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Topic: Cardwell Reforms

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	Cardwell Reforms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A series of reforms of the British Army undertaken by Secretary of State for War (and former soldier) Edward Cardwell between 1868 and 1874.
		Cardwell also reformed the administration of the War Office, preventing infighting and bickering between the various departments and abolishing the separate administration of the Reserves and Volunteers.
		Further reforms were undertaken by Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers in 1881.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cardwell_reforms (463 words)

	Cardwell's Army Reforms 1870--1881 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Edward Cardwell was Secretary of State for War between 1870 and 1874; he embarked on a much-needed reform of the British army which continued after he left political life, exhausted by his struggle with the army.
		The Indian Mutiny (1857) reinforced the fact that the army was inefficient despite the bravery of the soldiers.
		The reform of the army was made more urgent by the victories of the Prussian army over Austria in the Seven Weeks' War (1866) and over the French in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71).
	www.victorianweb.org /history/armyrefs.html (376 words)

	[No title]
		The county affiliations date from 1782 and further reforms took place in 1881, when the 29th and 36th Foot became the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Worcestershire Regiment, and the 45th and 95th comprised the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Sherwood Foresters.
		Under the Cardwell reforms of 1881 regular and militia battalions were incorporated into a single territorially-based regiment, the militia battalions of both former regiments being numbered 3rd and 4th.
		In 1908, as part of the Haldane reforms, the volunteer battalions were designated the Territorial Force, the forerunner of the Territorial Army, and were numbered 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th in the Sherwood Foresters and 7th and 8th in the Worcestershire Regiment.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Flats/6804/59.html (762 words)

	The Multi-Battalion Regiment: An Old Concept with a New Relevance - Get on Parade, Restructuring South Africa's ...
		Cardwell was the first man to make systematic use of multi-battalion regiments, and the link between such units and their communities, for the purpose of enhancing operational efficiency and producing a complete military system that was both affordable and flexible enough to satisfy very different requirements.
		Cardwell knew that this was not so, and that while there was little doubt about the spirit and steadiness of the British fighting man, these could not be fully exploited because of the lack of rational, innovative thought in the command echelon of the land forces.
		Cardwell's point of departure was that every available asset and method had to be used in a systematic, calculated way to achieve certain aims some short-term, others long-term such as economies of scale, stimulation of recruiting, and the creation of an affordable defence machine which could be brought to life in a national emergency.
	www.iss.org.za /Pubs/Monographs/No1/Steenkamp.html (13832 words)

	Purchase System & Pay Scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Cardwell Reforms, as they became known, instituted what at that time in England was a radical approach to granting military rank and promotion.
		Cardwell's Reforms not only did away with the Purchase System, but also changed the way the regiments would from then on be named.
		The Reforms caused the designations of all regiments to be changed from the numerical to the territorial.
	www.cwreenactors.com /~crimean/purchsys.htm (1608 words)

	An Army in Transition - South African Military History Society - Journal-
		At the time of the Zulu War the British Army was in the midst of a period of transition occasioned by Cardwell’s army reforms (initiated in 1870).
		This reform was tangibly (and humiliatingly) demonstrated by the enforced removal of the Duke of Cambridge’s office from the Horse Guards to the War Office (even though the Duke insisted on a separate entrance and obstinately headed his letters, ‘The Horse Guards, Pall Mall’).
		Cardwell’s reforms represented an unworkable compromise between the two.
	rapidttp.com /milhist/vol046sm.html (2612 words)

	army commissions - cardwell reform - guards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The failures of the army started to become apparent during the Crimean war, when WH Russell of The Times reported extensively and critically on the poor logistics and command system, led by many aristocratic officers who were completely inept.
		These 'Cardwell Reforms' instituted a radical change to granting military rank and promotion: men now had to earn their rank.
		The Cardwell Reforms had another pervasive effect - they changed the way the regiments would be named, changing their designations from the numerical to the territorial.
	footguards.tripod.com /06ARTICLES/ART34_cardwellReform.htm (288 words)

	[No title]
		The Cardwell reforms of 1881 saw the 51st 105th Regiments of Foot amalgamated to form The Kings Own Light Infantry (South Yorkshire Regiment), the Depot being at Pontefract.
		The Duke of Wellington’s Regiment (West Riding) The Cardwell reforms of 1881 saw the amalgamation of the 33rd Regiment of Foot with that of the 76th Regiment of Foot; it was with both these Regiments the Duke of Wellington had been closely associated.
		The Cardwell reforms of 1881 brought about the title The Princess of Wales’s Own (Yorkshire Regiment), the in 1902 they were re-designated as Alexandra Princess of Wales’s Own (Yorkshire Regiment) and finally on the 1st of July 1921 they became, The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales’s Own Yorkshire Regiment).
	www.lhi.org.uk /docs/REGIMENTS_CUDWORTH_WAR_MEMORIAL_SAMPLE.doc (1139 words)

