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	Cardiac surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart, typically to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (e.g.
		The earliest operations that can be considered cardiac surgery were limited to the pericardium, and were pioneered by, among others, Francisco Romero[1], Dominique Jean Larrey, Henry Dalton, and Daniel Hale Williams.
		The first successful surgery on the heart itself, performed without any complications, was by Dr. Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt, Germany, who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on September 7, 1896.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cardiac_surgery (397 words)

	The Relief of Mitral Stenosis: An Historic Step in Cardiac Surgery - The Texas Heart Institute Award for Undergraduate ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mitral valve surgery (especially for the relief of mitral stenosis) has paralleled the innovations and trends of cardiac surgery and often has served as the benchmark of the latest procedures and techniques.
		A chronological survey of mitral valve surgery is presented, with emphasis on parallels to cardiac surgery in general and with highlights of key figures and events that have conclusively altered the surgeon's approach to and success with cardiac dysfunction.
		I anticipate that with the progress of cardiac surgery some of the severest cases of mitral stenosis will be relieved by slightly notching the mitral orifice and trusting to the auricle to continue its defence.
	www.tmc.edu /thi/khan_2.html (4677 words)

	American College of Surgeons Bulletin Highlights
		Surgeons practicing cardiac surgery should be certified or awaiting certification by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery or its Canadian equivalent within five years after completion of an approved residency program in cardiac surgery.
		Cardiac surgeons must be primarily responsible for the postoperative care of their patients, including that provided in the intensive care unit.
		However, only the cardiac surgeon is fully cognizant of all aspects of a given patient's condition and retains the responsibility for the continuity of care, which includes the preoperative status, the operative management, and the postoperative care.
	www.facs.org /fellows_info/guidelines/cardiac.html (1271 words)

	Cardiac Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For a variety of reasons, surgery may be required on the heart or inside of the heart.
		Common reasons for cardiac surgery may include Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG), valve surgery or the repair of congenital malformations, (birth defects.) Although there are a variety of types of cardiac surgeries there a few things that are common to all procedures.
		Cardiac surgery has come a long way since the first heart operations were performed in World War II.
	www.ihimontana.org /cardiac-surgery.php (705 words)

	Cardiac Surgery
		Cardiac surgeons today are faced with operating on patients of advanced age, many of whom have more than one medical condition.
		Despite the advancements that have been made in cardiac surgery, including the use of robotics and mechanical pumps, Frank Downey, M.D., a cardiothoracic surgeon with Columbia St. Mary’s, said the most important advancements in cardiac care have to do with the medical team that supports the cardiac surgeon.
		The survival of the patient may be determined in the intensive care unit after surgery and may depend on the experience and training of the cardiac surgical nurse.
	www.medicalmoment.org /_content/treatment/nov05/366480.asp (667 words)

	Cardiac surgery: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The earliest operations that might be considered cardiac surgery were limited to the pericardium pericardium quick summary:
		Vascular surgery is the branch of surgery that occupies itself with surgical interventions of arteries and veins, EHandler: no quick summary.
		Intersex surgery is one of several terms referring to surgery performed to correct birth defects or early injuries of the genitalia, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/cardiac_surgery.htm (1011 words)

	Robot Assisted Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Traditionally, cardiac surgery is performed through a sternotomy, a large incision extending down the center of the breastbone, providing access to the heart.
		Yuh is an Assistant Professor of Surgery within the Division of Cardiac Surgery and Director of Cardiac Surgical Research and Robotic Cardiac Surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
		Baumgartner is the Professor and Chairman of the Division of Cardiac Surgery.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /CardiacSurgery/PatientCare/robot.html (995 words)

	Cardiac Surgery Consultants Board Policy Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cardiac Surgical Procedure(s): Although the primary purpose of this data collection effort is to monitor risk-adjusted outcomes for cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, recently new procedures (such as minimally invasive cardiac surgery) have been used which are alternatives to traditional surgical techniques.
		This is a cardiac surgical procedure whereby the left ventricular myocardium is excised to reduce left ventricular volume in patients with a dilated cardiomyopathy, with or without mitral valve replacement or repair.
		Cardiac arrest requiring CPR: Circle yes, if there was any cardiac arrest requiring external or open cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) occurring in the operating room, ICU, ward, or out-of-hospital after the chest has been completely closed and within 30 days of surgery.
	www1.va.gov /HEALTH/CSCC/define.htm (5351 words)

	eMJA: Cardiac surgery in octogenarians and beyond
		Cardiac surgery in Australia has entered its fifth decade, and is now commonly performed (18 000 cases/year).
		Yet there is no ethical justification for denying cardiac surgery to octogenarians,5,6 particularly as empirical evidence validates the potential benefit of this treatment.
		Advances in surgical techniques in recent years mean that the risks of cardiac surgery, for all patients but especially those over 80 years, have been substantially reduced.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/181_04_160804/alv10111_fm.html (1370 words)

