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Topic: Carl Christian Rafn

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	Carl Christian Rafn
		Carl Christian Rafn (1795 - 1864) was a Danish archaeologist noted for his early advocacy of the theory that the Vikings had explored North America prior to Christopher Columbus.
		Rafn was in particular interested in discovering the location of Vinland mentioned in Norse sagas.
		Rafn was partially vindicated in the 1960s by the discovery of the Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/c/ca/carl_christian_rafn.html (132 words)

	Carl Christian Rafn - Klogskab.com
		Rafn besørgede den vidtløftige korrespondance, administrerede selskabets pengemidler, oversatte og udgav sagaerne, redigerede selskabets tidsskrifter og skaffede det stadig nye forbindelser og tilskud.
		Rafn var 1830 bleven udnævnt til medlem af kommissionen for den Arnamagnæanske Stiftelse, 1836 blev han optaget til medlem af Det kongelige danske Selskab for Fædrelandets Historie, 1861 valgte Oldskriftselskabet ham til sin bestandige sekretær; 1859 blev han udnævnt til konferensråd.
		Rafn havde 1826 ægtet Johanne Catharine Kiølbye, datter af toldkontrollør Christian Kiølbye; hun døde 17.
	www.klogskab.com /Rafn (1238 words)

	Kulturcentret Assistens
		Rafn kedede sig hurtigt og vendte derfor tilbage til sine egentlige interesser: Litteraturen, filologien og det islandske.
		Islændingen Finn Magnusen (1781-1847) var som Rafn uddannet jurist og havde været byfogdefuldmægtig i Reykjavik fra 1806 til 1812.
		Rafn besluttede at undersøge i Amerika, om der var fundet håndgribelige spor efter vikinger, Magnusen oversatte teksterne til dansk, Sveinbjørn Eigilsson - den sidste aktive af selskabets stiftere - oversatte teksterne til latin, som stadig var lærdommens sprogdragt.
	www.assistens.dk /rafn.htm (1783 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Carl Christian Rafn"
		Carl Christian Rafn (1795 - 1864) was a Danish archaeologist noted for his early advocacy of the theory that the Vikings had explored North America centuries before Christopher Columbus's voyage.
		Rafn published much of his work in 1837 in the Antiquitates Americanæ.
		At the time of Rafn's research, the Norse sagas concerning Vinland were considered by most scholars to be mere legends.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=carl_%43hristian_%52afn (141 words)

	Wikipedia: Vinland
		The first scholarly theory for the idea was put forth in 1837 by Danish archaeologist Carl Christian Rafn in his book Antiquitates Americanæ.
		Rafn had made an exhaustive examination of the sagas, as well as potential settlement sites on the North American coast and concluded that Vinland was a real place in North America that had been settled by the Norse.
		Rafn believed that Vinland was probably in New England.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/v/vi/vinland.html (650 words)

	The Ravn Family of Trondenes, Northern Norway
		When Nils Rafn returned without the bell, the same year, it was rumoured that he had sold it, for there was a lot of silver in the bell, that he made himself wealthy on it.
		Nils Rafn asked for a place to be buried in the church for himself and his family, and he got it.
		A grandson of Jacob Parelius Rafn and Sophie Amalie Burchard, born in 1829 at Røsnes in Salten, inherited a silver tankard with the inscription «Nils Hansen Rafn and Anne Cathrine Schelderup.
	siec.winnem.com /neravn.htm (3353 words)

	Northvegr - The Norse Discovery of America
		His chief fault was the heedless confusing of all of the material bearing directly or indirectly upon his theme,--the failure to winnow the sound historical material from that which is unsubstantiated.
		Rafn offered numerous explanations of the texts which his work contained, and propounded many dubious theories and hazardous conjectures.
		Rafn, by the ingenious application of a subtile theory, succeeded in computing from this statement the exact latitude, to the second, of the southernmost winter-quarters of the explorers, and for nearly fifty years after its publication Rafn's method of interpretation remained essentially unassailed.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/norse/003.php (2291 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Vinland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Rafn had made an exhaustive examination of the sagas, as well as potential settlement sites on the North American coast and concluded that Vinland was a real place in North America that had been settled by the Norse.
		Rafn and Erik Wahlgren believed that Vinland was probably in New England.
		Others have followed Rafn in sharing the belief that Vinland was farther to the south.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Vinland (5307 words)

