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Topic: Carfentanil

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	Carfentanil - Drug information from Medic8.com
		Carfentanil or Carfentanyl is an analogue of the popular synthetic opioid analgesic fentanyl, and is one of the most potent opioids known (also the most potent opioid used commercially).
		Carfentanil is intended for animal use only as its extreme potency makes it inappropriate for use in humans.
		Assuming that carfentanil was the only active constituent (which has not been verified by the Russian military), the primary acute toxic effect to the theatre victims would have been opioid-induced apnoea; in this case mechanical ventilation and/or treatment with opioid antagonists would have been life-saving for many or all victims.
	www.medic8.com /medicines/Carfentanil.html (353 words)

	Carfentanil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carfentanil or Carfentanyl (R33799) is an analogue of the popular synthetic opioid analgesic fentanyl, and is one of the most potent opioids known (also the most potent opioid used commercially).
		It is thought that in the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, the Russian military made use of an aerosol form of carfentanil to subdue Chechen hostage takers.
		Assuming that carfentanil was the only active constituent (which has not been verified by the Russian military), the primary acute toxic effect to the theatre victims would have been opioid-induced apnea; in this case mechanical ventilation and/or treatment with opioid antagonists would have been life-saving for many or all victims.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carfentanil (345 words)

	NADA 139-633
		The data gathered during this study show that Carfentanil citrate administered at dose ranges of 0.006 - 0.014 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly to moose produces rapid immobilization and that the immobilization may be reversed by diprenorphine at a total dose range of 20 to 40 mg per moose.
		Carfentanil administered at an average dose of 0.020 mg/kg body weight (0.015 to 0.029 mg/kg range) produced an average time to immobilization of 4 minutes.
		Carfentanil was reversed by diprenorphine at an average ratio of 10 mg diprenorphine per 1 mg of Carfentanil administered.
	www.fda.gov /cvm/FOI/787.htm (3041 words)

	ZooPharm » Drug Information » Carfentanil citrate
		Carfentanil citrate has a morphine-like analgesic mode of action and produces rapid immobilization following intramuscular injection. Carfentanil is an analogue of the opioid fentanyl with a quantitative potency approximately 100 times that of fentanyl and 10,000 times that of morphine.
		Carfentanil citrate is an extremely potent drug and is to be used ONLY by individuals experienced in handling potent rapid immobilizing agents in zoos, exotic animal and wildlife practices, wildlife management procedures and biological research.
		Carfentanil is commonly compounded at a concentration of 3mg/ml in a 10ml vial.
	www.zoopharm.net /drugs/carfentanil.php (1172 words)

	Moscow Gas Likely A Potent Narcotic (washingtonpost.com)
		Carfentanil also has an unusually wide safety margin, which is why it's the immobilizing agent of choice when delivery is by the unpredictable route of a rifle-fired hypodermic dart.
		The therapeutic index of carfentanil in rats is 10,000, meaning that a lethal dose is about 10,000 times more than the dose required to relieve pain.
		Carfentanil's safety margin may be what Russian officials were referring to when they expressed amazement at the fatalities.
	www.light1998.com /EVENTS/Gas_Potent_Narcotic.htm (1545 words)

	ZooPharm » Drug Information » Carfentanil citrate
		Carfentanil citrate has a morphine-like analgesic mode of action and produces rapid immobilization following intramuscular injection. Carfentanil is an analogue of the opioid fentanyl with a quantitative potency approximately 100 times that of fentanyl and 10,000 times that of morphine.
		Carfentanil citrate is an extremely potent drug and is to be used ONLY by individuals experienced in handling potent rapid immobilizing agents in zoos, exotic animal and wildlife practices, wildlife management procedures and biological research.
		Carfentanil is commonly compounded at a concentration of 3mg/ml in a 10ml vial.
	zoopharm.net /drugs/carfentanil.php (1172 words)

	Carfentanil - Medicow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In accordance with 21 CFR 514.111(a)(5)(ii), the effectiveness of naltrexone HCl as an antagonist to carfentanil in elk and moose is conclusively established by the alternative procedure utilized in the clinical field trials.
		Carfentanil is a potent opioid which is used as rapid immobilizing agent for veterinary procedures in large wild animals, like bisons, bears, elks, ostriches, horses or domestic goats, often associated with other agents, like xylazine or detomidine, by darting (even from a helicopter), or delivering directly in the buccal cavity.
		The antidote for carfentanil overdose is naloxone at a dose of 80-100 times the total dose of carfentanil or diprenorphine at 7 times the carfentanil dose.
	www.medicow.com /topics/Carfentanil (2532 words)

