agents, such as nitric acid and chlorine.
	www.inchem.org /documents/hsg/hsg/hsg062.htm (6826 words)

	bonding in carbonyl compounds - the carbon oxygen double bond
		Don't try to read this unless you are sure that you fully understand the orbital view of the bonding in methane and the bonding in ethene.
		Where the carbon-oxygen double bond, C=O, occurs in organic compounds it is called a carbonyl group.
		The simplest compound containing this group is methanal.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /basicorg/bonding/carbonyl.html (542 words)

	Organic Chemistry Part II
		Know which compounds are most reactive towards substitution (which is based on the leaving group strength), and most electrophilic (which is based on the electron withdrawing or donating capacity of the functional group).
		Carbonyl compounds will have a peak in the infrared spectrum in the area of 1700± cm-1.
		The crystal form of a compound is assumed to be purer than the powder form.
	www.berkeley-review.com /TBR/bookdetails/organchempart2.html (2025 words)

	Standard Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active Sampler Methodology) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Other carbonyl compounds that have been validated for determination by this method include acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal (propionaldehyde), methacrolein, 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde, p-tolualdehyde, hexanal, and 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde.
		The determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, as DNPH derivatives, is similar to that of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A in that it utilizes HPLC with UV detection as the analytical finish.
		This test method is suitable for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in the concentration range from approximately 10 ppb to 1 ppm (v/v).
	webstore.ansi.org /ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ASTM+D5197-03 (612 words)

	esm_bruice_organic_4\|Carbonyl Compounds II: Nucleophilic Addi\|Introduction
		Starting the chapter by comparing the reactions of the two classes of carbonyl compounds with the same nucleophiles lets you appreciate the difference in the way the two classes of carbonyl compounds react.
		Because Class II carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) do not have a group that can be replaced by another group, they undergo a nucleophilic addition reaction with one equivalent of the nucleophile.
		In contrast, Class I carbonyl compounds undergo a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, reacting with two equivalents of the nucleophile.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_bruice_organic_4/0,7842,743228-,00.html (292 words)

	reduction
		The most common reagents for the reduction of carbonyl compounds are sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride.
		The resulting compound is a white solid that is stable in alcohol solvents and is easily handled.
		The carbonyl group of esters is also much less reactive toward nucleophilic attack than that of aldehydes and ketones.
	people.uis.edu /gtram1/organic/carbonyl/reduction.htm (379 words)

	Carbonyl Reactivity
		A complementary property, the acidity of carbonyl compounds is also important, since this influences the concentration of the more nucleophilic enolate anion in a reaction system.
		Although the keto tautomer route is not unreasonable (recall the enhanced acidity of the alpha-hydrogens in carbonyl compounds), the enol tautomer provides a more favorable pathway for both acid and base-catalyzed elimination of the beta oxygen.
		Although the reaction of carbonyl compounds with sodium hydride is heterogeneous and slow, sodium enolates are formed with the loss of hydrogen, and no other organic compounds are produced.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm (3430 words)

	Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Pollutants Associated with Indoor Air Quality
		Though the bulk of research involving photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds has involved the remediation of pollutants at high inlet concentrations, there has been some implication that photocatalytic oxidation can be used to reduce exposure to low concentrations of volatile organic compounds and improve the quality of indoor air.
		This initial experiment verifies that the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine analysis technique is capable of measuring the sub part-per-million concentrations of carbonyl compounds expected in the photocatalytic oxidation of indoor levels of organic compounds.
		Evaluation of photooxidation efficiency for carbonyl compounds between the three PCO reactor designs is precluded due to the nearly 100 percent destruction by all three reactor designs.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~landerso/98mp9b06.htm (3251 words)

	Nickel carbonyl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		, nickel carbonyl is composed of a central nickel atom surrounded by four carbonyl (carbon monoxide) ligands in a tetrahedral arrangement.
		The CO ligands, in which the C and the O are connected by triple bonds (often depicted as double bonds), are covalently bonded to the nickel atom via the carbon ends.
		Nickel carbonyl poisoning is characterized by a two-stage illness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nickel_carbonyl (602 words)

