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	Jules Cardinal Mazarin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As papal vice-legate at Avignon (1632), and nuncio extraordinary in France (1634), Mazarin was perceived as an extension of Richelieu's policy, and under Habsburg pressure, Mazarin was dismissed by Urban VIII, January 17, 1636.
		Towards Protestantism at home, Mazarin pursued a policy of promises and calculated delay to defuse the armed insurrection of the Ardèche (1653) for example, and keep the Huguenots disarmed: for six years they believed themselves to be on the eve of recovering the protections of the Edict of Nantes: in the end they obtained nothing.
		Mazarin protected the Barberini cardinals, nephews of the late pope, and the Bull against them was voted by the Parliament of Paris "null and abusive"; France made a show of preparing to take Avignon by force, and Innocent backed down.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jules_Cardinal_Mazarin (640 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jules Mazarin
		Certain letters of Anne of Austria to Mazarin, published by Cousin, and admissions made by Anne to Mme de Brienne and recorded in the Memoirs of Loménie de Brienne, prove that the queen regent was deeply attached to the cardinal.
		Mazarin knew how to keep the Calvinists amused with fine words, promises, and calculated delays: for six years they believed themselves to be on the eve of recovering their privileges, and in the end they obtained nothing.
		Mazarin obtained a decree of the Royal Council forbidding money to be remitted to Rome for expediting Bulls, there was a show of preparing an expedition against Avignon, and Innocent X, yielding to these menaces, ended by restoring their property and dignities to Mazarin's protégés, the Barberini.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10092a.htm (1437 words)

	The Fronde & English Civil War
		Mazarin was very impressed by Cardinal Richelieu when he met him, and became so firm a friend of France at the Papal Court that Louis XIII in 1638 pressed to have him promoted to Cardinal.
		Mazarin proposed that the magistrates of the high courts forego their salaries for a number of years.
		Mazarin and Anne were strong militarily, but when the Condéans, the frondeurs and the parlement allied and demanded the princes' release, their political position collapsed.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/351-12.htm (1514 words)

	Cardinal Mazarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Although the 5-year-old Louis XIV became king in 1643 (under the regency of queen mother Anne of Austria), Mazarin acted as the ruler of France until his death, in 1661.
		Partly, the criticism of Mazarin centred on his nationality — Mazarin was Italian by birth.
		Cardinal Mazarin's wealth and his niece's beauty, made for notable family connections, marital and extramarital: His niece Olympe Mancini, Countess of Soissons, was the mother of the famous Prince Eugene.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Cardinal_Mazarin.html (396 words)

	Unofficial Young Blades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Mazarin was elevated to cardinal in 1641 thanks to the successful negotiation of a treaty between France and Prince Thomas de Savoy, at Richelieu's request.
		Mazarin was a genius diplomat, negotiating treatises that ended many wars, such as the Thirty Years War (Treaty of Westfalia) and the war against Spain (1659 - The Peace of the Pyrenees) as well as earned France many territories, such as Alsace.
		Mazarin, for reasons of state, even sent Marie away to prevent the king from entertaining the idea of marrying her.
	youngblades.net /realmaz.htm (616 words)

	Mazarin, Jules on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		After the deaths of Richelieu (1642) and Louis XIII (1643), Mazarin was the principal minister of the regent Anne of Austria.
		He won favorable terms for France in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), but his attempts to raise money through taxation and his centralizing policy provoked the troubles of the Fronde (1648-53), during which he was several times forced to leave France.
		By clever diplomacy he strengthened the crown and negotiated the favorable Peace of the Pyrenees at the end of the war with Spain (1659).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Mazarin.asp (425 words)

	Cardinal Mazarin biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		As papal vice-legate at Avignon (1632), and nuncio extraordinary in France (1634), Mazarin was perceived as an extension of Richelieu's policy, and under Habsburg pressure, Mazarin was dismissed by Urban VIII, 17 January 17, 1636.
		Mazarin's policies for France Mazarin continued Richelieu's anti-Habsburg policy and laid the foundation for Louis XIV's expansionism.
		Towards Protestantism at home, Mazarin pursued a policy of promises and calculated delay to defuse the armed insurrection of the Ardeche (1653) for example, and keep the Huguenots disarmed: for six years they believed themselves to be on the eve of recovering the protections of the Edict of Nantes: in the end they obtained nothing.
	cardinal-mazarin.biography.ms (620 words)

	Encyclopedia: Cardinal Mazarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino; but best known as Cardinal Mazarin (July 14, 1602 –; March 9, 1661) served as the France from 1642, until his death.
		As Louis XIII died in 1643, and Louis XIV was only a child —; Mazarin functioned essentially as the ruler of France: although the 5-year-old Louis XIV became king in 1643, under the regency of queen mother Anne of Austria)and until his death in 1661, Mazarin directed French policy.
		His modest manner contrasted with the imperious Richelieu, and Anne was so fond of him and so intimate in her manner with him, that long-standing rumors hinted that they had been secretly married and that the Dauphin was their son.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cardinal-Mazarin (661 words)

