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Topic: Carl Auer von Welsbach

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	Carl Auer von Welsbach Summary
		Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach (9 September 1858 - 8 April 1929) was an Austrian scientist and inventor who had a talent for not only discovering advances, but turning them into commercially successful products.
		Welsbach was born in Vienna, son of Therese and Alois Ritter Auer von Welsbach, director of the Imperial printing office (Staatsdruckerei) in the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
		Carl went to secondary school in Mariahilf and Josefstadt before graduating in 1877, and joining the Army as a Second Lieutenant.
	www.bookrags.com /Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach (1282 words)

	Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dr.Carl Auer von Welsbach verstand es, all sein Wissen über die Chemie und Metallurgie der Seltenen Erden in seiner Forschungstätigkeit optimal zu verwenden und auch in die Praxis umzusetzen.
		Auer von Welsbachs industrielle Aktivitäten leben heute in der Treibacher Industrie AG fort, die Seltenerdbetriebe sind in der Treibacher Auermet GesmbH.
		Auer von Welsbach machte zuerst Versuche mit Baumwollfäden, die er in verschiedenen Salzen tränkte und konstruierte kurze Zeit später seinen ersten Glühstrumpf, welchen er mit großem Erfolg seinem Lehrer Robert Bunsen vorführte.
	www.borg-althofen.asn-ktn.ac.at /geschichte/welsbach.htm (1746 words)

	Carl Auer von Welsbach - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach (9 September 1858 - 8 April 1929) was an Austrian scientist and inventor who had a talent for not only discovering advances, but turning them into commercially successful products.
		Carl went to secondary school in Mariahilf and Josefstadt before graduating in 1877, and joining the Army as a Second Lieutenant.
		Welsbach's flints consisted of pyrophoric alloys, 70% cerium and 30% iron, which when scratched or struck would give off sparks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach (725 words)

	Carl Auer von Welsbach: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,564 entries.
		Carl Auer von Welsbach: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,564 entries.
		He is particularly well known for his work on the rare earth elements, which led to the development of the flint used in modern lighters, the gas mantle which brought light to the streets of Europe in the late 1800s, and the development of the metal filament light bulb.
		Welsbach's flints consisted of pyrophoric alloys, 70% cerium and 30% iron, which when scratched or struck would give off sparks.
	www.chemie.de /lexikon/e/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach (725 words)

	Gas Lamp Mantles for Gaslite Outdoor Gas Yard Lamps - Easy Living Home Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Carl Auer von Welsbach knew how to use his knowledge of chemistry and metallurgy of rare earth elements most effectively and successfully.
		Carl Auer von Welsbach was an Austrian chemist and engineer who invented the gas mantle, thus allowing the greatly increased output of light by gas lamps.
		Welsbach also developed misch metal, a mixture of cerium and other rare earths, which he combined with iron to make Auer's metal, the first improvement over flint and steel for making sparks since ancient times.
	www.easylivingsystems.com /gas-litemantles.htm (715 words)

	Rare Earths
		Auer von Welsbach worked assiduously to improve the mantle, and in 1890 discovered that thorium was better then magnesium, and in 1891 found the combination of 99% Th and 1% Ce that gave a long-lasting mantle with a brilliant white light.
		Auer von Welsbach developed metal-filament lamps, patenting the Auer-Oslicht in 1902, which had an osmium filament made with powder metallurgy, in which Auer von Welsbach was a pioneer.
		Didymium, the mixture of Pr and Nd that Auer von Welsbach separated in 1885, is used in glass for welders' and glass-workers' goggles.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/rare.htm (4373 words)

	Von Welsbach, Carl Auer - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Carl Auer Von Welsbach (1858-1929) was an Austrian chemist and engineer who discovered two rare earth elements, which lead him to invent the incandescent gas mantle.
		He discovered that a rare earth element, cerium, added as its nitrate salt to a cylindrical fabric impregnated with thorium nitrate, produced a fragile mantle that glowed with white incandescence when heated in a gas flame (patented 1885).
		He also developed the metal filament light bulb (1898) that was an improvement on the existing carbon filament designs, lasting much longer and using about 1/2 the electricity for the same amount of light.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Von_Welsbach,_Carl_Auer (297 words)