	Amazon.ca: Catalytic Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro Compounds: Books: S. Cenini,F. Ragaini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This book is a critical overview of all of the published literature in the field of reductive carbonylation of organic nitro compounds (mainly nitroarenes) and related reactions.
		The book comprises six chapters respectively dealing with structure and complexes of nitro compounds, the synthesis of isocyanates, the synthesis of carbamates and ureas, the synthesis of other non-cyclic compounds, such as amines, imines, and mechanistic studies.
		This book is critical review of all of the published literature in the field of reductive carbonylation of organic nitro compounds and related reactions.
	www.amazon.ca /Catalytic-Reductive-Carbonylation-Organic-Compounds/dp/0792343077 (303 words)

	Ch328_Lec_18
		Compounds containing the carbonyl group are ubiquitous in nature, occurring as key parts of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats as well as other biomolecules.
		The properties of the carbonyl group are dictated by the double bond between the carbon and the oxygen.
		The carbonyl compounds are broken into two categories based on their chemistry.
	www.humboldt.edu /~rap1/C328.Su04/C328Notes/C328nLec18.htm (1234 words)

	IR: carbonyl compounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This distinctive carbonyl band is particularly useful for diagnostic purposes because it has a characteristic high intensity and few other functional groups absorb in this region.
		Different carbonyl compounds absorb in narrow ranges within the general carbonyl region.
		The exact wavenumber of the C=O stretch can give you clues as to whether the compound is a ketone, aldehyde, ester, or carboxylic acid; furthermore it can tell you whether it is an alpha, beta- carbonyl.
	orgchem.colorado.edu /hndbksupport/irtutor/carbonylsir.html (100 words)

	CHEMystery: Organic Chemistry: Carbonyl Compounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The carbonyl compounds consist of compounds that have the carbon-oxygen double bond, C=O, or the carbonyl group.
		There are several types of carbonyl compounds, depending on what is attached to the carbon atom in C=O. carbonyl group
		The aldehyde group is often written as CHO, with the double bond being understood.
	library.thinkquest.org /3659/orgchem/carbonyl.html (103 words)

	A2 unit chains and rings and spectroscopy carbonyls page
		However, the carbonyl compounds do not undergo substitution reactions like haloalkanes they undergo addition reactions, just as alkenes do.
		There are a number of tests that can be used to identify the presence of a carbonyl group in a compound.
		This could be part of an alcohol (C-O single bond) or part of a carbonyl compound (C=O double bond).
	www.rjclarkson.demon.co.uk /candrands/carbonyls.htm (681 words)

	an introduction to aldehydes and ketones
		In pentanone, the carbonyl group could be in the middle of the chain or next to the end - giving either pentan-3-one or pentan-2-one.
		A nucleophile is a negatively charged ion (for example, a cyanide ion, CN), or a slightly negatively charged part of a molecule (for example, the lone pair on a nitrogen atom in ammonia, NH During the reaction, the carbon-oxygen double bond gets broken.
		The net effect of all this is that the carbonyl group undergoes addition reactions, often followed by the loss of a water molecule.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/carbonyls/background.html (1345 words)

	Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Compounds - Diparimento Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica - Unibo
		Transition metal carbonyl clusters bridge molecular and colloid chemistry and their dimensions trespass in the field of nano-materials from the bottom (1-2 nm).
		The metal core is embedded in a shell of carbonyl ligands and undergoes a size-induced transition from insulator to semiconductor.
		Electron beam nanolithography seems possible since most carbonyl clusters loose CO and generate metal nano-particles and wires under an electron beam of sufficient intensity.
	ms.fci.unibo.it /~dcfi/groups/tmcc.htm (198 words)

