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Topic: Cariban languages

	Cariban languages - Encyclopedia.com
		Most Cariban languages are spoken in southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil north of the Amazon, though several have strayed far from this area.
		Cariban incursions into the mainly Arawakan-speaking Antilles at the time of Columbus provided European languages with the words Carib (hence, Caribbean) and cannibal, both perhaps from a proto-Cariban form meaning “Indian, person.”
		Spanish is the official language, but more than 30 Amerindian languages still survive, predominantly belonging to the Arawak, Cariban, and Chibcha ethnolinguistic categories.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1B1-359821.html (390 words)

	Colombia encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Colombia politics and officials, Colombian History. Travel to ...
		Carib languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes and from Maracaibo (Venezuela) to Central Brazil.
		Cariban languages are relatively close to each other; in some cases, it is difficult to decide whether different groups speak different languages or dialects of the same language.
		The Cariban family is well known in the linguistic world due to Hixkaryana, a language with Object-Verb-Subject sentences, previously thought not to exist in human language.
	www.colombiaiworld.com /wiki-Cariban_languages (448 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		The languages of the Tanoan branch of Aztec-Tanoan are spoken in the Rio Grande valley, New Mexico, and Arizona.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cariban languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carib languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes and from Maracaibo (Venezuela) to Central Brazil.
		Cariban languages are relatively close to each other; in some cases, it is difficult to decide whether different groups speak different languages or dialects of the same language.
		The Cariban family is well known in the linguistic world due to Hixkaryana a language with Object-Verb-Subject sentences, previously thought not to exist in human language.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cariban-languages (877 words)

	Cariban languages - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Carib languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes and from Maracaibo (Venezuela) to Central Brazil.
		Cariban languages are relatively close to each other; in some cases, it is difficult to decide whether different groups speak different languages or dialects of the same language.
		The Cariban family is well known in the linguistic world due to Hixkaryana a language with Object-Verb-Subject sentences, previously thought not to exist in human language.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/a/r/Carib_languages.html (279 words)

	Cariban languages \| Urdu \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Carib languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes and from Maracaibo (Venezuela) to Central Brazil.
		Cariban languages are relatively close to each other; in some cases, it is difficult to decide whether different groups speak different languages or dialects of the same language.
		The Cariban family is well known in the linguistic world due to Hixkaryana, a language with Object-Verb-Subject sentences, previously thought not to exist in human language.
	www.babylon.com /definition/Cariban_languages/Urdu (488 words)

	Native American Languages 4
		It includes Nahuatl, the language of the ancient civilizations of the Toltecs, which lasted from the 10th to 13th centuries, and the Aztecs, which lasted from the 14th to 16th centuries, and their modern descendents.
		Quechua was the language of the ancient Inca civilization, which flourished from the mid-1400s to the mid-1500s.
		Languages in the Cariban family are spoken mainly in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, and Venezuela.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/lang4.htm (977 words)

	Arawakan languages
		The Arawakan languages are spoken over a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, southward into Paraguay and northward into to Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia on the northern coast of South America.
		In the seventeenth century, the language of the Island Carib was described by European missionaries as two separate unrelated languages — one spoken by the men of the society and the other by the women.
		The language spoken by the men was a language of the Carib family very similar to the Galibi language spoken in what later became French Guyana.
	articles.gourt.com /en/Arawakan (969 words)

	AllRefer.com - Native American languages : Languages of South America and the West Indies (Language And Linguistics) - ...
		When more is known about the indigenous South American languages, some of the stocks may turn out to be sufficiently closely related so as to allow linguists to group them together and thus reduce the number of basic stocks.
		Cariban and GE are families of the greater GE-Pano-Carib linguistic stock.
		In the aboriginal period the Cariban languages were important in the West Indies, Brazil, Peru, the Guianas, Venezuela, and Colombia.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/NatvAmlang-languages-of-south-america-and-the-west-indies.html (626 words)

	Arawakan languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Arawakan languages are spoken over a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, southward into Paraguay and northward into to Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia on the northern coast of South America.
		In the seventeenth century, the language of the Island Carib was described by European missionaries as two separate unrelated languages — one spoken by the men of the society and the other by the women.
		The language spoken by the men was a language of the Carib family very similar to the Galibi language spoken in what later became French Guyana.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Arawak_Indians.htm (981 words)