	History of the British Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the early 1870s, the Cardwell reforms, named after the Secretary of State of War Edward Cardwell, saw radical reforms of the armed forces implemented in the aftermath of the inadequacies found in the Crimean War.
		The Childers reforms, which came into effect on 1 July 1881, continued the reforms which strengthened regiments' county affiliations by discarding the numeral system and combining most of the single-battalion regiments into two-battalion regiments with, for the most part, county names in their titles.
		Some of the reforms included the establishment of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in anticipation of a war on the European continent; and a part-time volunteer organisation, known as the Territorial Force, was also created, encompassing the reserve units of the Army with militia units being transferred to the newly created Special Reserve.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_British_Army (10270 words)

	1881-1975 (The Black Watch)
		It was in Edinburgh on 1st July 1881 that as a result of the Cardwell Reforms the 42nd and 73rd Regiments were combined into a single new regiment –; The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), a title they were to bear for the next 41 years.
		In accordance with the Cardwell Reforms, the 1st Battalions of the newly formed regiments remained at home, whilst the 2nd Battalion served overseas.
		The 1st, 5th and 7th Battalions were a part of the reformed 51st Highland Division, which after intensive training sailed Suez, to join the Eighth Army, arriving in August 1942.
	www.eze33.com /brigade/bw3.htm (3050 words)

	Regiments of the British Army: Overview
		The 1871-72 reforms of Secretary of War Edward Cardwell were far-reaching in the development of the modern British Army.
		The principal feature of the reforms was the pairing of regular infantry battalions, and strengthening of county affiliations which had begun a century earlier.
		The roll of regiments in early 1918 was pretty much the same as that produced by the 1881 Cardwell reforms, with a few new concessions to technological change and a considerable growth in support services.
	www.regiments.org /regiments/uk/lists/bargts.htm (4006 words)

	1881
		Major changes took place throughout the Army in the 1870s and 80s, driven by the Secretary of War, Edward Cardwell.
		Cardwell divided the United Kingdom into sixty-six brigade sub-districts, each of which had a depot and two battalions, one of which would be abroad.
		Presented to The East Surrey Regiment it is still in use today by the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment.
	www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk /time_line/eastsurrey/1881.html (228 words)

	The Old Contemptibles
		In 1881 the Cardwell Reforms were passed into law by Parliament.
		The reforms continued the pairing of Regiments which was started in 1871.
		As well as these reforms helped, the Colonial Wars were indispensable in preparing the British Army for the conflict of 1914.
	www.tulip.org /_academy/gew/toc.htm (2333 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Army reform - an ungrateful task
		While the word "overstretch" is one the Ministry of Defence likes to avoid, there is no doubt that the new realities of fighting a global war on terror has put new strains on a military which was still adapting to the end of the Cold War.
		Past restructures - many of which were far less radical than this one - generated huge opposition but the soldiers involved often found the changes ended up improving either their career structure or their family life.
		And when the highly significant Cardwell reforms of 1868 were pushed after problems identified in the Crimean War, many were outraged at the shift from designating battalions by regional names rather than the old system numbers.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk/4103461.stm (617 words)

	Regiment - www.canadiansoldiers.com
		The "regimental system" dates back to the British Cardwell Reforms, which structured British infantry units such that several battalions of men having the same regimental identity were created, with some tasked for overseas deployment and others remaining in the United Kingdom training.
		Major reforms occurred in 1881; though about 1 in 4 of the over 100 regiments of infantry had viable second battalions, the Cardwell Reforms suggested that all regiments should be so organized - a status at one time the prerogative only of the Guards.
		And so many regiments were amalgamated in a series of sweeping reorganizations that ensured each regiment would have one battalion to serve abroad throughout the Empire as needed, and one battalion at home recruiting and training.
	www.canadiansoldiers.com /mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=Regiment (1847 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Regiment
		Administrative regiments are not part of the army's day-to-day operational command structure, but regimental ties are maintained by the administrative management of its members, and may include recruiting, basic training at a regimental centre, career management, postings, selection for special training, promotion boards, etc., for those in service.
		This system dates back to the Cardwell reforms in the United Kingdom, when each regiment was structured so as to have a battalion permanently overseas, while another battalion of the regiment was based at home to recruit and train replacements.
		The historical strength of the regimental system is the fierce loyalty engendered by this administrative regiment.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Regiment (2400 words)

