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Topic: Cardiac output

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	Cardiac Output
		Cardiac output is a measure of the efficiency of the heart.
		It is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.
		Change the values for stroke volume and heart rate and hit the calculate button to see what the cardiac output would be under those conditions.
	library.thinkquest.org /C003758/Function/cardiacoutput.htm (157 words)

	Physiology & Psychology: Performance Benchmarks -- Cardiac Output
		Cardiac output, - is the total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute, or simply the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
		However, the cardiac output of Olympic medal winners in cross country skiing increased 8 times above resting cardiac output to approximately 40 liters for one minute of maximal work with an accompanied stroke volume of 210 ml per beat.
		Thus further increases in cardiac output are largely the result of increases in heart rate.
	btc.montana.edu /olympics/physiology/pb01.html (574 words)

	LiDCO : Clinical Information - Cardiac Output
		Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
		Cardiac output is often divided by body surface area to take into account the size of the subject.
		It can be used to derive cardiac output from measurement of blood flow velocity by recording the Doppler shift of ultrasound reflected form the red blood cells.
	www.lidco.com /html/clinical/cardiacoutput.asp (857 words)

	Forward Blood Flow Profiles - Cardiac Output
		Doppler echocardiography is useful for the determination of cardiac output; this is the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle every minute and is expressed in liters per minute.
		Doppler calculation of cardiac output is based on the assumption that the aorta is a cylinder during every systolic beat.
		Conceptually, derivation of cardiac output begins with the recognition that the volume of blood ejected every time the heart beats is first limited by the area of the aortic root (the area of the cylinder).
	www.echoincontext.com /doppler03/doppler03_04.asp (642 words)

	Cardiac output - Definition, explanation
		Cardiac output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart in a minute.
		In the determination of cardiac output, the substance most commonly measured is the oxygen content of blood, and the flow calculated is the flow across the pulmonary system.
		Early methods used a dye, the cardiac output being inversely proportional to the concentration of dye sampled downstream.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ca/cardiac_output.php (884 words)

	cardiac output in pregnancy - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		There is an increase in cardiac output during pregnancy from about 4.5 to 6.7 litres, with a further rise during the first and second stages of labour.
		The increased cardiac output is achieved by both an increase in heart rate (averaging 15 beats/min) and an increase in stroke volume.
		This is caused by vena caval compression by the enlarging uterus and poor paravertebral collateral circulation, which in turn reduces venous return and cardiac output to cause a reduction in blood pressure.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-483065840.htm (194 words)

	Cardiac Output
		Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL blood/min).
		Cardiac output is a function of heart rate and stroke volume.
		The increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise is mediated by three factors: (1) an increase in cardiac output, (2) vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles, (3) vasoconstriction of arterioles in the viscera and skin.
	www.biosbcc.net /doohan/sample/htm/COandMAPhtm.htm (3566 words)

	Cardiac Output (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cardiac Output is measured using Transonic Systems' proprietary ultrasound indicator dilution method.
		Cardiac Output and the derived parameters, Cardiac Index, Peripheral Resistance and Central Blood Volume give an on-site cardiac assessment for possible compromised Cardiac Function.
		Cardiac output is calculated from the area of the concentration curve by the classic equation:
	www.transonic.com /cardiac_output1.shtml (280 words)

	Cardiac Output
		The cardiac output represents the volume of blood that is delivered to the body, and is therefore an important factor in the determination of the effectiveness of the heart to deliver blood to the rest of the body, (i.e., determining heart failure, inadequate circulation, etc).
		By definition, two major factors contribute to the cardiac output: the heart rate, which is the number of heartloads of blood is ejected per unit of time, and the stroke volume, which is effectively the volume of blood that the heart can fill with, which will be ejected upon contraction.
		Cardiac Output is usually measured using the Fick Principle, which relates the cardiac output of the patient to the oxygen consumption, or by thermodilution, in which cold saline is injected into the right atrium and changes in the temperature in the pulmonary artery are recorded.
	bme.usc.edu /bme403/Section_3/cardiac_output.html (778 words)