	Physicists on Stamps
		Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929), Austria, 1936, 59 kB
		Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929), Austria, 34 kB
		Werner von Siemens (1816-1892), FRG, 1992, 50 kB
	www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de /~jr/physstamps.html (3805 words)

	lutetium — FactMonster.com
		A process for separating lutecia (lutetium oxide, a rare earth) from ytterbia was described in 1907 by Georges Urbain, a French chemist, who is credited with the discovery of the element.
		It was discovered independently in 1908 by Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist, who called the element
		Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von - Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von, 1858–1929, Austrian chemist.
	www.factmonster.com /encyclopedia/lutetium (222 words)

	Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		WELSBACH, CARL AUER, BARON VON [Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von], 1858-1929, Austrian chemist.
		He is known also for the invention of the Welsbach mantle.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-welsbchca.html (113 words)

	Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von Welsbach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Auer was born in Vienna and studied in Germany at Heidelberg.
		He also found that another rare earth element, cerium, added as its nitrate salt to a cylindrical fabric impregnated with thorium nitrate, produced a fragile mantle that glowed with white incandescence when heated in a gas flame.
		Most lighter flints consist of Welsbach's invention Mitschmetall, a pyrophoric mixture containing about 50% cerium, 25% lanthanum, 15% neodymium, and 10% other rare metals and iron.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/W/Welsbach/1.html (143 words)

	Carl Auer von Welsbach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dennoch beschäftigte sich Auer auch mit dem elektrischen Licht: 1898 patentierte er die erste brauchbare Metallfadenlampe.
		Er entwickelte dazu ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Drähten aus Osmium (Patent 1890), das damals als Metall mit dem höchsten Schmelzpunkt galt (Wolfram schmilzt bei noch höheren Temperaturen).
		Kaiser Franz Josef I erhob Carl Auer 1901 in den Freiherrenstand.
	www.aseannewsnetwork.com /artikels/deutsch/c/ca/carl_auer_von_welsbach.html (431 words)

	Dr auer, - November 15, 1988 MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Information Regarding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Auer is a part-time psychologist at Schwab at Anixter Center and maintains a private Dr. Auer also holds a Master’s degree in special education.
		Auer hopes you will find this question-and-answer format to be helpful and interesting.
		Auer, past president of the American College of Emergency Physicians, says ERs in other parts of the country are having similar problems.
	infofeedtech.com /ifft/dr-auer.htm (517 words)

	Gas Lantern - Background, History, Raw Materials, Design, The Manufacturing, Quality Control, Byproducts/Waste
		Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach is credited with the invention of the modern thorium mantle.
		Original Welsbach mantles came in the form of loosely woven silk fabric impregnated with magnesium and lanthanum oxides.
		Historians note that Auer von Welsbach's progress in this area was partially driven by a sense of developmental urgency; his work was in direct competition with that of the incandescent electric light.
	www.madehow.com /Volume-7/Gas-Lantern.html (2003 words)

	Rare Earth Details
		Lutetium was discovered independently by two investigators, the French chemist Georges Urbain in 1907 and the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach about the same time.
		In 1907 and 1908, however, the French chemist Georges Urbain and the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach independently separated Marignac's ytterbium into two elements, which are now called ytterbium and
		Yttrium was isolated by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1843.
	www.candldevelopment.com /rare_earth_detail.htm (1787 words)

	LUTETIUM
		Discovered By: Georges Urbain of France and Carl Auer von Welsbach of Germany
		It is relatively stable in air and it is a rare earth metal and the most expensive of all rare metals.
		Carl Auer von Wesbach discovered Lutetium at about the same time as Georges Urbain did.
	www.chlive.org /dnemerofsky/elements/Lu/lutetium.htm (256 words)