	The Cardwell reforms and home uniform dress
		Officers’ sword scabbards were changing from fl leather to steel for all ranks, though field officers retained their brass scabbard.
		Other Ranks had a drastic change to their tunics following the Cardwell reforms of 1881.
		The various facing colours worn on collar and cuffs were changed to white for English regiments.
	www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk /1661to1966/cardwell_dress/cardwell_dress.html (360 words)

	Uniform-Maj. Gen. J.W. Barnes (as Lt. Col.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The 73rd,of which he was a member, was first organized as the 2nd Batt., 42nd in 1779/1780 and reconstituted as a separate unit, numbered 73rd in 1786.
		It lost it's highland status in 1809, along with several other similarly uniformed units and did not regain it until it's amalgamation with the 42nd in the army reforms, known as the Cardwell Reforms of 1881.
		He remained in command when the 73rd became the 2nd Battalion of the Black Watch as directed by the Cardwell Reforms of 1881.
	members.dca.net /fbl/dtbarnesjw.html (658 words)

	The Cameronians - Scottish Rifles
		It was formed in 1881 under the Cardwell Reforms by the amalgamation of two other regiments: the 26th Cameronian Regiment (1689) and the 90th Perthshire Light Infantry (1794).
		Under the reforms of the army during the 1960s, which saw several regiments amalgamated, the Cameronians chose to disband rather than amalgamate with another Lowland Scottish regiment.
		The 1st Battalion, The Cameronians was disbanded in 1968, with its recruiting area taken over by the King's Own Scottish Borderers; the Regimental Headquarters closed in 1987.
	www.cameronians.org /introduction/index.html (203 words)

	British Empire: Armed Forces: Units: British Infantry: The South Wales Borderers
		After the Zulu War the Cardwell reforms came into effect and regimental numbers disappeared from the titles so that the 24th became The South Wales Borderers.
		The title was chosen because the regiment was based in Brecon and the recruitment area was in the counties bordering England.
		The reforms also included the affiliation of volunteer and militia units to regular regiments so that the volunteer battalions of Monmouthshire, Brecknock and Radnor became feeder battalions for the regulars.
	www.britishempire.co.uk /forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/swb.htm (553 words)

	The Battle of Ulundi - The Zulu War
		In 1882 the Cardwell Reforms brought in the system of two battalion regiments, by combining the single battalion regiments in pairs and assigning formal regional titles.
		In the 1960s, when the Royal Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiments were amalgamated, the new regiment was called the “Duke of Edinburgh’s”, a title of the old 99th.
		While the Cardwell Reforms created regiments more suited to colonial policing duties, one battalion of a regiment being in Britain, while the other was posted to a colony, the flexibility of the old system, in which officers moved from regiment to regiment depending on the availability of posts, was lost.
	www.britishbattles.com /zulu-war/ulundi.htm (1681 words)

	The British Regimental System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The number of Regiments had grown to well over one hundred, although by now around a quarter had a full second Battalion, gradually eroding the position of units such as the Guards who had enjoyed such status for many years.
		The Cardwell reforms brought a new and unwelcome word into British military terminology - amalgamation.
		Cardwell proposed that all Regiments have a basis of two full strength Battalions at all times, allowing one for foreign service while leaving a second at home for recruitment and reinforcement.
	www.bayonetstrength.150m.com /stuff/british_regimental_system.htm (2417 words)

	The last battle; As the MoD prepares the biggest shake-up of the Army Sunday Herald, The - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The creation of the new formations will also camouflage the axing of one Scottish battalion as demanded in last month's defence review - defence secretary Geoff Hoon insisted that four infantry battalions should be taken out of the Order of Battle by April 2008 to reduce the number of battalions to 36.
		In honour of the main instigator of the revolution, Chief of the General Staff, General Sir Michael Jackson, the revolution will be known as the Jackson Reforms and they mark the most radical change in military thinking since the Cardwell Reforms of 1881 which introduced linked battalions for service at home and overseas.
		A final decision on the Scottish regiments will be taken next month once regimental colonels have completed consultations with their "regimental families" (present and past members) and passed them to the Scottish Council of Colonels who will in turn report to the Executive Committee of the Army Board (ECAB).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040822/ai_n12590294 (931 words)

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