	Home Page - Cardiac Surgery Consultants Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Cardiac (Open Heart) Surgery Program criteria and standards have been developed to meet the planning needs of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers, regions and for use by VA Central Office in the uniform review of Cardiac Surgery Program activities.
		The Cardiac Surgery Consultants Board is a special advisory committee appointed to advise the Undersecretary of Health through the Department of Veterans Affairs Director of Surgical Service on various policy issues concerning the conduct of cardiac surgery in all VA medical centers nation-wide.
		Inquires related to an individual cardiac surgery program should be directed to the Chief of Cardiac Surgery at the appropriate VA facility.
	www.va.gov /HEALTH/CSCC (368 words)

	Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists
		Changes in both ventricular compliance and loading conditions occur continuously during cardiac surgery, altering the relationship between ventricular pressure and volume, making the pulmonary artery catheter unreliable, especially in the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and extremes of preload (hypovolemia or hypervolemia) (1).
		In summary, TEE provides an enormous amount of accurate, real-time, structural and physiologic information in patients undergoing cardiac surgery that is not obtainable by conventional intraoperative monitors.
		Assessment of systematic use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery in adults: a prospective study of 203 patients.
	www.scahq.org /sca3/newsletters/october2000_pro.shtml (856 words)

	Cardiac surgery patients at higher risk
		Investigators concluded that screening and replenishing a patient's serum potassium is a low-risk, low-cost intervention that should be considered on a case by case basis for all cardiac surgery cases.
		The large, multi-center study is the first to identify a specific low potassium level prior to surgery that is significantly associated with perioperative arrhythmias---arrhythmias during and after cardiac surgery---and to validate an association between low serum potassium levels and the risk of adverse outcomes in cardiac patients.
		The study---Preoperative Serum Potassium Levels and Perioperative Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery Patients---was conducted by a group of researchers comprising the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and was funded by the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation of San Francisco.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-06/UoM-Cspa-150699.php (670 words)

	Washington Hospital \| Cardiac Surgery Program Ranks High in Nationwide Study
		The ranking is part of a study by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), which in 2003 collected information from 516 hospitals-approximately 70 percent of all hospitals in the country that perform adult cardiac surgery.
		The STS database analyzes mortality rates of patients who undergo coronary artery bypass surgery, which represents about 78 percent of the cardiac surgery patients at Washington Hospital.
		Washington Hospital has been contributing cardiac surgery data to the STS database and receiving analyses of the results since 1996.
	www.whhs.com /about/news/articles/2005/Cardiac+Surgery+Program+Ranks+High+in+Nationwide+Study.htm (357 words)

	Neurocognitive Changes Following Cardiac Surgery Workshop
		To understand the neurocognitive effects of cardiac surgery it will be necessary to take into account the age of the patient, the type of cognitive ability being tested, and health status prior to surgery.
		In earlier studies of brain injury after cardiac surgery conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR angiography (MRA) sequences were used to evaluate the effect of vascular stenoses and prior ischemic lesions on tolerance to the procedure and to study brain edema and post-operative stroke.
		Frank global cerebral ischemia is rare during cardiac surgery in the absence of severe hypotension or cardiac arrest.
	www.nhlbi.nih.gov /meetings/workshops/neurocog/abstracts.htm (7059 words)

	Cardiac Surgery - Swedish MC, Seattle, Washington, WA
		Cardiac Surgery - Swedish MC, Seattle, Washington, WA To search for a specific phrase enclose that phrase in quotes.
		They also have expertise in standard cardiac surgeries as well as newer types of surgery, such as special valve procedures and minimally invasive techniques.
		If you or a loved one needs cardiac surgery, the Seatle Heart and Vascular Institute ensures that you’ll be under the care of an experienced, respected heart surgeon and a dedicated cardiac-surgery support team.
	www.swedish.org /1512.cfm (198 words)

	Cardiac surgery mortality rates continue to decline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		New Jersey's sixth cardiac surgery report card shows that mortality rates continued to decline in 2001 to the lowest levels since reporting began in the state, Health and Senior Services Commissioner Clifton R. Lacy, M.D., announced yesterday.
		Cardiac Surgery in New Jersey 2001: A Consumer Report reports on 30-day mortality rates for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
		The report card was produced in collaboration with the Cardiovascular Health Advisory Panel, a 17-member group of cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, hospital officials, and consumers that provides expert advice to the department on cardiovascular health issues, including technical matters relating to the release of the cardiac surgery report card.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=6739 (781 words)

	Cardiac Surgery Division at Mass General Hospital- Surgery, Transplants, Valve Repair, More
		Cardiac surgery has a rich history at Massachusetts General Hospital, dating back to 1928, when Edward D. Churchill, MD, performed a pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis, the first such procedure successfully carried out in the United States.
		Today, the Division of Cardiac Surgery continues to be on the leading edge of programs for both acquired and congenital heart disease, often setting the surgicalstandards for institutions worldwide.
		Many aspects of the cardiac surgery division’s activities work in association with other subspecialties and involve multidisciplinary approaches to evaluation, management and treatment.
	www.massgeneral.org /cardiac/surgery (168 words)