	Carl Christian Rafn - Wissen im Web
		Bereits 1820 wurde Rafn Latein- und Grammatiklehrer bei der Landkadettenakademie (Landkadetakademiet) in Kopenhagen.
		Rafn war von Anfang an Sekretär dieser Gesellschaft, die er zusammen mit Rasmus Rask und Josef Abrahamson leitete.
		Durch Rafns umfangreiche Korrespondenz mit Gelehrten in aller Welt und seine ausgedehnten Forschungsreisen vermittelte er dem dänischen Volk bis dahin weitgehend unbekannte ausländische Literatur, die nun Eingang in die Bibliotheken fand.
	www.wissen-im-web.de /wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn (796 words)

	Hurstwic: Other Norse Artifacts in North America
		Rafn used a sketch provided by the Rhode Island Historical Society, and he is not known to have visited the site to inspect the rock first hand.
		Rafn believed that the inscription related to the voyage of Þorfinnur karlsefni to Vínland, described in both Eiríks saga rauða and in Grænlendinga saga.
		More significantly, Rafn's description of the inscriptions on which he based his interpretation differs considerably from the sketch he is known to have used.
	www.hurstwic.org /history/articles/society/text/other_artifacts.htm (2866 words)

	Newport Tower
		Rafn’s enthusiastic support of Norse presence in America set off a flurry of interest, theories, and “proofs” supporting the Norse Theory.
		Christian churches beckoned the sun’s blessing on the feast day of the Saint or Martyr of the church’s dedication.
		The monks’ days and nights were passed in silent obedience to the rules of the order, the rhythm of a chosen vocation, whether in the garden, at the mill or mine, or in the scriptorium and most stringently, the nine canonical hours of prayer.
	www.neara.org /CARLSON/newporttower.htm (13491 words)

	RAFN, Carl Christian.; Narichten betreffende de ontdekking van Amerika in de tiende eeuw.
		RAFN, Carl Christian.; Narichten betreffende de ontdekking van Amerika in de tiende eeuw.
		In this work Rafn stated that America was discovered by Northmen already in the 10th century, that from the 11th to the 14th century the North American coast had been partially colonised as far as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and that the Vikings had been as far south as Florida.
		On the two leaves at the end is a prospectus for the Antiquitates Americanae extensively quoting Alexandre von Humbold on this book.Haan Hettema was a judge in Leeuwarden and an expert in the field of the Frisian language and history.
	www.ilab.org /db/detail.php?booknr=305378993&source=vialibri&lang=en (386 words)

	Vinland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The first theory for the idea was put forth 1837 by Danish archaeologist Carl Christian Rafn in his book Antiquitates Americanæ.
		Rafn had made an exhaustive examination the sagas as well as potential settlement on the North American coast and concluded Vinland was a real place in North that had been settled by the Norse.
		have followed Rafn in sharing the belief Vinland was farther to the south.
	www.freeglossary.com /Vinland (1270 words)

	THE NORSE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
		The beginning of this interest dates from 1837 in which year was published, by the Royal Danish Society of Northern Antiquaries, a large quarto volume of old Icelandic documents, in which the proofs were set forth that the discovery credited to Columbus was anticipated by sea-roving Norsemen five hundred years earlier.
		Rafn, founder of the Royal Danish Society, and was the result of painstaking labor and expensive research by that very distinguished antiquarian.
		There is also printed, in connection with the historical presentation of the subject, confirmatory proofs, in the form of reproduced manuscripts, ancient maps, and church records not heretofore accessible to the general reader.
	www.home.no /nordveg/ebok/norsediscovery.htm (6676 words)

