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Topic: Cardiac enzymes

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Myocardial infarction

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	What are cardiac enzymes and what do they do in the body?
		Cardiac enzymes are found in heart tissue, and they serve as catalysts for the heart’s various biochemical reactions.
		For heart attacks, measuring the levels of cardiac enzymes in the blood is a common test for the diagnosis of a heart attack and the amount the damage done to the heart; the medical field considers the measurement of cardiac enzyme levels in the blood to be a reliable test for a heart attack.
		However, one should note that cardiac enzymes leak slowly into the blood, and unusually high levels of cardiac enzymes in the blood may not appear until six or more hours after the onset of a heart attack.
	www.essortment.com /family/cardiacenzymes_svmp.htm (544 words)

	CIGNA - Cardiac Enzyme Studies
		Cardiac enzyme studies measure the levels of the enzymes troponin (TnI, TnT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) in the blood.
		Low levels of these enzymes are normally found in your blood, but if your heart muscle is injured, such as from a heart attack, the enzymes leak out of damaged heart muscle cells and their levels in the bloodstream rise.
		Blood samples for these cardiac enzyme tests are usually drawn every 8 to 12 hours for 1 to 2 days after a suspected heart attack, to look for the rise and fall in the enzyme levels.
	www.cigna.com /healthinfo/hw224485.html (1020 words)

	Cardiac Enzymes Upper
		Cardiac Enzyme Testing a test that helps confirm or diagnose a heart attack by evaluating the level of special enzymes in the Might be how they're referring to the first set of the sets of failure cardiac enzymes to rule out A set of tests or a place that performs testing?
		Cardiac Enzyme Testing a test that helps confirm or diagnose a heart attack by evaluating the level of special enzymes in the patients with acute chest pain by means of rapid testing for cardiac troponin T or I. CW Hamm MD et al.
		Cardiac Enzyme Testing a test that helps confirm or diagnose a heart attack by evaluating the level of special enzymes in the Increased serum levels of cardiac enzymes e.g.
	www.scrapniques.com /cardiac-enzymes-testing.htm (329 words)

	Cardiac Glossary
		Ablation — Cardiac ablation is a therapeutic method in which a form of energy is used to physically destroy a small section of damaged heart tissue that is a source of abnormal electrical activity causing or contributing to some types of tachycardia (fast heartbeat).
		Cardiac Catheterization — The process of examining the heart by guiding a thin tube (catheter) into a vein or artery and passing it into the heart and into the coronary arteries.
		Cardiac Enzymes — Enzymes in the body that are sometimes called heart damage markers because they are released into the bloodstream when heart muscle cells are damaged.
	www.americanheart.org /presenter.jhtml?identifier=3038158 (7176 words)

	Laboratory and diagnostic cardiac marker Troponin, TroponinT, TroponinI test: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The same clinical applications of cardiac troponin T are also valid for cardiac troponin I. However, cardiac troponin I is very specific for the heart because of the sequence of its 31 amino acids on the N-terminus and the dissimilarity of this sequence from the skeletal troponins.
		Cardiac troponin I was assessed in the sera of 35 patients with severe CHF (New York Heart Association functional class III and IV), 55 healthy blood donors, and 25 hospitalized control subjects without known cardiac disease.
		The authors concluded that the presence of cardiac troponin I in the sera of patients with advanced heart failure was a consequence of the cellular injury and degradative processes of the contractile apparatus involved in the progression of this disease.
	www.thailabonline.com /lab-troponin1.htm (2171 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Cardiac involvement in a patient with clinical and serological evidence of African ...
		Cardiac enzymes were slightly increased, with CK, CK-MB, and troponin I level in blood of 330 UI/l (Normal Values [NV] 25–190 UI/l), 40% (NV <6%), and 2,12 mg/ml (NV < 0.04 mg/ml), respectively.
		This was associated with an increase of cardiac enzymes (peak of CK and Troponin I of 400 UI/l and 3.62 mg/ml respectively).
		In presence of highly specific pathologic cardiac enzymes (troponin I) and ECG alteration, and in absence of coronary stenosis at coronarography, and despite the absence of morphological abnormalities at echocardiography, the more likely cause of the chest pain is a myocarditis with or without pericardial involvement.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2334/5/90 (1715 words)

	Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com
		Loss of cell membrane lead to leakage of heart(cardiac) muscle protein enzymes into the blood--leading to abnormally elevated cardiac enzymes in the blood after a heart attack.
		Therefore, normal blood cardiac enzymes during the early hours of a heart attack cannot exclude heart attack as cause of chest pain.
		A series of repeated blood cardiac enzymes tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/ques.asp?qakey=11823 (374 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Myocardial Infarction Symposium: Role of cardiac markers in evaluation of suspected myocardial ...
		One major advantage of CK-MB as a cardiac marker is its ability to detect reinfarction, owing to the fact that it returns to normal levels within 36 to 48 hours after an initial myocardial infarction.
		Future research into cardiac markers should focus on the proper use of CK-MB and troponin I or T in combination, particularly in relation to potential decreases in length of hospital stay(10) and in hospital admission rates in patients with chest pain.
		Cardiac troponin-T immunoassay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1997/11_97/mercer.htm (2229 words)

