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	Encyclopedia: Cardinal Richelieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Richelieu was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons, born in Paris in 1585.
		Richelieu was displeased by Pope Urban VIII's refusal to name him the papal legate in France; in turn, the Pope did not approve of the administration of the French church, or of French foreign policy.
		In 1622, Richelieu was elected the proviseur or principal of the Sorbonne.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cardinal-Richelieu (7929 words)

	Richelieu - the story of his political career and his personal qualities
		Richelieu followed the traditional logic of absolute monarchy and reinforced the system of penetration into the provincial administrative structure by creating officers answerable to the Crown, who would duplicate and gradually absorb the function of revenue-raising, defense, police and the courts.
		Richelieu had to struggle during his whole career in order to gain control over the judicial system and finally succeeded when an ordinance was issued in 1641 which forbade the Parlement in future to occupy itself with political concerns.
		Richelieu who "gloried in the majesty of Louis XIII" persisted in explaining the continuing danger from the nobility and stated the according measures that need to be taken (Church, 198).
	www.geocities.com /Paris/5972/Richelieu.html (3329 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Richelieu argued in his political autobiography that, "Harshness towards individuals who flout the laws and commands of the state is for the public good," and thus brutality was necessary to preserve order.
		Richelieu's defeat of the Protestant nobles at La Rochelle broke the power of the one of the largest political factions in the country, the Huguenots.
		Cardinal Richelieu was a principal of the Sorbonne and presided over the construction of its famous chapel in 1635, one of the first Classical buildings in Paris, where he is buried.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/cardinal_richelieu.html (1276 words)

	All About Romance: France - The Life & Times of Cardinal Richelieu
		Cardinal Richelieu was born Armand Jean du Plessis in Paris in September of 1585.
		Richelieu was also a patron of the arts, founding the Acadamie Francaise and rebuilding the Sorbonne.
		Richelieu is responsible for establishing the absolute rule of the monarchy and securing France as a power in Europe.
	www.likesbooks.com /france3.html (1007 words)

	Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		(Cardinal Richelieu) (zhäN), 1585–1642, French prelate and statesman, chief minister of King Louis XIII, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		The death (1621) of Luynes and the reconciliation of Louis XIII and Marie restored Richelieu to favor.
		Although Richelieu died before the peace was signed (1648; see Westphalia, Peace of), the terms agreed to were in general conformity to his aims.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ri/RichelAJP.html (452 words)