	Carl Christian Rafn
		Der Artikel Carl Christian Rafn gehört zur Kategorie: Däne, Geboren 1795, Gestorben 1864, Skandinavist, Prähistoriker, Literatur (Altnordisch), Literatur (Isländisch), Literatur (Färöisch), Literatur (Dänisch)
		1826 gab Rafn seine Stellung als Lehrer auf und widmete sich nur noch der Gesellschaft.
		1830 wurde Rafn Mitglied der Königlichen Kommission zur Aufbewahrung der Altertümer.
	www.kalkriese.de /Carl_Christian_Rafn.html (815 words)

	VikingsontheCharles
		Bull was also a proponent of the theory, first put forward by Danish scholar Carl Christian Rafn, that the legendary Vinland of the Viking sagas was in New England, and that the first European to reach our shores was Leif Eriksson in 1000 AD.
		Through Bull, Horsford became interested in Rafn's Leif Eriksson theory, and was one of the members of Appleton's committee to promote the erection of the Leif Eriksson statue.
		Not until Carl Christian Rafn came along with his Vinland theory was the Dighton Rock inscription associated with Vikings.
	greisnet.com /needhist.nsf/VikingsontheCharles?OpenPage (3913 words)

	VikingsontheCharles
		Bull was also a proponent of the theory, first put forward by Danish scholar Carl Christian Rafn, that the legendary Vinland of the Viking sagas was in New England, and that the first European to reach our shores was Leif Eriksson in 1000 AD.
		Through Bull, Horsford became interested in Rafn's Leif Eriksson theory, and was one of the members of Appleton's committee to promote the erection of the Leif Eriksson statue.
		Not until Carl Christian Rafn came along with his Vinland theory was the Dighton Rock inscription associated with Vikings.
	www.greisnet.com /needhist.nsf/VikingsontheCharles?OpenPage (3913 words)

	The Norse Discovery of America: Book I. Arguments and Proofs That Support the Claim of Norse Discovery of America: ...
		The book was edited by Carl Christian Rafn, with whom were associated Finn Magnusen and Sveinbiorn Egilsson; the associate editors, however, especially the last-named, seem to have shared to a very limited extent in the preparation of the work; all were scholarly men, well versed in the literature of Iceland.
		Rafn's theories touching the Old Stone Tower at Newport, R. I., and the Dighton Picture Rock near Taunton, Mass., have latterly fallen into disfavour, but others of his errors, less palpable than these, if we may judge by recent publications, still exercise potent sway.
		Professor Storm's method of treatment is altogether different from that of Rafn; it is philosophical, logical, and apparently entirely uninfluenced by preconceived theories, being based strictly upon the records.
	www.sacred-texts.com /neu/nda/nda11.htm (1413 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / The Enigma of DIGHTON ROCK
		A special committee was formed to co-operate with Rafn; several expeditions were sent to the rock, and a drawing of the inscription, scrupulously prepared and checked, was forwarded to Denmark.
		Rafn’s researches excited international enthusiasm, and from 1837 on tne theory of pre-Columbian explorations of North America by the Vikings was almost universally accepted.
		In studying Rafn’s interpretation of the message, Delabarre procured photographs of the Rhode Island Historical Society’s original drawings from the Royal Library of Denmark in Copenhagen—and was amazed to find gross discrepancies between the society’s actual drawings and the doctored-up copies reproduced in Rafn’s book.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1958/4/1958_4_62_print.shtml (2572 words)

	Chip Robinson
		We know that for a while during the time Christianity was being introduced to Iceland, people accomodated both religions, and a large number refused the new religion.
		The spread of this new form of truth -- “ecclesiastical truth”, as it were, or, since in Iceland the church was the state in embryo, “state truth” – is the basic contribution of Christianity in the area of conceptions of truth” (Steblin-Kaminskij 1973, 46).
		Bayerschmidt, Carl F. “The Element of the Supernatural in the Sagas of Icelanders.” In Scandinavian Studies: Essays Presented to Dr. Henry Goddard Leach on the Occasion of His Eighty-Fifth Birthday.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~crobins (7443 words)