	JAWMA Paper: Residential Indoor, Outdoor, and Workplace Concentrations of Carbonyl Compounds: Relationships with ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Personal 48-hr exposures of 15 randomly selected participants as well as microenvironment concentrations in each participant’s residence and workplace were measured for 16 carbonyl compounds during summer-fall 1997 as a part of the Air Pollution Exposure Distributions within Adult Urban Populations in Europe (EXPOLIS) study in Helsinki, Finland.
		Carbonyls in residential indoor air correlated significantly, suggesting similar mechanisms of entry into indoor environments.
		Additionally, the importance of personal sampling in assessing exposures to carbonyl compounds was clearly demonstrated in the study.
	www.awma.org /Journal/ShowAbstract.asp?Year=&PaperID=1053 (367 words)

	R-5.6.6 Nitrogenous derivatives of carbonyl compounds
		According to functional class nomenclature, they may be named by adding the class name "azine" as a separate word after the name of the corresponding aldehyde or ketone.
		(RR') are named as "ylidenehydrazones" (see R-5.6.6.2) of the preferred carbonyl compound or by using the prefix "hydrazono-".
		Chalcogen analogues are named in the same way on the basis of functional parent compound names such as "selenosemicarbazide" and prefix names such as "thiosemicarbazono-", or functional class names such as "thiosemicarbazone".
	www.acdlabs.com /iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_469.htm (423 words)

	Carbonyl chemistry 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		These pages are devoted to the chemistry of the carbonyl group, the reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
		In your textbook it is shown that it is the tendency of oxygen to acquire electrons - its ability to carry a negative charge - that is the real cause of the reactivity of the carbonyl group toward nucleophiles.
		This property of oxygen also underlies a second chemical property of carbonyl compounds: the acidity of hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group; the conjugate base, the carbanion, is stabilized by resonance.
	cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl /wetche/organic/carbonyl (146 words)

	Carbonyl Group
		It is somewhat misleading to write the carbonyl group as a covalent C=O double bond.
		The most important example of this class of compounds is the citric acid that gives so many fruit juices their characteristic acidity.
		So much attention is paid to the structures of the fatty acids in discussions of these compounds that it is easy to miss an important point: Free fatty acids are seldom found in nature.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/carbonyl.html (1650 words)

	F16. KINETICS OF AEROSOL FORMATION OF CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS VAPOR
		Carbonyl-containing inorganic and organic compounds are important in the chemistry of atmosphere [1].The major number of the studies into gas-phase photolysis of carbonyls did not deal with the transition of part of the products into aerosol.
		Investigation of carbonyl photonucleation kinetics is especially urgent as connected with the problems of photochemical smog.
		So it was experimentally shown that photochemical degradation of volatile carbonyl-containing compounds in the air can be effective channel for aerosol formation under polluted conditions.
	www.cstl.nist.gov /div838/kinet_conf/agenda/f_session/f16/f16.html (592 words)

	carbonylreductions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In this chapter we will study the reduction of carbonyl compounds as a method of synthesis of alcohols and also look at the oxidation of alcohols as a method of preparation of carbonyl compounds.
		We will begin with the reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols.
		Among the four carbonyl compounds listed above all but ketones provide primary alcohols and the reduction of ketones provide secondary alcohols.
	www.wiu.edu /users/mftkv/CHEM330(00)/carbonylreductions.html (340 words)

	Variation on the atmospheric concentrations of biogenic carbonyl compounds and their removal processes in the northern ...
		Variation on the atmospheric concentrations of biogenic carbonyl compounds and their removal processes in the northern forest at Moshiri, Hokkaido Island in Japan
		Although the production processes of these compounds are different from each other, the temporal variations of the gaseous concentrations were quite similar.
		Citation: Matsunaga, S. Mochida, and K. Kawamura (2004), Variation on the atmospheric concentrations of biogenic carbonyl compounds and their removal processes in the northern forest at Moshiri, Hokkaido Island in Japan, J.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JD004100.shtml (423 words)

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