	September in Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Carl Auer von Welsbach born 1858: rare earths; discoverer of neodymium (Nd, element 60) and praseodymium (Pr, 59); co-discoverer of lutetium (Lu, 71).
		Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz born 1829: ring structure of benzene; tetravalence of carbon; structural theory of organic chemistry
		Carl G. Mosander born 1797: discovered erbium (Er, element 68), lanthanum (La, 57), terbium (Tb, 65); discovered "didymium" (later resolved into neodymium and praseodymium)
	chemistry.sogang.ac.kr /ChemInfo/Giunta/original/September.html (1192 words)

	60 Neodymium
		As described at Praseodymium Carl Gustav Mosander had named in 1842 a new element Didymium, from the Greek διδυμος (didymos) = twins), because it closely resembled Lanthanum and had been discovered in conjunction with it.
		A number of chemists believed that Didymium was a mixture of elements and in 1879 François Lecoq de Boisbaudran showed that it contained Samarium.
		In 1885 the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858—1929) separated the residual Didymium after removal of Samarium, into two elements Monats.
	elements.vanderkrogt.net /elem/nd.html (414 words)

	AllRefer.com - Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von[kArl ou´ur bArOn´ fun vels´bAkh] Pronunciation Key, 1858–1929, Austrian chemist.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/W/WelsbchCA.html (164 words)

	Lutetium (Lu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It can be found in very small amounts in most all minerals containing yttrium.
		Lutetium was discovered separately in 1907 by both Georges Urbain (a French chemist) and Carl Auer von Welsbach (an Austrian chemist).
		These chemists were able to separate the two elements, ytterbium and lutetium.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/lutetium/index.html (106 words)

	Coat-of-Arms of Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) - Numericana
		Coat-of-Arms of Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) - Numericana
		The motto "plus lucis" is a reminder of Auer von Welsbach's contributions
		to both gas lighting (the Auer lamp) and electric lighting (the filament bulb).
	home.att.net /~numericana/arms/welsbach.htm (194 words)

	History of the Elements of the Periodic Table
		From the Greek prasios for 'green' and didymos for 'twin' because of the pale green salts it forms.
		Carl F. Auer von Welsbach separated praseodymium and neodymium from a didymium sample.
		From the Greek neos for 'new' and 'didymos' for twin after Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymium into new elements, one of which he called neodymium
	www.ausetute.com.au /elemhist.html (1912 words)

	Rare Earth Elements on the Net - REE history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1907 and 1908, Georges Urbain (French) and Carl Auer von Welsbach (Austrian) independently separated Marignac's ytterbium into two elements, which are now called ytterbium and lutetium
		Independently by Georges Urban and Carl Auer von Welsbach
		After Prometheus, in Greek mythology, who brought fire to mankind in reference to harnessing of the energy of the nuclear fission and warning against its dangers
	osoon.ut.ee /~hahha/re/history.html (388 words)

	Physicists on Stamps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Use the search function of your browser if you look for a particular name.
		Carl Auer von Welsbach, Austria, 1936, 59 kB
		Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894), Berlin, 1971, 38 kB
	proton.ucting.udg.mx /galeria/estampillas/physstamps.html (1146 words)

	Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste (ca. 1940-1945)
		Doramad radioactive toothpaste was produced during World War II by Auergesellschaft of Berlin.
		The same company founded by Carl Auer von Welsbach who invented the gas lantern mantle!
		A gamma spectroscopy analysis did reveal trace quantities of thorium, but the levels are too low to be detected with a simple hand-held survey meter.
	www.orau.org /ptp/collection/quackcures/toothpaste.htm (153 words)

	Lighter - History, Raw Materials, Design, The Manufacturing, Quality Control, Byproducts/Waste
		Pieces of flint and steel struck against each other and modified pistols were early devices.
		In 1903, Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach made a hand-held lighter with a striking wheel.
		During World War I, soldiers made their own using empty cartridges.
	www.madehow.com /Volume-7/Lighter.html (2324 words)

	ICOM Virtual Library museums pages Austria
		The museums in this list are given in alphabetical order of cities and towns.
		Carl Auer von Welsbach - his discoveries and inventions (In German and
		The 'Silent Night' tune and it´s composer Franz Xaver Gruber (In German and
	www.doodlestudio.com /TeacherParent/CompleteMuseums/MuseumsAustria.htm (480 words)

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