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	Carl Menger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carl Menger (February 28, 1840 – February 26, 1921) was the founder of the Austrian School of economics.
		In 1872 Menger was enrolled into the law faculty at the University of Vienna and spent the next several years teaching finance and political economy both in seminars and lectures to a growing number of students.
		In 1884 Menger responded with the pamphlet The Errors of Historicism in German Economics and launched the infamous Methodenstreit, or methodological debate, between the Historical School and the Austrian School.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carl_Menger (680 words)

	Carl Menger: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Carl Menger (February 23, 1840 – February 26, 1921) was the founder of the Austrian School (additional info and facts about Austrian School) of economics (The branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management).
		In 1872 Menger was enrolled into the law faculty at the University of Vienna (additional info and facts about University of Vienna) and spent the next several years teaching finance and political economy both in seminars and lectures to a growing number of students.
		In the late 1880's Menger was appointed to head a commission to reform the Austria (A mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century) n monetary system.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/carl_menger.htm (571 words)

	Biography of Carl Menger
		Menger responded in 1884 with a scathing pamphlet, Irrthumer des Historismus in der deutschen Nationalokonomie (The Errors of Historicism in German Economics), and consequently the famous Methodenstreit, or methodological debate, between the Austrian school and the German Historical school began.
		Rather, Menger's intentions were to reconstruct Classical economics on firmer foundations by grounding the supply-and-demand theory of price and the theory of monetary calculation in the choices and actions of consumers and to repair its superstructure by healing the rift between the theory of price and the theory of distribution.
		Menger's emphasis on the law of causality led him to devote the first twenty-five pages of the Principles to explicating "the general theory of the good, " in the course of which he radically reformulated the concept of a good in praxeological terms.
	www.mises.org /mengerbio.asp (8606 words)

	Encyclopedia: Carl Menger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Menger was born in Neu Sandec, Galicia, a part of present day Poland that was at the time part of Austria.
		Carl Menger has the twin distinction of being the founder of Austrian economics and a cofounder of the marginal utility revolution.
		Carl Menger was born in Galicia, part of Austro-Hungary (now southern Poland), to a prosperous family.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Carl-Menger (1944 words)

	AllRefer.com - Carl Menger (Economics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Carl Menger[kArl meng´ur] Pronunciation Key, 1840–1921, Austrian economist, a founder of the Austrian school of economics.
		He was professor of economics at the Univ. of Vienna from 1873 until 1903, when he retired to devote himself to research.
		In response to a particularly negative review of Menger's Problems of Economics and Sociology (1883) by Gustav Schmoller, Menger published a critique of the historical school of economics.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Menger-C.html (301 words)

	Carl Menger: Ivory Tower Iconoclast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Carl Menger was born February 28, 1840, in New-Sandec, Galicia, currently under the dominion of Poland.
		Menger had profited greatly from his German influences and he was the very first to admit it: he had dedicated the Grundslitze "with respectful esteem" to Wilhelm Roscher, godfather of the German Historical School.
		Menger felt that the Historical School was not at all in error by claiming that every given situation had a different historical setting and that such diversities should be recognized.
	www.libertyhaven.com /theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/austrianeconomics/carlmenger.html (2979 words)

	Carl Menger
		Carl Menger has been hailed as one of the three leaders of the "Marginalist Revolution" of the 1870s, along with William Stanley Jevons and Léon Walras.
		While Menger did have an adjustment process for the establishment of price, he did not have an "auctioneer" outright but rather had his agents inching their way along, making errors and correcting them, over a long period of time to discover the "equilibrium" prices at which exchange could be effectuated to everyone's complete satisfaction.
		Menger's engagement with the German Historicists and his secluded life at the University of Vienna kept him out of the confrontation with the Classical economists and the construction of the new economics that Jevons and Walras were avidly pursuing.
	cepa.newschool.edu /~het/profiles/menger.htm (887 words)

	Learn more about Austrian School in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Menger was closely followed by contributions from Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk and Friedrich von Wieser.
		Carl Menger was one of a group of economists founding neoclassical economics in the 1870s.
		This psychological aspect to Menger's economics may be partly explained by the schools birth in turn of the century Vienna.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/au/austrian_school.html (1136 words)