	MSN Encarta - Richelieu
		To assure friendly relations with England, Richelieu's first important measure was to arrange a marriage between the king's sister, Henrietta Maria, and the Prince of Wales, afterward Charles I of England.
		Richelieu, by vigorous and effective measures, succeeded in breaking the political power of the great families of France—making the king an absolute ruler—and in establishing France as the first military power of Europe.
		A liberal patron of literature, Richelieu was the founder of the French Academy.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761577648 (479 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu and the Huguenots
		Cardinal Richelieu was born in September 1585 and died in December 1642.
		Richelieu dominated the history of France from 1624 to his death as Louis XIII’s chief minister, succeeding Luynes who died in 1621.
		Richelieu’s time in office is dominated by his campaign against the Huguenots, the modernisation of the military in France, especially the navy, and involvement in the Thirty Years Wars.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /richelieu_huguenots.htm (838 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cardinal Richelieu
		Richelieu was named secretary of state on 30 November, 1616, but after the assassination of Concini, favourite of Maria de' Medici, he was forced to leave the ministry and follow the queen mother to Blois.
		Richelieu again strove to allay feeling, and in a discourse (while still affirming that the king held his kingdom from God alone) declared that "the king cannot make an article of faith unless this article has been so declared by the Church in her oecumenical councils".
		Richelieu refused to receive the nuncio (October, 1639); a decree of the royal council, 22 December, restrained the powers of the pontifical Briefs, and even the canonist Marca proposed to break the Concordat and to hold a national council at which Richelieu was to have been made patriarch.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13047a.htm (2075 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu
		Richelieu is acknowledged as one of the greatest statesmen of the seventeenth century, but his independence from Rome in religious and political matters is rarely mentioned in popular histories.
		Cardinal Richelieu was no skeptic about religion, but as his political ambitions trumped all other considerations, it is fair to say there was very little depth in his religion.
		Richelieu founded the Académie Française, a brilliant method of unifying the French people by unifying the French language: the Academy decided proper spelling and grammar for French, and what is, and is not, a proper French word.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0909almanac.htm (693 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jules Mazarin
		Richelieu commissioned him, late in 1640, to sign a secret treaty between France and Prince Thomas of Savoy, and caused him to be made a cardinal on 16 Dec., 1641.
		But Mazarin, like Richelieu, was, in the event, to retain power until his death, first under the queen regent and then under the king after Louis XIV had attained his majority.
		His foreign policy was, as Richelieu's had often been, indifferent to the interests of Catholicism: the Peace of Westphalia gave its solemn sanction to the legal existence of Calvinism in Germany, and, while the nuncio vainly protested, Protestant princes were rewarded with secularized bishoprics and abbacies for their political opposition to Austria.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10092a.htm (1437 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu \| Prime Minister of France
		Cardinal Richelieu rose from his provincial post in Luçon to become France's Secretary of State for foreign affairs in 1616, and then on to head the royal council as prime minister of France in 1624.
		Richelieu adhered to the maxim that "the ends justify the means." Although he devoutly believed in the mission of the Roman Church, he sought to assign the church a more practical role.
		Richelieu argued that the state is above everything, and that religion is a mere instrument to promote the policies of the state.
	www.lucidcafe.com /library/95sep/richelieu.html (682 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu Bio cheap holidays and travel deals, flights and hotels to book online
		Cardinal Richelieu was born Armand Jean du Plessis in Paris on September 9, 1585.
		Cardinal Richelieu was a principal of the Sorbonne and presided over the...
		Cardinal Richelieu War is one of the scourges with which it has pleased God to afflict men.
	www.worldbookers.co.uk /Cardinal-Richelieu-Bio.html (299 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu
		Richelieu's powerful, analytical intellect was characterized by a reliance on reason, strong will, the ability to govern others and use political power effectively.
		Cardinal Richelieu became the most powerful person in France, in part because Louis was a weak king and in part because Richelieu was so strong.
		Cardinal Richelieu has been admired by many historians for his intelligence and energy.
	www.girouard.org /cgi-bin/page.pl?file=richelieu&n=8 (441 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu : Richelieu
		Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu (September 9, 1585 - December 4, 1642) was a French cardinal and statesman, usually known as simply Cardinal Richelieu.
		The brilliant and energetic Richelieu played a major role in king XIII of France">Louis XIII's administration, decisively shaping the destiny of France for the next 25 years.
		As a result of this and other actions by Cardinal Richelieu, King Louis XIII became one of the first exemplars of an absolute ruler.
	www.wordlookup.net /ri/richelieu.html (1464 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cardinal Richelieu (George Arliss) dominating King Louis XIII of France.
		Richelieu's successor, Cardinal Mazarin, brought it to an end in 1653.
		Despite the centralizing policy of Richelieu, Colbert, and Louis XIV, unity was never completely attained in France.
	members.aol.com /snuffy1186/cardinal.html (537 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu [Armand Jean du Plessis] (1585-1642)
		Note: When French King Henry IV had died, his son (Louis XIII) was a child, so there was a period of regency during which the Queen Mother served as Regent – but she was viewed as an [Italian] outsider.
		By 1616 Richelieu receives a political appointment as a member of the Council of State.
		Richelieu loved this concept, but feared that enemies might adapt it to their uses.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/jrodrig/webpage/Theory4.htm (774 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu by CHAMPAIGNE, Philippe de
		The sitter for this grandiose portrait, however, is obviously not one of the artist's Jansenist patrons: where they wear sober fl, he wears crimson; where they appear against a plain grey background, he stands in a palatial gallery against a great Baroque swathe of curtain, a glimpse of his château gardens behind him.
		He is Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), cardinal, Chief Minister to the King and virtual ruler of France from 1624 until his death.
		We are gazing upwards at Richelieu, his face the distant apex of an elongated pyramid down which lustrous drapery flows like lava.
	www.kfki.hu /~arthp/html/c/champaig/richeli.html (485 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is strange, the infamous Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) is the last person you would think a cat-lover.
		When he was on his deathbed, the Cardinal wrote in his will that the cats and their two care-takers were to be given a lot of money, a house and provisions and allowed to live peacefully.
		Richelieu insisted upon taking them); and at last we come to Lucifer, a jet fl cat probably called Lucifer because of this (Lucifer is the name of the fallen archangel who became Satan).
	www.gorki.net /history/love3.html (329 words)

	Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		(Cardinal Richelieu) (zhäN), 1585-1642, French prelate and statesman, chief minister of King Louis XIII, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		Conspiracies of the nobles, who invariably found a figurehead in the king's brother Gaston d' Orléans, were rigorously suppressed.
		The Cardinal Rules: A glorious show pays homage to Richelieu and the art that got his blessing.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/r/richela1j1p1.asp (630 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Cardinal Richelieu Making Fran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Levi's recurrent idea is that Richelieu aspired to the creation of national unity as much through cultural symbolism (creating, for instance, the French Academy and initiating a great art collection) as through strictly political means.
		Richelieu is the age of Louis the XIII.
		I thought it was well narrated and the characters, the intelligent cardinal, the deviate king, and the ponderous queen mother.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/078670778X (947 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Cardinal Richelieu: And the Making of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Armand-Jean du Plessis de Richelieu first emerged into French national life when, as the twenty-nine-year old bishop of Lucon, he was chosen by the representatives of the clergy to address Louis XIII on their behalf at the end of the Estates-General.
		Of course Richelieu was intensely loyal to the king, Louis XIII, but he was equally loyal to his own quest for power, prestige, and possessions, three realms in which he met with overwhelming success.
		The more important question Levi works with is how Richelieu almost single-handedly changed France from a collection of separate areas, princedoms and duchies, with their various customs, laws, traditions and loyalties, into a modern nation-state under the absolute authority of the monarch.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/078670778X?v=glance (2177 words)

	Cardinal de Richelieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This portrait is one of several variants of a full-length composition showing the minister in cardinal's robes and wearing the Order of the Saint-Esprit.
		The terrace to the left and the garden beyond may represent a view of the gardens at the cardinal's château at Rueil, near Paris.
		Champaigne repeated the attitude of the face turned to the left in his 'Triple Portrait of Cardinal Richelieu' of 1642, also in the National Gallery.
	www.nationalgallery.org.uk /cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG1449 (129 words)

	'Cardinal de Richelieu'
		'Cardinal de Richelieu' is almost unique among the gallicas for it's intense and most unusual coloring.
		Some people have said that the Moss rose, 'Nuits de Young' is the darkest of the old roses, but I have seen the two side by side, and I would say that this rose is the darker of the two.
		It is supposedly one quarter china in it's geneology, and that shows in it's general appearance and leaf character.
	www.rdrop.com /~paul/gallicas/richelieu.html (390 words)

	French Culture \| books: Anthony Levi, Cardinal Richelieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The story of Cardinal Richelieu casts a man of ruthless ambition in an extraordinary drama that sweeps across the map of seventeenth-century France.
		By the time Richelieu died in 1642, however, the efforts of this eminent cardinal and consummate statesman had molded France into national and cultural unity.
		A favorite of Marie de Medici, Richelieu was made a cardinal in 1622 and two years later became the first minister of Louis XIII's council.
	www.frenchculture.org /books/release/history/levi.html (139 words)

	Portrait of Cardinal Richelieu (Getty Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Known both as an astute politician and a connoisseur of the French arts, Cardinal de Richelieu controlled much of France's political and artistic sphere in the 1600s.
		Simon Vouet drew him in his cardinal's robes while clasping in his hands a letter, an attribute of his life as an official of the Church and the State.
		The red chalk shows off the brilliant color of the cardinal's cape and hat, while the white creates soft highlights in his hair and collar.
	www.getty.edu /art/collections/objects/o113241.html (184 words)

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