	Amazon.com: Cardiac Surgery: Books: Donald B. Doty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cardiac Surgery in the Adult by Louis Henry Edmunds
		Cardiac Surgery is a waste field which cannot be summarize in a single book.
		While it may not be the best starting point to begin with when training in cardiac surgery (due to the sheer volume of information presented, especially on congenital heart lesions), it is invaluable as a reference at any stage of one's career as a cardiothoracic surgeon or cardiothoracic surgical aspirant.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/081512760X?v=glance (598 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions: Cardiac surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cardiac Catheterization (Coronary Angiogram) – allows visualization of your blood vessels and measurement of pressures inside your heart chambers following injection of a contrast dye.
		Cardiac surgeon – performs the surgery, including the incision and repair of heart and blood vessels.
		Since 1954, the Cardiac Surgical Research Laboratory at Brigham and Women’s Hospital has been the site of the development of counterpulsation, many original heart valve prostheses and extensive early work on protection of the myocardium during acute myocardial infarction and transplantation.
	www.brighamandwomens.org /cvcenter/Patient/FAQ/FAQcardiacsurgery.asp (1078 words)

	Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery - Editor's Note - March 2003
		When it comes to cardiac surgery, patients want “minimal” no matter what and really haven't any idea that new methods can introduce parallel compromises in surgeon comfort, safety, and quality.
		Although off-pump coronary surgery via a sternotomy was being done by a few surgeons, the era of minimally invasive cardiac surgery really was born when the Stanford cardiac surgeons imagined performing cardiac surgery through a few stab incisions or “ports”.
		We propose that minimally invasive cardiac surgery really is a philosophy and not a specific method or technique.
	www.ctsnet.org /doc/7525 (708 words)

	Emory Healthcare \| \| Emory Congenital Cardiac Surgery \| "
		Minimally invasive surgery, mechanical heart devices and improved heart valves have significantly improved the surgical treatment of neonates, young infants, children, adolescents and adults with congenital cardiac disease.
		Emory congenital cardiac surgeons collaborate with Emory cardiologists, cardiac anesthesiologists and cardiopulmonary perfusionists in clinical and research interactions at CHOA and EUH.
		Kirk Kanter was part of the surgical team that performed Georgia's first "domino" heart transplant, a procedure which involves the healthy heart of a patient with failing lungs being transplanted into another patient, with the donor-patient receiving a heart-lung transplant from a cadaveric donor.
	www.emoryhealthcare.org /departments/cardiac_surgery_congenital (712 words)

	Study questions safety of heart procedures at hospitals without cardiac surgery programs
		It concluded that patients who underwent PCI at a hospital without a cardiac surgeon onsite had a 29% overall increased risk of mortality compared to those who had the procedure in a hospital with surgical backup.
		In the United States, hospitals with catheterization laboratories but without cardiac surgery on location are rapidly developing PCI programs in hopes of improving patient care and remaining competitive.
		PCIs in hospitals without cardiac surgery backup are often performed for reasons other than immediate treatment of a myocardial infarction and are associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes, the study found.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=15537 (438 words)

	Robotic Cardiac Surgery at HUP
		The advancement of computerized robotic technology is one of the most exciting breakthroughs in surgery to date, enabling surgeons to perform complete, bypass surgery less invasively.
		Penn Cardiac Care at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania is proud to be the only hospital in Philadelphia and one of only 12 in the nation invited to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of this revolutionary procedure.
		Penn Cardiac Care is committed to providing the most comprehensive, technologically-advanced cardiac care in the region and will continue to pursue of similar developments that hold great promise for patients.
	www.pennhealth.com /cardiac/hup/robotic.html (536 words)

	Blood Transfusions During Cardiac Surgery Can Cause Complications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Jos Maessen, of the Department of Cardiopulmonary Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, the Netherlands, along with four associates, studied 114 consecutive adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery and/or valve surgery with a bypass.
		The patients who were given transfusions spent almost twice as much time in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit as others in the study (89 hours as contrasted to 45 hours).
		The administration of donated blood is a common procedure during cardiac surgery, according to the authors.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/14c4c2.htm (513 words)

	GAMC: Cardiac Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Beating heart surgery, also known as off-pump coronary artery bypass, is a new procedure that eliminates some of the side-effects of conventional bypass surgery with a heart-lung machine.
		The key to the success of beating heart surgery — and the element that eliminates the need for the heart-lung machine — is a less-invasive type of surgery.
		Instead, only the area that is the focus of the surgery is stabilized by specialized instruments, while the rest of the heart is allowed to function normally.
	www.glendaleadventist.com /content/services/cardiac/surgery.asp (612 words)

	Penn Department of Surgery: Division of Cardiac Surgery
		Penn Cardiac Care was first in the Delaware Valley to allow a heart transplant candidate to wait for his new heart at home instead of stuck in a hospital bed.
		Penn Cardiac Care surgeons were also the first in the region to use surgical robotics in cardiac surgery.
		Penn Cardiac Care Surgery handles all known cardiac problems treatable by surgery, and often is challenged to rescue patients who have failed previous surgical attempts.
	www.pennhealth.com /surgery/cpup/divisions/cardiac.html (469 words)

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