	Karl Menger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karl Menger (born in Vienna, Austria, January 13, 1902 -- died in Highland Park, Illinois, USA, October 5, 1985) was a mathematician of great scope and depth.
		He was the son of the famous economist Carl Menger.
		With Arthur Cayley, Menger is considered one of the founders of distance geometry; especially by having formalized definitions to the notions of angle and of curvature in terms of directly measurable physical quantities, namely ratios of distance values.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karl_Menger (193 words)

	Barry, The Tradition of Spontaneous Order: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Carl Menger is associated primarily with Jevons and Walras for his rediscovery of the subjectivist theory of value and the principle of marginal utility in his first published work of economic theory (1871).
		Menger in fact called his procedure the 'compositive' method: this holds that while it is meaningful to talk of social 'aggregates,' the behavior of such aggregates is explicable only in individualist terms.
		Menger points out that many social philosophers were driven by this paradox to claim that money was the product of some specific agreement or contract, or positive act of legislation by the state.
	www.econlib.org /library/Essays/LtrLbrty/bryTSO2.html (7850 words)

	Menger, Karl (1902-1985) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karl Menger was born in Vienna on 13 January 1902, the son of Carl Menger, the founder of the Austrian school of economics, and died in Chicago on 5 October 1985.
		In 1927, Menger was appointed associate professor of geometry at the University of Vienna, in which position he remained, interrupted by visiting professorships at Harvard University and the Rice Institute (1930/31), and at the University of Notre Dame (1937/38), until 1938.
		Karl Menger was a creative mathematician who made important contributions to pure and applied mathematies as well as to its logical and philosophical foundations.
	staff-www.uni-marburg.de /~multimed/theorie/economics/grenznutzen/bios/Menger.html (825 words)

	The Vienna Colloquium
		The "Vienna Colloquium" run by the mathematician Karl Menger (son of the economist Carl Menger) in the 1930s, brought together many different minds from mathematics but also the physical sciences, philosophy, statistics and economics, that eventually set in motion modern general equilibrium theory from its early roots in the Lausanne School.
		Among the relevant participants in the Colloquium besides Karl Menger, was the banker and amateur economist Karl Schlesinger as well as the young Oskar Morgenstern, the polymath John von Neumann and the statistician Abraham Wald.
		Menger, 1994 Reminiscences of the Vienna Circle and the Mathematical Colloquium, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/schools/vienna.htm (791 words)

	CARL MENGER'S ARISTOTELIAN METHODOLOGY IN ECONOMICS
		Menger adamantly declares that the Historical School is mistaken when it claims that the historical method is able to produce universally valid laws and that the truth of empirical laws is more legitimate than the truth of exact or theoretical laws.
		For Menger, the goal of research in theoretical economics is the discovery of the essences and connections of economic phenomena.
		Menger says that we can find regularity all around us and that, through common sense and scientific reasoning, we can reduce complex abstractions down to their simplest elements which are strictly typical and from these we can build exact laws.
	www.quebecoislibre.org /04/040415-12.htm (3407 words)

	American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The: New organicism: a sketch of the development of organismic thought in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Carl Menger was also conscious of the development of the institutional structure of the economy.
		Menger's economic methodology is stamped by the distinction between a mechanismic and an organismic approach.
		The contradiction between Menger and Schmoller is one of principle while between Roscher and Menger it is a traditional and intuitive approach versus a disciplinary and advanced one.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0254/is_n2_v52/ai_13771844 (1375 words)

	Leithner&Company Pty Ltd - The Leithner Letter
		The founder of the Austrian School, Carl Menger, demonstrated that the conceptions of value and price adopted by Aristotle, the British Classicists, Marx and their contemporary mainstream progeny are muddled and mistaken.
		Carl Menger (1840-1921) was an Austrian finance journalist, academic, civil servant and for two years one of the tutors of Crown Prince Rudolf.
		Menger’s insight is that the “goods-characters” of consumers’ goods radiate outwards from human beings and their subjective wants towards external things more remote from the direct satisfaction of those wants.
	www.leithner.com.au /newsletter/issue52.htm (5816 words)