	Veterinary Products... carfentanil citrate
		EFFECTIVENESS The efficacy of Carfentanil as an immobilizing agent for members of Cervidae family has been demonstrated in 19 well controlled pivotal and corroborative clinical field trials conducted with 158 moose, 295 elk, 18 Axis deer, 9 Sika deer and 29 exotic Cervidae.
		Conclusions: The data gathered during this study show that Carfentanil citrate administered at dose ranges of 0.006 - 0.014 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly to moose produces rapid immobilization and that the immobilization may be reversed by diprenorphine at a total dose range of 20 to 40 mg per moose.
		These were interpreted by the investigator as being due to improper injection of Carfentanil because of the type of dart used.
	www.betterchem.com /vet/carfentanil.htm (2172 words)

	Choking Agents
		The gas used to subdue the terrorists and their hostages was most likely an aerosol form of carfentanil, an extremely potent narcotic normally used to used to sedate big game animals.
		Carfentanil, about 8,000 times as powerful as morphine and 100 times more potent than fentanyl, is a fentanyl derivative sold under the trade name Wildnil.
		Carfentanil has an unusually wide safety margin, which is why it's the immobilizing agent of choice when delivery is by the unpredictable route of a rifle-fired hypodermic dart.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/cw-choking.htm (1423 words)

	Carfentanil- Immobilizing Bison- Buffalo Field Campaign
		Carfentanil is the most potent drug and is potentially toxic and lethal to humans.
		As little as 20 ug (micrograms, an almost invisible drop) of Carfentanil is lethal to humans.
		And, one week after his release a grizzly sow and her cubs were seen feeding on a large bison bull carcass near the area where he had been susposedly released.
	www.buffalofieldcampaign.org /science/carfentanil.html (832 words)

	Publication Details - Robert Fisher - Stanford University School of Medicine
		Carfentanil binding, reflecting changes in mu opiate receptors, was increased in the temporal neocortex and decreased in the amygdala on the side of the epileptic focus.
		Regional glucose metabolism, measured using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose, was decreased in the mesial and lateral aspects of the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the epileptogenic focus.
		The variation in pattern of carfentanil and diprenorphine binding supports a differential regulation of opiate subtypes in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy.
	med.stanford.edu /profiles/nbc/frdActionServlet?choiceId=showPublication&pubid=43024&fid=4638 (279 words)

	Nalmefene
		a) Carfentanil at 2.1±0.3 µg/kg as a single IM injection in captive elephants was reversed with nalmefene, at a mean ratio for nalmefene/carfentanil of 26:1 (Raath, 1999).
		Diprenorphine or nalmefene reversal was rapid and uneventful in both the etorphine and carfentanil group.
		Following immobilization, a 18 gauge catheter was inserted into an auricular artery, the catheter connected to a pressure transducer system and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures were monitored by use of a multichannel oscilloscope.
	www.elephantcare.org /Drugs/nalmefen.htm (1181 words)

	Answer to Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Indeed, Carfentanil is an analogue of the popular opioid Fentanyl, and is one of the most potent opioids known (and the most potent opioid used commercially).
		It is thought that in the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, Russian military made use of an aerositalized form of carfentanil to subdue Chechen hostage takers.
		Tthe Moscow emergency services had not been informed of the use of the agent, and therefore did not have adequate supplies of naloxone or naltrexone (opiate antagonists) to prevent complications in many of the victims.
	www.themgcarshop.com /Bioterrorism/module4/CAQ4I.htm (166 words)

	Boston IMC: newswire/187814
		The report cites the relevance of a lollipop containing fentanyl used to treat children in severe pain, and notes that "the development of new pain-relieving opiate drugs capable of being administered via several routes is at the forefront of drug discovery", concluding that new weapons could be developed from this pharmaceutical research.
		Carfentanil is a veterinary narcotic used to tranquilize large, dangerous animals such as bears and tigers.
		Under US law, first time offenders convicted of unlicensed possession of carfentanil can be punished by up to 20 years in prison and a $1 million fine.
	boston.indymedia.org /newswire/display/187814/index.php (1667 words)

	Moskvagas
		Carfentanil is another fentanyl derivative with very high potency and a high therapeutic index.
		Complications with the use of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to immobilize domestic horses.
		Use of carfentanil and a ketamine-xylazine mixture to immobilise wild grey seals (Halichoerus grypus).
	www.tjetjenien.org /Moskvagas.htm (2716 words)

	[No title]
		Shortly after the tragedy, it was reported that the consensus of Russian health experts was that "this drug could not have caused death."8 Given the extraordinarily high therapeutic index of carfentanil, reactions among Russian officials suggest that the large number of deaths from gas poisoning was not anticipated.
		Complications with the use of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to immobilize domestic horses.
		Use of carfentanil and a ketamine- xylazine mixture to immobilise wild grey seals (Halichoerus grypus).
	www.kafkas.org.tr /perspektif/text5/3.txt (2321 words)

	carfentanil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Carfentanil, also Carfentanyl, is an analogue of the popular opioid Fentanyl, and is currently the most potent opioid known.
		Carfentanyl is intended for animal use only, as it is extremely toxic to humans.
		It is thought (Wax et al 2003) that in the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, Russian military made use of an aerositalized form of carfentanil to subdue Chechen hostage takers.
	www.measuroo.com /dru-C/carfentanil.php (202 words)