	The Vicomte de Bragelonne - Chapter 48 - Alexandre Dumas - Read Print
		Mazarin, in his character of cardinal and prime minister, was almost an atheist, and quite a materialist.
		Mazarin, notwithstanding the prophecy of Guenaud, still lured himself with a hope, or rather played his part so well, that the most cunning, when saying that he lured himself, proved that they were his dupes.
		It was Anne of Austria, who, constant in her attendance upon the cardinal, first heard this proposition of the king's, and transmitted it to the dying man, whom it greatly agitated.
	www.readprint.com /chapter-4228/Alexandre-Dumas (2682 words)

	Cardinal Mazarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		As Louis XIII died in 1643 and Louis XIV was only a child — Mazarin functioned essentially as the of France.
		Although the 5-year-old Louis XIV became king in 1643 (under the regency of queen mother Anne of Austria) Mazarin acted as the ruler of until his death in 1661.
		Cardinal Mazarin's wealth and his niece's beauty for notable family connections marital and extramarital:
	www.freeglossary.com /Cardinal_Mazarin (241 words)

	[No title]
		The Duc d'Orleans acquainted the House, on the 29th, that Cardinal Mazarin had arrived at Sedan; that Marechals de Hoquincourt and de la Ferte were gone to join him with their army to bring him to Court; and that it was high time to oppose his designs.
		Mazarin, arriving at Court again, persuaded the King to go to Saumur, though others advised him to march to Guienne against the Prince de Conde, with whom the Duc d'Orleans was now resolved to join forces.
		On the 10th it was resolved that the King's Council should be sent to Saint Germain for a further answer touching the removal of Cardinal Mazarin from the Court and kingdom, and the armies from the neighbourhood of Paris.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/3/8/4/3845/3845.txt (9017 words)

	Twenty Years After - Chapter 85 - Alexandre Dumas - Read Print
		Mazarin had left his lamp in the gallery to make people believe that he was walking about, but he had with him a waxlight, to help him to explore his mysterious strong box.
		Mazarin came within three steps of D'Artagnan and pushed a spring in the wall; the slab turned and the orange tree resumed its place.
		The cardinal reached a second door without perceiving he was being followed; the sand with which the alleys were covered deadened the sound of footsteps.
	www.readprint.com /chapter-4340/Alexandre-Dumas (1142 words)

	H-Net Review: Michael P. Breen on Mazarin: The Crisis of Absolutism in France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Mazarin was not motivated by "a perverted spirit," Dethan concludes, "but by a heart animated by a generous passion and a lofty ideal." In a series of articles published in the 1980s, meanwhile, Richard Bonney argued that Mazarin simply continued domestic and foreign policies inherited from Richelieu and Louis XIII.
		Treasure's Mazarin is a complex and often inscrutable character: a courtier shaped by his upbringing in the Roman nobility and his early career as a Papal nuncio, and a gambler whose actions were based less on personal or political principles than on careful, instinctive readings of individuals and situations.
		Mazarin expressed his religious sentiments in terms of service to the king and the cause of peace, and was quick to recognize Jansenism's potential threat to royal power.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=14471873479998 (2677 words)

	Alexandre Dumas : The Vicomte de Bragelonne : Chapter XLVIII. Agony.
		Anne of Austria had also followed the cardinal; her heart, though age had made it selfish, could not help evincing towards the dying man a sorrow which she owed him as a wife, according to some; and as a sovereign, according to others.
		Mazarin listened, dying as he was, as ten living men could not have listened.
		The cheeks of the cardinal became sunken, his lips partially opened, and the most lamentable sigh he had ever uttered was about to issue from his chest.
	www.classicreader.com /read.php/sid./bookid.292/sec.48 (2649 words)

	81. Cardinal Mazarin As King Page 1
		Accordingly, it was admitted to the presence of Anne, who, silent and lofty as ever, listened to the speeches and complaints of the deputies; but when they had finished their harangues not one of them could say, so calm remained her face, whether or no she had heard them.
		Mazarin looked at her, and whilst she deemed herself alone and freed from the world of enemies who sought to spy into her secret thoughts, he read her thoughts in her countenance, as one sees in a transparent lake clouds pass -- reflections, like thoughts, of the heavens.
		Mazarin smiled sarcastically at this speech, which showed that she had taken the minister's proposal seriously.
	www.web-books.com /Classics/Dumas/Twenty/Dumas_TwentyC81P1.htm (668 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cardinal Mazarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Mazarin, Jules (1602-1661), French statesman and cardinal, who controlled the French government while Louis XIV was a minor and helped make France...
		Cardinal (bird), common name for several crested finches found in North, Central, and South America.
		Cardinal, The, motion picture about an Irish American man’s rise from priesthood to the College of Cardinals in the Catholic Church, based on a novel...
	encarta.msn.com /Cardinal_Mazarin.html (124 words)

	Mazarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Mazarin Sinkhole Includes Bios, mailing list, lyrics, show schedule.
		Mazarin Gallery French gallery presents, with a monthly exhibition, contemporary painters in Toulon.
		Galerie Mazarin Divers artistes exposent leurs oeuvres, chaque mois un nouveau peintre à l'honneur, commande en ligne.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Mazarin.html (125 words)