	Principles of Economics (Institute for Humane Studies Series in Economic Theory)
		Menger's contribution goes far beyond the "Marginal Revolution": In one relatively small volume he developed a complete economic theory, which explains the nature of rent, wages, exchange value and money much more coherently than the classical economics of Smith and Ricardo did.
		Menger claims that property is not an arbitrary arrangement but "the only possible solution of the problem that is, in the nature of things, imposed upon us by the disparity between requirements for, and available quantities of, all economic goods".
		Menger's emphasis on learning and gradual progress and learning is important because it allows for a middle ground where the world can be imperfect, but not hopelessly so.
	www.hackcraft.net /bookref?urn:isbn:0910884277 (1940 words)

	An Ontology of Economic Objects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This paper employs Carl Menger’s framework from his 1871 contribution as the basis for advancing such conditions for each category of economic objects.
		1 Menger’s description is significant because it offers the conditions for settling objectively whether the views individuals have about an instance of a given category of economic objects indeed correspond to that category.
		Carl Menger’s contribution preceded the emergence of the neoclassical school of economics which is the present mainstream in economics.
	www.acton.org /research/pubs/papers/ontological.html (5162 words)

	Southern Economic Journal: Carl Menger and the Origins of Austrian Economics. (book reviews)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Southern Economic Journal: Carl Menger and the Origins of Austrian Economics.
		Carl Menger and the Origins of Austrian Economics.
		He has read all of Menger's works in the original German, as well as many other German works in philosophy and economics that were influential at the time Menger wrote.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:12418309&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (207 words)

	CARL MENGER AND THE GERMAN HISTORICAL SCHOOL
		Menger observed that the Historical School was not wrong in declaring that every situation had a different historical setting and that such dissimilarities and distinctions should be taken into account.
		Menger tends to be somewhat vague in explaining specifically the manner in which the empirical and exact methods are related to one another and how they differ from each other and from the historical method.
		Menger and the historicists had basic and major conflicts in the metaphysical and epistemological underpinnings of their contrasting respective methodologies.
	www.quebecoislibre.org /04/040306-12.htm (1414 words)

	Carl Menger, Biography: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Menger worked separately from William Jevons and Leon Walras and reached similar conclusions by a different method.
		Menger used this insight to resolve the diamond-water paradox that had baffled Adam Smith (see Marginalism).
		Menger used his "subjective theory of value" to arrive at one of the most powerful insights in economics: both sides gain from exchange, or in modern jargon, exchange is a positive-sum game.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/bios/Menger.html (765 words)

	AUSTRIAN CONTROVERSIES: THE EARLY CONTROVERSIES
		Menger was a thoroughgoing subjectivist; Böhm-Bawerk straddled the fence between subjectivism and formalism.
		Menger avoided the assumption of static expectation (Prospective value in his formulation is different from present value), and of any other particular type of expectations (He did not specify just what the difference is).
		True to the subjectivist perspective of Menger and the Austrian school, the means of subsistence are given or denied the status of capital on the basis of the purpose for which they are to be used.
	www.auburn.edu /~garriro/d1bohm.htm (8395 words)

	Carl Menger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When Menger's Grundsätze emerged in 1871, its subjective theory of value was a complete contradiction of the Classical theory of value.
		Menger's contributions would eventually find their way in.
		Menger's ultimate goal was not to destroy Classical economics, as has sometimes been suggested, but to complete and firm up the Classical project by grounding the theory of price determination and monetary calculation in a general theory of human action
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/GENEC/Basics/What_is_economics/What_is_economics/Evolution/carl_menger.htm (154 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Carl Menger and Armen Alchian told stories of the emergence of money as a spontaneous order involving two types of costs costs of recognizing attributes of goods and costs of finding willing exchange partners.
		Menger assumed that the first are zero and the second are positive.
		Menger's story rests on the fact that in the absence of zero search costs for exchange partners (i.e., in the absence of double coincidences of wants), individuals will be able to pursue their ends more effectively through indirect exchange rather than direct exchange.
	www.sbe.csuhayward.edu /~SBESC/alchian.html (2385 words)

	Menger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since Menger's work has been very influencial in both the theory of the evolution of money and in the area of "New Institutional Economics" the translation is expected to be well received by the international scientific community.
		"Carl Menger is of immense importance in the development of monetary economics.
		Menger has been enormously influential on the development of money – and his influence has been increasing in recent years.
	www.iwe.oeaw.ac.at /informationsgesellschaft/mengereng.htm (695 words)

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