	Cardiac Adverse Events Following Smallpox Vaccination --- United States, 2003
		Although a causal association between vaccination and adverse cardiac events in the civilian population is unproven, as a precautionary measure, CDC recommends that persons with physician-diagnosed cardiac disease with or without symptoms (e.g., previous myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, or cardiomyopathy) be excluded from vaccination during this smallpox preparedness program.
		Cardiac adverse events among civilians and myopericarditis cases among military vaccinees were reported to CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of March 23.
		Subsequent cardiac catheterization identified a tortuous coronary artery thought to be the cause of her anginal symptoms.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5212a2.htm (1985 words)

	Cardiac troponins in chest pain -- Hillis and Fox 319 (7223): 1451 -- BMJ
		Cardiac troponin I and troponin T are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus.
		Though cardiac troponins are undoubtedly useful in the risk stratification of patients with chest pain, they do have limitations.
		Cardiac specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/319/7223/1451 (1078 words)

	Heart Attack
		Cardiac enzymes: When heart muscle is damaged, certain muscle proteins are released into the bloodstream and can be measured.
		Elevations of the levels of certain of these proteins, known as cardiac enzymes, strongly suggest that a heart attack is in progress or has occurred recently.
		Repeated testing of blood samples for cardiac enzymes is helpful in making the diagnosis of a heart attack, especially when the ECG is not diagnostic.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /heart_attack/page5_em.htm (1093 words)

	CARDIAC ENZYMES
		Cardiac enzymes are protein molecules released into the blood stream from heart muscle damaged by a blocked artery.
		Many people are admitted to the hospital with apparent heart symptoms but other tests such as the EKG are inconclusive about whether a heart attack (i.e., damage to the heart muscle) actually occurred.
		In these cases, the cardiac enzymes are used to determine if this was a heart attack as opposed to a bad episode of angina or perhaps symptoms unrelated to the heart altogether.
	courses.cvcc.vccs.edu /WisemanD/cardiac_enzymes.htm (230 words)

	cardiac enzymes - General Practice Notebook
		Cardiac enzymes are molecules released into the circulation as a consequence of cardiac injury.
		It is important to note that cardiac enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are of variable specificity to cardiac muscle.
		Cardiac Troponins T and I are the preferred markers for the diagnosis of myocardial injury.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=1382744089 (976 words)

	Blood Tests - Diagnostic Testing \| Inova Heart Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cardiac Enzymes - When someone experiences chest pain, blood will be checked for elevated cardiac enzymes to determine the presence of heart damage.
		Enzymes or other cardiac markers are usually found in the heart cells and leak into the bloodstream after a heart attack.
		Whether or not a heart attack has been confirmed, cardiac enzymes are drawn at prescribed intervals to be sure that the enzyme levels are decreasing, or to see whether cardiac enzymes that did not show up during the initial blood draw show up during subsequent blood draws.
	www.inova.org /inovapublic.srt/heart/diagnostic_testing/blood_tests.html (582 words)

	Online CME
		Cardiac cell death may result in the release of these cardiac markers within the heart's microvasculature system, which eventually become detectable in the peripheral circulation.
		Cardiac TnT and TnI are not normally found in the circulation and their presence in the blood in the absence of CK-MB may indicate low levels of myocardial cell injury.
		Cardiac troponin I for stratification of early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable angina: a TIMI-11b substudy.
	www-cme.erep.uab.edu /onlineCourses/CardiacBiomarkers/ID0073.htm (4285 words)

	Enzymes : by Ray Sahelian, M.D.
		Enzymes : by Ray Sahelian, M.D. Enzymes by Ray Sahelian, M.D. Enzymes are proteins produced by all living organisms, and, like all proteins, they consist of amino acids.
		Digestive enzymes are produced in the pancreas and salivary glands and help to break down the protein, carbohydrate, and fat components of food for use by the body.
		Cutler is a tireless advocate of enzyme supplementation, and is regarded as one of the foremost authorities on the subject of this millennium.
	www.raysahelian.com /enzymes.html (2091 words)

	Enzymes -> Cardiac Enzymes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Apart from the use of enzymes for their biological role they are also commercially used for other purposes.
		The enzymes are found in all tissues and fluids of the body.
		The intracellular enzymes catalyze the reactions of metabolic pathways, the plasma membrane enzymes regulates catalysis within cells in response to extra cellular signals while the enzymes of the circulatory system regulate the clotting of blood.
	www.enzymes-galore.info /cardiac-enzymes.html (340 words)