	Atlas of the Languages of Suriname, Reviewed for Kacike by Janette Bulkan Forte
		The Arawak language, which was attested early on in the conquest is among the few survivors of the indigenous languages of the Caribbean area.
		The various creole languages of Suriname are assumed to have a common origin in a contact language in use on the plantations in the coastal area of Suriname in the latter half of the 17
		Language, too, participates in this religious division: while the reformist mosques emphasize the use of Arabic in prayer, the conservative, west-facing mosques pray using an old-fashioned, literary Javanese, almost as impenetrable to the congregation as Arabic would be.
	www.kacike.org /ForteAtlas.htm (6486 words)

	Society for Caribbean Linguistics - FAQs
		These languages are mostly obsolescent, as the majority of their remaining speakers are bilingual and fluent speakers of their country's official and national and vernacular languages.
		Once the language of both kings and peasants, it faced serious status issues in the eleventh century, after the Norman Conquest (it was viewed negatively by the conquerors) and again during the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, during the Renaissance (it was viewed negatively by English speakers themselves).
		Languages are, in fact, primarily oral — no one is born with a pen in their hands (or mouths!), just a tongue with which to use his/her mother tongue.
	www.scl-online.net /scllanguage_home_en.php?id=4 (5587 words)

	DoBeS — Kuikuro - Language
		The Upper Xingu Carib language is classified, since the work of Karl Von den Steinen, as belonging to the Carib family (Steinen, 1894).
		The Kuikuro is a head final language and it is ergative, from the point of view of the morphosyntactic typology.
		The orthography for the Carib Upper Xingu language and its variants was developed during intensive courses organized to train Indigenous teachers and it is used to write educational materials for native schools.
	www.mpi.nl /DOBES/projects/kuikuro/languages (533 words)

	Cariban Languages - Karr.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Curiously, the Carib language quickly died out while the Arawakan language was maintained over the generations.
		This language was called Island Carib, even though it is not part of the Carib linguistic family.
		Northern Carib languages: Coyaima; Japrería; Yupka; Pemon; Akawaio; Patamona; Macushi; Atruahí; Sikiana; Salumá; Waiwai; Akuriyó; Apalaí; Tiriyó (Trio); Kaliña; Wayana; Carib; Arára, Pará; Txikão; Mapoyo; Panare; Yabarana;
	www.omnipresent.net /encyclopedia/Cariban_languages (467 words)

	SILEBR 2005/009 — Review of “Grammatical relations” (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Discussion of the notion of subject and object in ergative languages receives a separate subsection, as well as serial verb languages, and the topic of clause union.
		She explores the question of whether the syntactic processes of relativization, passivization, etc. in Karao, an ergative language, are controlled mostly by the most agentive argument of the sentence; or whether the category of absolutive (found in ergative languages) controls syntactic processes; or whether there is a mixed pattern of control.
		It is clear that Gildea assumed a readership knowledge of the Cariban languages.
	www.sil.org:8090 /silebr/2005/silebr2005-009 (1405 words)

	Native American languages: Languages of South America and the West Indies — FactMonster.com
		When more is known about the indigenous South American languages, some of the stocks may turn out to be sufficiently closely related so as to allow linguists to group them together and thus reduce the number of basic stocks.
		Cariban and Gê are families of the greater Gê-Pano-Carib linguistic stock.
		In the aboriginal period the Cariban languages were important in the West Indies, Brazil, Peru, the Guianas, Venezuela, and Colombia.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0859890.html (514 words)

	Cariban languages Information
		This language was called Island Carib, even though it is not part of the Carib linguistic family.
		Cariban itself is tentatively divided into two to four branches.
		It has been proposed that the Cariban family may be distantly related to Macro-Je and Tupi languages in a "Je-Tupi-Carib" stock, but this is highly speculative, and the internal relationships of these families are still poorly known.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Cariban_languages (385 words)

	Informat.io on Cariban Languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Curiously, the Carib language quickly died out while the Arawakan language was maintained over the generations.
		This was the result of the invading Carib men usually killing the local men of the islands they conquered and taking Arawak wives who then passed on their own language to the children.
		This language was called Island Carib, even though it is not part of the Carib linguistic family.
	www.informat.io /?title=cariban-languages (395 words)

	CaribSeek Kaleidoscope \| Caribbean Languages and Population \| El Gran Caribe by Norman Girvan
		To understand a country’s language is the key to understanding the way the people behave and think and view the world.
		From this point of view the dominance of the English language actually becomes a disadvantage to English speakers, who are generally not forced to learn other languages—others may come to understand more about us than we of them.
		She spoke Spanish because she was born in the Dominican Republic, French because she lived in French St Martin and had attended school there, Papiamento and Dutch because she sold produce on the Dutch side of the island, and English because, in his words, “its her native language”--her parents had been from St Kitts.
	www.kaleidoscope.caribseek.com /Norman_Girvan/El_Gran_Caribe/language.shtml (729 words)