	Capture of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) using carfentanil-based mixtures -- Haigh and Gates 31 (1): 37 -- ...
		Between 1986 and 1991, 155 wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) (33 adult females, 92 adult males, twelve 6 mo-old calves, eighteen 1 to 2 mo-old calves) in the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, Northwest Territories, Canada, and adjacent area were captured by dart immobilization.
		Initial trials with carfentanil, xylazine and R51163 as immobilizing agents were conducted.
		Subsequently, carfentanil alone, or in combination with xylazine, was used.
	www.jwildlifedis.org /cgi/content/abstract/31/1/37 (229 words)

	NADA 141-074
		For use as an antagonist to carfentanil citrate immbolization in free-ranging or confined elk and moose (Cervidae).
		One elk in group D (5X) was noted to be "very excited" and vocalizing one hour post naltrexone administration, but this was attributed to separation from her herd group.
		It was concluded that 100 mg of naltrexone hydrochloride per mg of carfentanil, when 1/4 of the dose is administered intravenously and 3/4 of the dose is administered subcutaneously, is safe and effective for reversal of carfentanil effects in cervids.
	www.fda.gov /cvm/FOI/937.htm (3651 words)

	Carfentanil at The Medical Dictionary
		Carfentanil, also Carfentanyl, is an analogue of the popular opioid Fentanyl, and is one of the most potent opioids known (and the most potent opioid used commercially).
		Carfentanyl is intended for animal use only as its extreme potency makes it inappropriate for use in humans.
		Wax et al surmise from the evidence available that the Moscow emergency services had not been informed of the use of the agent, and therefore did not have adequate supplies of naloxone or naltrexone (opiate antagonists) to prevent complications in many of the victims.
	the-medical-dictionary.com /carfentanil.htm (377 words)

	Anesthesia and immobilization of wild ruminants
		These animals will have a "telazol hangover" but will be able to control their airway and be up and about in a few minutes.
		I would use carfentanil on elk, moose or in situations where a reversing agent was needed to prevent injury to the animal.
		Carfentanil should work well, but it will be expensive as well.
	www.vetandwild.com /ruminants.html (856 words)

	Synthesis of Carfentanil
		"For instance, carfentanil is approximately 4000 times as potent as heroin and has an extremely favorable therapeutic index [...].
		Hence, an easy week's work for two chemists could provide 1 (one) kilogram of carfentanil which would be equivalent to four metric tons of pure heroin"
		When filtered and dried, there was obtained 12.2g (85% yield) of carfentanil oxalate, or methyl 1-(beta-phenethyl)-(N- propionyl-N-phenylamino)-4-piperidine carboxylate oxalate, m.p.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/carfentanil.html (1166 words)

	Carentanil and the black bear
		The total carfentanil dose was mixed with 5 to 20 ml honey and given incrementally to captive bears.
		Total carfentanil doses ranged from 0.7 to 3.0 mg, resulting in dosages of 6.8 to 18.8 micrograms carfentanil/kg.
		Immobilization was reversed with 100 mg naltrexone/mg carfentanil administered (75% subcutaneous, 25% IV).
	opioids.com /carfentanil/index.html (201 words)

	Opium-like drug likely suspect in Moscow theater deaths / Mixing compounds may explain why gas was so lethal
		The gas used to subdue terrorists and their hostages in a Moscow theater two weeks ago most likely was an aerosol form of carfentanil, an extremely potent narcotic normally used to subdue big game animals.
		Tests done on two surviving German hostages -- one so severely gassed that she required breathing assistance with a ventilator for several hours -- found no evidence of fentanyl.
		Carfentanil is a fentanyl derivative sold under the trade name "Wildnil." It would not show up in a test for fentanyl.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/11/09/MN75975.DTL&type=printable (866 words)

	Idaho Drugs Bison. Buffalo Field Campaign Report for Sept. 1 2001
		The buffalo that was running around the ranches on Highway 20 last week, gave us a lesson on how elusive they can be even on a hurt leg.
		As little as 20 µg (micrograms, an almost invisible drop) of Carfentanil is lethal to humans.
		And, one week after his release a grizzly sow and her cubs were seen feeding on a large bison bull carcass near the area where he had been supposedly released.
	www.forwolves.org /ralph/bison/id-drugs-bison.htm (1228 words)

	NTI: Global Security Newswire
		The gas used in the Oct. 26 Moscow theater raid — said by Russia to be fentanyl —; more likely was a fentanyl derivative called carfentanil, a powerful narcotic usually used to subdue large animals, the Washington Post reported Saturday (see GSN, Oct. 30).
		Carfentanil is 8,000 times as powerful as morphine, is relatively safe to use and would disperse easily in a large space.
		Carfentanil would not be detected in a test for fentanyl, according to the Post.
	www.nti.org /d_newswire/issues/thisweek/2002_11_11_chmw.html (2882 words)

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