	[No title]
		The Cardinal was in extreme consternation, and commended himself to the favour of the meanest man of the Fronde with the greatest suppleness imaginable.
		Cardinal Mazarin had been formerly secretary to Pancirole, the Pope's nuncio for the peace of Italy, whom he betrayed, and it was proved that he had a secret correspondence with the Governor of Milan.
		Cardinal Mazarin, upon his return with the King from Guienne, was greatly pleased with the acclamations of the mob, but he soon grew weary of them, for the Frondeurs still kept the wall.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/3/8/4/3844/3844.txt (14289 words)

	Louis XIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The roi du soleil (sun king) was the son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, born at the royal chateau in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1638.
		Mazarin, a Sicilian by birth, had studied in Spain and then in Rome before embarking on a career as a captain of an infantry regiment and then later as a diplomat for the pope.
		When Mazarin, his godfather and prime minister, died on 9 March 1661, the 23-year-old king seized the moment and announced that he himself would govern-something that had not happened since the reign of Henry IV.
	www.nv.cc.va.us /home/cevans/Versailles/Site/louisxiv.html (2072 words)

	Cardinal Mazarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino; but best known as CardinalMazarin (July 14, 1602 –; March 9, 1661) served as the chief minister of France ; from 1642, until his death.
		Controversy over the Cardinal's policies, and the weakness of the regency, resulted in two civil wars, known as la Fronde (1648 - 52).
		Partly, the criticism of Mazarin centred on his nationality — Mazarin was Italian bybirth.
	www.therfcc.org /cardinal-mazarin-25547.html (194 words)

	Fronde. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Anne, the king, and Mazarin secretly left Paris (Jan., 1649), and the city was blockaded by royal troops under Louis II, prince de Condé; (see Condé;, Louis II de Bourbon, prince de).
		Government troops defeated Turenne and his Spanish allies at Rethel (1650), but Mazarin was forced to yield when Retz, Mme de Chevreuse, Gaston d’Orléans, and François de Beaufort all united in demanding Condé’s release.
		Mazarin fled to Germany in Feb., 1651, but the victorious nobles soon quarreled among themselves, and Condé; left Paris to take up open warfare against the government.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Fronde.html (564 words)

	The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas: Chapter 40
		Mazarin rummaged a long time in his somewhat troubled memory to recall the name he ought to give to this icy figure, but he did not succeed.
		Mazarin was too much accustomed to mankind, not to see in the cold and almost haughty politeness of Athos, an index of hostility, which was not of the temperature of that hot-house called a court.
		Mazarin arose, and leaning on the arm of Bernouin, he returned to his ruelle at the moment the name of M. le Prince was being announced.
	www.online-literature.com /dumas/vicomte_bragelonne/40 (1641 words)

	Louis XIV
		He was reconciled to her in 1622 and entrusted (1624) the government to her protégé, Cardinal Richelieu.
		Mazarin, Jules, 1602—61, French statesman, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, b.
		He won favorable terms for France in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), but his attempts to raise money through taxation and his centralizing policy provoked the troubles of the Fronde (1648—53), during which he was several times forced to leave France.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/louis_xiv.htm (1720 words)

	H-France Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Mazarin perceived war as a means to an end: he used military pressure to force concessions from his opponents.
		On the other hand, Mazarin and his delegates were flexible; their actual demands were not spelled out until 1645, at which time they included the recently conquered (and strategically important) town of Philippsburg (pp.
		Mazarin tried to coordinate the pace of his negotiations with those of the Swedes, and strove not to alienate Sweden by being too successful; and this as much as anything else is why the peace talks suffered such long delays (pp.
	www.uakron.edu /hfrance/reviews/levin.html (1143 words)

	The Clergy -- AOTTXtreme: The Church of France
		Mazarin was born July 14, 1602 in Pescina, Italy, and became a protege of the powerful Colonna family.
		Educated by the Jesuits, he was in turn a captain of pontifical troops and then a pontifical diplomat in the Valtelline War of 1624 and the Mantuan War of Succession.
		The truce which he negotiated on October 26, 1630 between the French and the Spaniards won for him the esteem of Cardinal Richelieu, who was pleased at his letting Pignerol fall into the hands of France.
	www.aottxtreme.com /thechurch/clergy.htm (1000 words)

	Au 17ème Siècle - Cardinal Mazarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Mazarin fut donc nommé vice-légat d'Avignon pour le suppléer et nullement pressé d'y résider, préféra assumer les fonctions d'intendant du palais Barberini et participer aussi à cette joyeuse vie.
		Le 7 juin 1654, sacre de Louis XIV avec une cérémonie voulue grandiose par Mazarin et qu'il organisa avec tout l'art d'un metteur en scène.
		Après ces deux frondes, Mazarin voulait par ce sacre de Louis XIV, proclamer la victoire du Roi, l'alliance du jeune Roi avec son royaume et l'union avec son peuple.
	17emesiecle.free.fr /Mazarin.html (1521 words)

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