	Video Transcript - The Determinants of Cardiac Output (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An understanding of the determinants of cardiac output is essential to both medical specialists in their dealing with heart disease and hypertension, and to surgical specialists who deal with shock states and the maintenance of adequate circulation during surgical procedures.
		Pump output is therefore equal to stroke rate times stroke volume -- that is, the speed of the pump times the volume of the fluid between the rollers.
		So far, we have seen two determinants of cardiac output: Mean vascular pressure, which has as its components fluid volume and system compliance; and inlet impedance, which is a combination of resistance with a distensible bed upstream from that resistance.
	cardiovascular.cx /transcript.htm (2905 words)

	M.E. Society of America Framework
		This could include both macrocirculatory problems such as low cardiac output and microcirculatory problems such as coagulopathy, abnormal erythrocyte morphology, and other factors affecting the circulatory system such as dysautonomia and low plasma and/or erythrocyte volume, resulting in exercise and orthostatic intolerance.
		According to recent research, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to diastolic dysfunction and low cardiac output - a heart that cannot meet the demands of physical exertion.
		Studies on dogs have shown that when the demands of the body exceed cardiac output by even 1%, the organism dies.
	www.cfids-cab.org /MESA/framework.html (2081 words)

	CARDIAC OUTPUT
		Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time and depends on the heartbeat frequency as well as the volume of blood ejected in one contraction.
		Notice an animal may increase its cardiac output by increasing its heartbeat frequency or the stroke volume.
		An active pigeon primarily increases cardiac output through an increased heart rate (f) in order to meet the demand for oxygen (increases almost 6 fold).
	www.tiem.utk.edu /~gross/bioed/webmodules/cardiacoutput.html (698 words)

	Cardiac output definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Cardiac output: The amount of blood that is pumped by the heart per unit time, measured in liters per minute (l/min).
		The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate is the cardiac output.
		That is the cardiac output, the amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7524 (234 words)

	Illuminations: Cardiac Output, Rates of Change, and Accumulation
		Doctors and veterinarians are interested in a quantity called the "cardiac output" which is a measure of the rate of blood flow being pumped by the heart.
		To measure the cardiac output, a catheter (tube) is inserted through the heart.
		Once the catheter is inserted, ice water is injected through the catheter and emerges from a small hole approximately 12 inches before the end of the catheter.
	illuminations.nctm.org /LessonDetail.aspx?id=U136 (467 words)

	Cardiac Output (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Continuous beat-to-beat measurements of mouse cardiac output (minus coronary flow) can be made directly with the new 1.5PSL Nanorobe positioned on the ascending aorta.
		Flow measurements with pressure data are used to determine pressure volume relations in cardiac function and can now be applied in transgenic mouse models.
		The thoracotomy can be closed over the probe to establish negative pressure in the thoracic cavity and improve venous return and cardiac output.
	www.transonic.com /cardiac_output.shtml (622 words)

	Cardiac Output
		Cardiac Output is traditionally measured in one of two ways.
		In acute studies the Transonic Transit-Time Flowmeter fitted with a cardiac output probe is the preferred method as it provides a continuous signal.
		Where minimally invasive procedures are required, Cardiac Output by thermo-dilution is the standard method.
	www.lintoninst.co.uk /cardiac_output.htm (205 words)

	BME 403: 11-19-97: Cardiac Output
		Cardiac output related to body size: ~70 ml/kg/min or ~5 l/min in average-sized human adults.
		Higher output resistance overwhelms one beat forcing some blood to remain in the ventricle; thus, for the next beat the ventricle will be extra full, so next beat will be more forceful.
		Heart rate and contractility are both cardiac factors that can be affected by autonomic influences on the heart, while preload and afterload are vascular factors, that are determined in large part by cardiac output.
	bme.usc.edu /bme403/Section_3/c36.html (414 words)

	Cardiac output
		Cardiac output is the term that describes the amount of blood your heart pumps each minute.
		A healthy heart with a normal cardiac output pumps about 5 to 6 liters of blood every minute when a person is resting.
		Sufficient cardiac output helps maintain blood pressure at the levels needed to supply oxygen-rich blood to your brain and other vital organs.
	www.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/tx4080abc.asp (336 words)