	Färingersaga - Bedeutung, Definition, Erklärung im netlexikon
		Die erste Ausgabe besorgte der dänische Altertumsforscher Carl Christian Rafn 1832, dem die Saga auch ihren Namen Færeyínga saga (mit í!) zu verdanken hat.
		In Rafns Werk enthalten ist eine färöische Übersetzung von Pastor Johan Henrik Schrøter in dessen eigentümlicher Orthographie (siehe dort).
		Carl Christian Rafn: Færeyínga Saga eller Færøboernes Historie i den islandske Grundtext med færøisk og dansk Oversættelse.
	www.lexikon-definition.de /Faeringersaga.html (596 words)

	museum info-english (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		This theory was developed in 1837 by Carl Christian Rafn.
		In 1837, Carl Christian Rafn, a Danish scholar, who never visited Dighton Rock, proposed a Norse or Viking origin to the carvings based on a drawing of the inscriptions provided by the Rhode Island Historical Society (1835).
		Rafn, together with his Icelandic assistant, Finn Magnusen, read into the markings a message related to the characters mentioned in the "Vinland Sagas".
	www.apol.net /dightonrock/museum%20info-english.htm (1910 words)

	The Newport Tower
		This report is the result of work by a small team of Nordic researchers, and the main article is by Johannes Hertz, a medieval archaeologist and head of the Danish State Antiquary's Archaeological Secretariat.
		Rafn never saw the tower (only drawings by Frederick Catherwood which makes it look as though it was constructed of ashlar rather than rough natural stone).
		Rafn was convinced it was at the latest 12th century, probably a church.
	www.ramtops.co.uk /newport.html (1022 words)

	Norse Wall House Apartments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Evidence of a fireplace was found and the stones appeared to be of foreign origin.
		In 1837, Danish historian Carl Christian Rafn published a translation of Norse sagas and believed that a voyage to Cape Cod was described by Leif Eriksson's brother Thorwald.
		Thorwald's saga describes damage to his ship's keel off of what could be Cape Cod and his subsequent encampment on shore to repair the damage.
	www.gis.net /%7Ebaron/history.htm (203 words)

	The Norse Discovery of America: Introduction
		Inconsistencies have been noted, and discriminations made in the material, so far as the facts have seemed to warrant, and especially has an effort been made to avoid any possibility of confusion between expressions of opinion and the facts.
		differ radically, in many respects, from the views advanced by Rafn and his followers, and are offered with a view to point further enquiry, rather than to supplant it.
		The eldest surviving manuscript containing an account of the discovery of Wineland the Good, as the southernmost land reached by the Icelandic discoverers was called, was written not later than 1334.
	www.sacred-texts.com /neu/nda/nda04.htm (1979 words)

	The making of the Færeyinga saga
		The person who undertook the task of stiching this together in was Carl Christian Rafn (1795-1864), known as editor of other Icelandic sagas.
		The author of the saga tends to eulogize Sigmundur, who was on the side of spreading the Christian faith to the islands, while depicting his antagoinst Trondur as ruthless and unscrupulous.
		This is offered as an evidence that the author must have been a member of the clergy at a cloister or a church.
	pw1.netcom.com /~kyamazak/myth/faroese/faereyinga-saga-origins-e.htm (611 words)

	The American-Scandinavian Foundation: Vikings Arrive In America - Again!
		The latter was a dynamic period when literacy, Christianity, and the concept of nationhood were beginning to take hold in these northern European regions.
		More romantic is the story of the Newport Tower in Rhode Island, once described by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his 1841 epic poem, The Skeleton in Armor, as a "lofty bower" built by a wandering Viking for his lost love.
		Carl Christian Rafn, a Danish scholar of that day, believed that the tower and many otherwise unexplainable archaeological traces in New England attested to a former Viking presence in America.
	www.amscan.org /viking.html (2094 words)

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