	Cancun and the Mexican Caribbean Languages \| cancun-guide.info
		Spanish is the official language of the Mexican Caribbean, but native languages are spoken by approximately one-fifth of the population.
		The Spanish language finds its historical origins in the Roman Empire and was developed from vulgar Latin, the spoken counterpart to the written Latin made famous by Roman writers like Cicero.
		The language was introduced to the Americas by Spanish explorers who came seeking gold and owes its prevalence in Latin America to the work of Spanish missionaries, who taught Spanish in order to spread Christianity.
	cancun-guide.info /travel.basics/languages (363 words)

	Numbers in Over 5000 Languages
		Their ears may not be attuned to the language; or there may be dialectal variation, or even sound change.
		There is nothing inherent in the language variety to tell us what it is. Linguists sometimes use "language" to refer to a mutually intelligible group of dialects (but note that intelligibility can be partial).
		For non-African languages, a macron indicates length and is indicated :.
	www.zompist.com /numbers.shtml (926 words)

	LUCL - Giving them back their languages
		The endangered Amerindian languages of the Guianas: Wayana and Tunayana-Waiwai.
		In particular, full grammatical descriptions of these languages are required for the programmatic focus of the project which aims to look in detail at certain aspects of the languages that have cultural import, namely the semantic and pragmatic domains pertinent to the worldview of the speakers.
		A Grammar of Trio, a Cariban Language of
	www.lucl.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?c=195 (542 words)

	CARIBAN LANGUAGES - GoGoSearch.com
		languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of...
		Any means of conveying or communicating ideas; specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth.
		It has been proposed that the Cariban family may be distantly related to Macro-Je and Tupi languages in a "Je-Tupi-Carib"; stock, but this is highly speculative, and the internal relationships of these families are still poorly known.
	www.gogosearch.com /wiki/Cariban_languages (459 words)

	NWO - Giving them back their languages: The endangered Amerindian languages of the Guianas
		Both languages are spoken in the southern Guianas, namely in Guyana and in Suriname.
		In both communities there is a negative language attitude that is directly attributable to the marginalized positions of the communities vis-à-vis the relevant national context, and both communities have already started to shift to the national language and/or lingua franca of the respective country.
		Both languages are very poorly documented, in fact, we know practically nothing about the language of the Wapishana, and the most detailed work on Wayana was carried out by the Dutch explorer/anthropologist C.H. de Goeje at the beginning of the twentieth century, whose work has left us with a summary grammatical sketch of the language.
	www.nwo.nl /projecten.nsf/pages/2300128106 (239 words)

	Cariban languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Brief paper on the decline of Taiwan's native Austronesian languages and commentary on the large issues of the decline of minority languages with bibliography at the end.
		Language institute provides opportunity for students and teachers from around the world to learn the Uzbek and Tajik languages and teach world languages.
		Research in the languages, literatures and cultures of East Africa, Turkey, the Middle East, North Africa, Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Pakistan, and India, as well as the history of the Indo-European and Semitic languages.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Carib_language (1947 words)

	Payne.html
		Cariban languages are spoken across the northern part of South America, and are solidly of the "OV type" in the sense of Greenbergian correlations: they uniformly have postpositions, the genitive precedes the head noun, they are dominantly suffixing languages, and auxiliary elements are suffixed to the verb or follow the verb.
		Based on both elicited and text material, this paper examines the word order and pronominal argument facts of Panare and concludes that the distribution of lexical expressions is partially sensitive to an aspect split in the language.
		This seeming paradox between the language-specific facts of Panare and the general language-family facts of Cariban may be partly resolved by looking at the status of bound person-marking forms on the verb.
	www.tulane.edu /~ling/LSoRB/Abs/Payne.html (409 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Linguistics and Philosophy \| 24.919 Topics in Linguistics: Creole Languages and Caribbean ...
		The Creole languages spoken in the Caribbean are linguistic by-products of the historical events triggered by colonization and the slave trade in Africa and the "New World".
		In a nutshell, these languages are the results of language acquisition in the specific social settings defined by the history of contact between African and European peoples in 17th-/18th-century Caribbean colonies.
		Its lexicon and various aspects of its grammar are primarily derived from varieties of French as spoken in 17th-/18th-century colonial Haiti.
	ocw.mit.edu /OcwWeb/Linguistics-and-Philosophy/24-919Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm (305 words)

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