	High Cardiac Output - Heart Disease
		First, the measurement of cardiac output is dependent on a number of factors in the catheterization.
		Cardiac output should not be increased from the constriciton of blood vessels, and some other process should be evoked to explain the numbers.
		While beta blockers are important in treating some causes of High output cardiac states, it it very important to locate the cause.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/cardio/messages/34296.html (653 words)

	antihypertensive drugs
		Patients with primary hypertension are generally treated with drugs that 1) reduce blood volume (which reduces central venous pressure and cardiac output), 2) reduce systemic vascular resistance, or 3) reduce cardiac output by depressing heart rate and stroke volume.
		Arterial pressure can be reduced by decreasing cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or central venous pressure.
		An effective and inexpensive way of reducing venous pressure and cardiac output is by using drugs that reduce blood volume.
	cvpharmacology.com /antihypertensive/antihypertensive.htm (395 words)

	CARDIAC OUTPUT CURVES
		If we were to take maximum output values from acute experiments and scale them to humans we would find that the maximum cardiac output we could achieve would be about 15 litres.
		Cardiac output can be measured in the body in a number of ways.
		Starling mechanism can then always match the outputs of the ventricles and protect against beat to beat variations in venous return.
	www.rashaduniversity.com /phcaroutcur.html (380 words)

	APPARATUS FOR MEASURING CARDIAC OUTPUT (EP0374248B1)
		An apparatus for measuring cardiac output based upon a dilution method.
		14A) for operating a function representing the relation between the cardiac output obtained on the basis of the dilution method and a blood flow velocity obtained when the cardiac output is measured;
		13B) for operating a cardiac output from the integral value and the data on the heat capacity which is input in accordance with the thermal dilution method.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=EP00374248B1 (413 words)

	Cardiac Output Monitoring
		Cardiac output measurements will be inaccurate if information in computer differs from what is on the patient.
		Ensure that the closed injectate system is attached to the stopcock of the proximal port on the PA catheter.
		Cardiac output measurements will be inaccurate if connected to wrong port.
	rnbob.tripod.com /co.htm (233 words)

	The effect of pericardiectomy on maximal oxygen consumption and maximal cardiac output in untrained dogs -- ...
		The effect of pericardiectomy on maximal oxygen consumption and maximal cardiac output in untrained dogs -- Stray-Gundersen et al.
		The effect of pericardiectomy on maximal oxygen consumption and maximal cardiac output in untrained dogs
		cardiac output (dye dilution), heart rate, and arteriovenous oxygen
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/circresaha;58/4/523 (571 words)

	Cardiac output monitoring by pressure recording analytical method in cardiac surgery -- Giomarelli et al. 26 (3): 515 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cardiac output monitoring by pressure recording analytical method in cardiac surgery -- Giomarelli et al.
		Cardiac output monitoring by pressure recording analytical method in cardiac surgery
		cardiac output data continuously throughout the study and the
	ejcts.ctsnetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/26/3/515 (390 words)

	N420: Unit V/Hemodynamic Parameters
		Notice the cursor changes from a pointer to a hand as it passes over the active areas on the screen.
		Cardiac index (CI) provides a more individual-specific measure of cardiac performance and is normally 2.4-4.0 L/min./m2.
		Cardiac index takes the person's height and weight into account, using a calculated body surface area (BSA).
	classes.kumc.edu /son/nurs420/unit5/cardout.html (127 words)

	Determinants of cardiac output:
		In isolated cardiac muscle, there is an inverse relationship between afterload and the initial velocity of shortening of the muscle (Figure 3).
		In fact, in the intact human, the output of the normal heart is relatively unaffected by changes in vascular resistance until afterload becomes quite extreme (Figure 4).
		In contrast, if myocardial function is severely depressed, cardiac output may become crucially afterload-dependent as illustrated in Figure 4.
	www.manbit.com /pac/chapters/P42.cfm (879 words)

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