	Encyclopedia - Cardiac Enzymes
		The abnormal elevation of these enzymes in the blood stream can occasionally be the only indicator that a heart attack (myocardial infarction) has occurred.
		The physician will test the cardiac enzymes in situations where a myocardial infarction is suspected (patient with chest pain).
		Often the cardiac enzymes will not be abnormally elevated until 24 hours after the onset of the chest pain.
	www.saheart.net /library/encyclo/enzyme.asp (246 words)

	UpToDate Serum cardiac enzymes in patients with renal failure
		Abnormal elevations in the serum concentrations of these enzymes may be the key diagnostic element in determining admission to the hospital and/or coronary care units.
		The principle cardiac enzymes are cardiac troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB).
		— The appropriate use of these enzymes in patients with renal insufficiency is less clear, since elevations in serum troponins are commonly observed in patients with renal insufficiency who do not have clinical evidence of myocardial damage [1].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=dialysis/34758 (631 words)

	CARDIAC BIOMARKERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cardiac biomarkers are protein molecules released into the blood stream from heart muscle damaged by a blocked artery.
		Cardiac biomarkers used to be known as cardiac enzymes but the latest and most accurate biomarker (Troponin) is not an enzyme.
		In these cases, the cardiac enzymes are used to determine if this was a heart attack as opposed to a bad episode of angina or perhaps symptoms unrelated to the heart altogether.
	www.healthyhearts.com /biomarkers.htm (249 words)

	Nattokinase Natural Health Supplements and Cardiac Enzymes.
		Additionally, a parameter of confirming the action of the enzyme following oral administration is a rise in blood levels of TPA antigen, [tissue plasminogen activator] which indicates the release of tissue plasminogen activators from the endothelial cells and / or the liver.
		Thrombolytic enzymes normally are generated in "endothelial" cells in the blood vessels, but as the body ages, production of the enzymes begins to decline and the blood becomes more prone to coagulation.
		A strong fibrinolytic enzyme (nattokinase) was purified from the vegetable cheese natto.
	www.healthyheartht.info /nattokinase.htm (2752 words)

	Glossary of Cardiac Terms
		Cardiac Arrest - The stopping of the heartbeat, usually because of interference with the electrical signal (often associated with coronary heart disease).
		Cardiac Catheterization - A procedure that involves inserting a fine, hollow tube (catheter) into an artery, usually in the groin area, and passing the tube into the heart.
		Intravascular Echocardiography - A marriage of echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
	www.southeastmissourihospital.com /heart/glossary.htm (6212 words)

	Enzyme Test - Page 7
		When these enzyme levels begin to decline, it is a sign that the damaged heart muscle is beginning to heal.
		If enzyme activity plateaus, begins to decline, then rises again, it is likely a second, follow-up heart attack is occurring.
		Enzyme testing may be done as part of making an initial diagnosis or to monitor the progress of treatment for a disorder.
	heart.health.ivillage.com /bloodtest/enzymetest7.cfm (407 words)

	The Journal of Family Practice
		Specificity is much lower for acute ischemic cardiac disease, however, particularly for patients with a low pretest probability (45% false-positive rate in one series of 1000 consecutive patients presenting to a large urban emergency department with symptoms of acute coronary ischemia).
		In this case, the challenge is “chest pain and positive cardiac enzymes” in a patient who does not appear to have a primary cardiac problem.
		The most sensitive muscle enzyme for inflammatory myopathy is CK, levels of which usually parallel disease activity and may be used to assess response to therapy.
	www.jfponline.com /Pages.asp?AID=3858&UID= (2706 words)

	Enzyme Test - Page 2
		By measuring enzymes that are specific to the heart, physicians are able to detect a heart attack, assess the damage and figure out if the damage is ongoing.
		Studies have shown that it takes several hours (usually three to six) for cardiac enzyme levels to be elevated after a heart attack.
		In recent years, the science of cardiac enzyme testing has advanced as physicians developed more sensitive tests and better understood how cardiac enzymes react to stress or muscle damage.
	heart.healthcentersonline.com /bloodtest/enzymetest2.cfm (392 words)

	Cardiac Terms: Heart Health: Arkansas Heart Hospital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cardiac Cath or Cardiac Catheterization: A catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or groin (after a local anesthesia is given) and threaded up to the heart, a dye is injected and X-rays will be taken of the heart arteries.
		If the levels are too high or too low in your blood, it may cause cardiac (heart) problems.
		Enzymes (Cardiac Enzymes): When the heart is injured (such as a heart attack) certain enzymes (chemicals) are released.
	www.arheart.com /hearthealth/terms.html (603 words)

	Huntsville Hospital - Cardiac Diagnostics
		Cardiac enzymes are blood tests that tell about your heart.
		Enzymes are proteins in your body that speed chemical and biologic reactions.
		Each cardiac enzyme and isoenzyme has a specific time when it will rise above normal, reach its highest point and return to normal.
	www.huntsvillehospital.org /services/cardiac/diagnostics (2973 words)

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